7.作文应试技巧

第七章 作文应试技巧第一单元 写作基本要求一、四种文体1、记叙文环境（WHERE） 、人物（WHO） 、情节（WHAT）时间顺序往往是记叙手法的基本线索，用一些表示时间的词语（如：WHEN，WHILE，BEFORE，AFTER，THEN ，DURING，SUDDENLY，AT LAST 等等）把一系列事件和动作连接起来，构成一个完整的叙述。“An Early Morning Walk”提纲：1、One morning I got up very early, and everything around was very quiet.2、When I arrived at the park, I found, to my surprise, that there were so many people there3、Taking early morning walks makes a man healthy and wise.2、描写文空间顺序往往是描写手法的基本线索，用一些表示空间的词语（如HERE，THERE，OUTSIDE，ON THE TOP OF，IN THE MIDDLE，AROUND，ABOVE ，UNDER，NEAR 等等）把一系列地点和物体连接起来，构成一个完整的叙述。As I came into my cousins bedroom, I got really surprised, for I had never seen such a mess and disorder in the room of a young man of 16 years old already. On the right wall, a row of hooks was covered with dirty sweet-shirts and filthy hats. Directly in front of me was a dusty desk, on which scattered lots of books, some of which were open as if waiting for my lazy brothers attention; others were piled up in disorder ready to slide down at any moment. Near the desk, there was a toppled poor chair on the floor with one leg damaged. Whats worse, the bed which was against the left wall was a more serious mess and the pairs of sports shoes and socks under the bed gave out a terrible smell. What a room at sixes and sevens!3、说明文写作目的着重客观陈述、解释说明例如“How I Overcome Difficulties in Learning English”, “My Ideal Job”等。4、议论文*着重于发表自己看法，依靠推理和论证来阐述自己的观点，力图说服读者，使人相信某种道理或某种假设；或要影响别人，使人追随自己所指示的方向。“Examination”1、There are many arguments about the advantages and disadvantages of examination.2、For both examiners and examinees, the examination can show what and how much the examinees have mastered.3、In sum, examination does more good that harm for both examiners and examinees.二、评价一篇文章好坏的标准一篇优秀作文的标准为：1 内容切题，有较好的谋篇构段框架，文章结构完整；紧扣主题，转承衔接自然；22 语法基本正确，句法基本准确，句子与句子、段落之间过渡连贯；3 用词面广，遣词造句得当，句式、句型有变化，字数符合要求；4 层次分明，说理清楚，语言流畅，内容充实。一篇较差的作文表现为：1 文章不通顺，无段落，无结构，无明显主题；2 出现很多基本语法错误和拼写错误；3 词汇量很小，词不达意，缺乏英语表达能力；4 不像一篇文章，仅是把一些不连贯的词语凑到一起。文章解析（1）In the past five years, there have been changes in peoples diet. Grain, as the main food of most Chinese, is now playing a less important role in peoples diet, while the proportion of some high-energy food, such as milk, meat has increased.What caused these changes? I think there are two reasons. First, people now have more money. The price of meat and milk is much higher than that of grain. In the old days, people couldnt afford them. Now they have enough money to but meat and milk. Second, people of nowadays pay more attention to the structure of their diet. They are seeking the most reasonable diet structure which will do good to their health.In short, there have been changes in peoples diet in the past five years and there will be changes in the future, too.（2）In the past five years peoples diet had changed quite a lot. The grain was no longer the main food of peoples diet. It decreased from 49% to 45%. And the possession of the fruit and vegetables was declined, either. But, however, the necessary of the milk and meat was increased with no doubt. Such case owned to two reasons.On the one hand, the level of peoples lives had greatly advanced. More and more people could afford the expensive food. On the other hand, modern science had been developed with high speed. Then people began to be aware of choosing more useful food.With the developing of the society, peoples diet will change more greatly.（3）Diet is very important in peoples life. In past five, there is a big change in all kinds of food. For example, Grain. In 1986 it takes 40 percent in Diet in after four years. It discrease 4 per cent in diet; Milk increase 3 per cent in last five years. It grows to 13 per cent in Diet; Meat in 1986-1989, it kept to grow up. An in 1990, it down 2 per cent; Fruit and vegetables is discrease in last five years.Why it will have these changes. It is two side, the first is people began to see that Milk. Meat. Fruit and Vegetable are very importance in peoples bodies, the other is peoples life is quite good. They have enough money to buy Meat, Milk, Etc. They know how to build them bodies.In last five years. Big changes in peoples Diet. It call us more and more people know. Share 3them Diet and build them bodies.三、写作要领1、审题构思，在获取一个文章题目后，首先根据题目要求进行思维联想，分析题目表达的主要内容和主旨。2、谋篇构段，草拟提纲。通过分析题目的内容和主旨，将大脑中形成的信息、资料，分类整理，列出写作提纲、主题句，进行文章段落的筹划（三段作文法）3、组段成篇，初步成文。将以上的构思内容、提纲、相关主题句，通过句子扩展，初步整理形成一篇草稿文字。4、加工修改，润色定稿。对文章草稿修改润色，以加强文章的说明力及感染力。请看下面的例子：DIRECTIONS：ATitle: Develop Western RegionsBTime Limit: 50 minutesCWord Limit: no less than 200 words (not including the given sentence)DYour composition should be based on the OUTLINE belowEYour composition must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEETOUTLINE：1The significance and importance of developing west regions2The cause of its underdevelopment and the present situations3The prospects of the West China成文：Develop Western RegionsThe large scale development of West China is of profound significance. First, it will open a broad development space for central and eastern regions. Besides, its critical to Chinas overall economic rise. Whats more, its the only effective way to decrease the imbalance of economic development in the ease and west so as to revitalize our nation.There are various reasons why the landlocked west has lagged behind in its economic development. The chief reason, I think, is that the opening up policies enable the east to lure more foreign capital and make a fantastic spur in its development. As a result, it leaves the west far behind in its economic growth. In addition, the wests unique unfavorable geographic positions greatly limit its development. Therefore, the gaps between the west and the east have been widened since Chinas reform. In fact, many regions in the west will still remain comparatively underdeveloped. To illustrate, most of the 30 million poor populations, who still have subsistence problems, live there. Moreover, currently the per capital GDP in West China is only about 60% of national average. And the vast West China makes less contribution to the nations development. If left unchanged, the underdevelopment in the west will greatly affect overall prosperity and even social stability.However, the western region development is a long-term systematic project. It calls for tremendous effort of several generations. To sum up, our chief goal is to build West China with economic prosperity, social progress, political stability and beautiful landscape. Finally, I believe the west will catch up with the east in its economic development in the near future.（269 Words）4课后练习列出下列作文题目的提纲：1、Develop Our Creative Mind2、Science and Superstition3、Do Clothes Make a Man?4、My Favorite Form of Entertainment5、The Importance of Self-education第二单元 十句作文法一、十句作文法基本模式“十句作文法” 是由有关专家总结出来的一种高分作文方法，同学在经过短期培训后就可将成绩较大幅度提高。因此在这里加以推荐和介绍，掌握好这种方法，对短时间内写出一篇高分作文十分有帮助。需要指出的是所谓十句作文法并非一定十句，从很多高分作文来分析，句子数量分布在 10 句至 15句范围（依句子长短和结构不同而不同） 。如以每个句子平均 10-15 个单词来计算，便能用 10-15 个句子完成一篇要求 200 字左右的作文。其基本模式为：第一段（开头段）主旨句（句 1） 、扩展句（句 2）第二段（中间段）主题句（句 3） 、扩展句（句 4） 、扩展句（句 5） 、扩展句（句6） 、扩展句（句 7） 、扩展句（句 8） 、小结句（句 9）第三段（结尾段）结尾句（句 10）EXAMPLE 1TelevisionTelevision presents a vivid world in front of us.(1)(主旨句) Through TV, we can learn what is happening half way across the world. (2)(扩展句)Television also plays an important educational role in our daily life.(3)(主题句) For one thing, the TV university provides an opportunity for many young men who can not go to formal universities.(4)(扩展句) For another, children can broaden their scope of knowledge by watching such popular programs as “The Animal World”, and “The Mickey Mouse and Duck Donald”.(5)(扩展句) Besides, women can learn about the latest fashion of dresses and the best recipe for making fruit cakes.(6)(扩展句) Furthermore, we learn many world advanced technologies from TV programs such as computer and telecommunication.(7)(扩展句) And also we can learn singing, dancing and doing physical exercises in some special TV training courses.(8)(扩展句) In short, the effect of TVs educational role is becoming more and more obvious.(9)(小结句)Having viewed these several aspects, and with many more TV programs produced, I believe that our life will become even more significant.(10)(总结句)（192 Words）EXAMPLE 25Changes in Peoples DietThere have been some changes nowadays in the diet of the Chinese.(1)(主旨句) For example, grain, the main food of most people in China, is now playing a less important role, while the consumption of high-nutrition food such as milk, meat has increased.(2)(扩展句)The changes in diet can be accounted for by a number of factors.(3)(主题句) First, people are much wealthier than before.(4)(扩展句) With a higher income, they can afford to buy good foods which, in the past, were rarely seen on the dinner tables of ordinary families.(5)(扩展句) Another factor is that people have realized the importance of a balanced diet to their health.(6)(扩展句) Lack of certain amount of meat or milk, for example, will result in poor health.(7)(扩展句) Finally, owing to the economic reform, meat and milk, which were scarce in the past, are produced in large quantities.(8)(扩展句) For all those reasons, what was formerly called “the basket of vegetables” has become that of varied foods.(9)(小结句 )To sum up, insignificant as those changes may seem, they are the signs of the improved economic condition in China, and we believe that as the effort in the modernization movement continues, there will be greater changes in peoples diet in the future.(10)(总结句)(226 Words)EXAMPLE 3Computers-Our Electronic BrainNowadays computers have been widely used in China.(1)(主旨句) We can easily find all kinds of computers everywhere, especially in large cities.(2)(扩展句) Many Chinese usually call PC computers electronic brains.(3)(扩展句) Computers have become our faithful friends and companions because they can help us so much.(4)(扩展句 )Computers are useful in may ways.(5)(主题句) As we all know, scientists use computers to run experiments, analyze data and solve large equations.(6)(扩展句) Engineers use computers to automatically control complicated industrial production, design circuits and machine parts or even spaceships.(7)(扩展句) Writers and editors use computers to write books, edit newspapers and magazines.(8)(扩展句) And office workers use computers to write manage files, send and receive emails, conduct statistical surveys of all kinds of information, etc.(9)(扩展句) Computers are also widely used at homes.(10)(扩展句 ) Small kids use it to do homework, to surf internet, and to play games.(11)(扩展句) The list of computer application is really endless, and more new applications are still developing.(12)(段落小结句)In short, computers do a variety of jobs from routine office work to research work of science and technology.(13)(总结句) Though computers do not think intelligently as men, with good software they can carry out missions impossible for human beings.(14)(扩展句) In the information age, without computer, it would be difficult to imagine modern life.(15)(扩展句)（218 Words）二、十句作文法句子评析说明主旨句指的是整篇文章的主题和写作的“大前提” ，一般放在语篇起始处，而且一般都在第一段。举例如下：1、The lengthy holidays have caused unexpected great travel craze and brisk economic activities. 6Holiday spending, however, adds fuel to the Chinese economy, which in turn leads to the creation of a new term “Holiday Economy”. But, Meanwhile, it sparks a hot debate about it.2、Nowadays, with the rapid development of IT and information industry, cell phones play an important role in townspeoples life. But, like everything else, they have both favorable and unfavorable aspects.主题句一般位于句首，表明段落所表述的主要意思，其他句子围绕它来扩展。举例如下：1、However, others point out the constant use of such an electronic dictionaries may cause many problem. First, the definitions in the entries are very limited. In addition, there are not enough explanations, patterns, or examples to illustrate the correct usage of a word. Sometimes, some explanations are so simple that they may cause misunderstanding. Last but not least, the constant use of this study aid can make people too much attached to the dictionary and become lazy, which will lead them to form a passive, lazy attitude towards learning.2、From primary school to college, students, teachers, parents-all are struggling for high scores. This is because the current education system is not aimed at students quality, but only at developing their ability to perform well on the test. As a result, many students, even those with high scores, often do poorly when it comes to the practical application of the knowledge and theories they have learned.扩展句（包括实例说明句、观点推导句、过渡句）泛指那些用来解释和支持主题句的陈述语句。举例如下：1、In the first place, an airplane is the fastest means of transport. It takes the time for one to travel from one place to another. Secondly, traveling by air is convenient and comfortable. Moreover, long-distance flights may render busy persons a full self-relaxation. （实例说明句）2、Through tourism, China has, on the one hand, had her culture spread to and known by the world. On the other, tourism has increased Chinas national income, and at the same time, provided much more employment for our nation. In one word, it has made great contributions to our national development. （观点推导句）3、However, some problems have also arisen from tuition and fees for college education. Specifically, some fees have been overcharged by （过渡句）结束句（总结句）表示语篇写作所需要的“结论” ，特指一些劝说力强、具有总结、概括性的语句。举例如下：1、In our view, since China opened up in reform, we have had better understanding of the culture, history, and literature of American, and we have learned about a lot of American Presidents.2、First, the government should lay counter-laws to stop the operation of commercial fishing. Second, it is a world problem, so all the governments must determine to punish people who will fish too much. To conclude, it is clear that the future for fish will be bright with the solution of the problem.课后练习用十句作文法完成下列作文题目：71、Good Health2、Cleaning Up Our Environment3、The Youth and the 21st Century请注意整体提纲和段落模块。字数 200 左右。第三单元 引言段的写作一篇短文的引言非常重要，其作用犹如段落的主题句。引言段的写作取决于写作目的，读者和文章体裁。一个好的引言既可开宗明义地点明主题，又可吸引并暗示读者正文的内容及表达方法以引导读者进行有效阅读。请看下面介绍的引言段的写作方法。1、演绎法将主题句放在段首。开门见山推出文章主题，使读者对文章将要讨论的内容一目了然，然后列举文章所要讨论的细节。这些细节排列决定了文章的正文内容的安排，这符合人类从概念到具体的思维方式。引言段：English is among the most difficult subjects to learn. First, English pronunciation is quite different from that of Chinese. Second, it has a large vocabulary. Finally, idioms are really troublesome. They are usually not grammatical, and even if they are grammatical, we may fail to arrive at their meanings.2、归纳法由一般性的背景介绍逐步过渡到文章主题句。这种安排符合人们从具体到概念的思维习惯，也就是从感性到理性的认识规律。引言段：With all the wealth, power, health standard, luxuries of life, and the abundance of food in the United States, it might be surprising to most people that American rank only sixth in the world in longevity of life. There are many reasons for this low record, but the main one has something to do with Americans eating habit.3、设问法即提出问题来引出文章主题，以吸引读者注意力。引言段：Are you afraid of high places or water? If so, you suffer from one of the most common phobias, which are strong, persistent, but unreasonable fears. The fear of high places (Acrophobia) and water (Hydrophobia) are only two of the more than seven hundred phobias classified by psychologists.4、引用名言即摘录或引用格言、名句或谚语作为文章开头。引言段：The good old proverb, “Rome was not built in a day” reminds us that great things are never done without much time and labor. Roma, the capital of the greatest empire in history and one of the most advanced cities nowadays, indeed was built through the labor of many great men who had strived against difficulties.5、定义法当所论述的主题的基本概念比较抽象或读者不太熟悉时，通常用定义法做必要的解释说明。引言段：Intelligence refers to a mans ability to understand and learn. It may vary from person to person. Some people may become more intelligent while others may be less.86、数据列举醒目的数据或资料来引起读者的注意，然后进入主题。在图表作文中常常引用数据作为文章的开头。引言段：The two graphs show the daily water intake and output which each totals about 2500CC.课后练习按要求写出下列作文题的引言段：1、题目：Teenage smoking soars（归纳法）提纲：A、近年来青少年吸烟人数剧增。B、造成这种情况的主要原因是 C、结论。2、题目：The importance of Telephone（演绎法）Outline：A、Telephone is one of the most common means of communication.B、There are many advantages of telephone.C、However, telephone has some disadvantage.第四单元 结尾段的写作文章的结尾段与引言段同样重要。引言段是文章主题的提要，结尾段则是对文章的归纳和总结。它可再次吸引读者并给读者留下深刻印象。结尾段的写作方式也取决于文章的类型，常见的结尾段的写作方法有以下几种：1、重申主题重申主题，即再次强调和肯定文章引言段中阐述的中心思想，是一种极为普遍的结尾方式。结尾段：There is enough evidence showing how invalid the certificate is in evaluating the overall abilities and qualities of an applicant and therefore, we should consider many other facets of an applicants qualifications rather than feeling satisfied with just the paper certificate.2、归纳文章要点，加深读者印象即将前面各段中所讨论的内容缩写、归纳和整理，进一步肯定文章的中心思想或作者的观点。结尾段：In my opinion, a balance of these two kinds of activities might be more useful to those who live in retirement. In other words, physical activities are necessary for good health but intellectual recreation provides the most pleasure.3、提出建议，提出解决方法这种方法特别适合用于讨论问题的文章，比如对某事的原因或结果的分析，提出建议或解决方法。结尾段：On the whole, as a pernicious hobby, smoking will do you more harm than good. For your own health, please keep away from smoking.4、展望未来即在文章结尾处表示对未来的期望或号召读者采取行动。结尾段：However, it may be that we still have a long way to go before we have a clear world. Nearly all of the countries are trying hard to prevent and control air pollution. There indeed seems to be no end to tasks that environmentalists will be required to do. People will continually find new ways to 9control pollution.5、引用格言、谚语或习语总结全文结尾段：Not until then did I understand the meaning of the proverb, “Helping others is the source of happiness.”6、提出问题，无须回答即形式为问句，而意义是肯定的，具有很明显的强调作用，发人深思。结尾段：In spite of what we hear, to the contrary, modern doctors