经济全球化与国际贸易

全球化与国际贸易结课作业汇呈1. 键入作者姓名1.Compare and contrast the ideas of absolute advantage and comparative advantageAbsolute advantage is when a producer can produce a good using less resources than their competitor(s), whereas comparative advantage is when a producer does not hold the absolute advantage but their ratio in producing a good is smaller.Example:Brian can type 30 words per minute and iron 10 shirts per house.John can type 15 words per minute and iron 8 shirts per hour.Though Brian has the absolute advantage in ironing, John has the comparative advantage.Difference:There are many similarities and differences between Comparative Advantage and Absolute Advantage. Some simple differences between the two would be, comparative advantage uses the driving force of specialization. Another thing of comparative are, if one country has an absolute advantage or disadvantage in any kind of output, any of the other countries will maybe profit from majoring in and distributing those products. Absolute advantage has a country that economically has a benefit over another, in a precise moral, when it produces that moral at a lower cost. Also a country using the same contribution of properties a country with an absolute advantage will have superior productivity. A few modest similarities between comparative and absolute advantage are, both of these terms are two basic concepts to international trade. Additional details would be the two terms both produce a product more efficiently which gives them an absolute advantage. 绝对优势是当一个生产者能产生良好的使用更少的资源比他们的竞争对手们,而比较优势是当一个生产者不拥有绝对的优势,但是他们比在制造出一个比较小的好。例如:布莱恩能打 30每分钟个字和铁衬衫每 10家。约翰可以输入 15个单词,每分钟每小时 8衬衫和铁。虽然有绝对的优势布莱恩烫,约翰有比较优势。不同：有许多异同的比较优势和绝对优势。一些简单的不同的差异,比较优势利用动力的专业化。另一件比较,如果一个国家的绝对优势或者劣势在任何一种输出,任何其他的国家将可能得益于主修和分发这些产品。有一个国家的绝对优势,经济效益有另一个精确的道德,当它产生道德以较低的成本。一个国家也用同样的贡献的国家性质的绝对优势将先进的生产力。一些适度的相似性对比,绝对优势,这些术语都是国际贸易的两个基本概念。更多详情将这两个术语都更有效的生产出的产品,这给了他们一个绝对优势。2.What are the core ideas of Heckscher-ohlin Model（赫 俄模型） ?The standard model of the theory of inter-industry trade , named after its originators. In this model countries have the same constant-returns-to-scale production functions for each good, but different amounts of capital relative to their labour supply. In the absence of trade, goods which require large amounts of labour relative to capital would be relatively cheaper in the more labour-abundant countries, and relatively dearer in the more capital-rich countries. If trade becomes possible, countries export goods intensive in the use of their more plentiful factor, and import goods intensive in the use of their scarce factor. This tends to equate relative prices in different countries, and relative factor prices. If there were free trade and no transport costs, complete relative price and factor price equalization would result. This model does not attempt to explain intra-industry trade .标准模型理论的产业间贸易,它的发明者的名字命名的。该模型具有相同的constant-returns-to-scale国家生产的职能,为各不错,但不同数目的资本相对于他们的劳动力供给。在缺乏贸易,产品需要大量的劳动力相对于资本相对比较便宜的更多的劳动力丰富的国家,越来越多的 capital-rich相对昂贵的国家。如果贸易成为可能,国家的出口货物集约利用他们的更丰满的因素,在进口货物的集约利用他们的稀缺的因素。这会把相对价格在不同的国家,价格和相关因素。如果有自由贸易和没有运输成本、完整的相对价格,价格就会产生因素均衡。该模型不去尝试解释产业内贸易。3.Introduce different types of trade protection（贸易保护） , why they exit?(1) mercantilism. Mercantilism is 16 17 th century the capitalist mode of production ready to period applies the European countries the protection of trade policy. Mercantilism represent the interests of the commercial capital, the pursuit of the goal is the gold and silver wealth at home, realizing capital accumulation. Early mercantilist pay attention to currency difference, and claims that expand export, import less or no import, export because it can raise money income, and imports have to spending money. Businessman on their provisions trade must ensure that have part of the gold and silver or foreign currency back to domestic; Foreign businessmen to its trade must put the sale income all used to buy their goods. Monetary and precious metals export prohibited by the state monopoly all currency trade. Pay attention to trade balance in the late mercantilism, from control to control the import and export goods import and export of currency. Advocate incentives to export, import restrictions, ensure that trade surplus, in order to achieve the purpose of silver and gold inflows. (2) the policy to protect an infant industry. Naive industrial protection policy is 18 19 century capitalism free competition period the United States, Germany and so the jury in the capitalist countries the protection of trade policies. At the time, these countries in the industry has just started childish stage, lack of competitiveness, have no power and British industrial competition, the governments in these countries represent industries asset class interest, for the development of domestic industry, the protection trade policy. The protection method is mainly to establish strict protection tariff system, through the high tariffs on foreign goods weakens the competition ability; But also take some encouraging export measures, improve the competitiveness of domestic goods to protect an infant industry development of national purpose. (3) super protection trade policy. Super protection trade policy is to the 19 th century during the second world war, monopoly capitalism period the capitalist countries universally practised protection trade policy. In this period, instead of the monopoly of free competition, become social economic basis of life. At the same time, contradictions of capitalism society further exposure, the world market competition become fierce. So, countries monopoly bourgeoisie in order to monopoly domestic market and for the foreign market, began the protection requirements trade policies. But, this period to protect trade policy and free competition period of trade protection policies have clear distinction, is a kind of aggressive trade protection policy, so called the super protection trade policy. Super protection trade policy has the following features: A】, protection of the object is no longer domestic childish industry, but domestic highly developed or appear the monopoly of the industrial decline; B】, the purpose of protection is no longer cultivate domestic industrial free competition ability, but monopoly market both at home and abroad; C】, the means of protection is not only the tariff barriers, and it appeared all kinds of limit into a prize of the measures. (4) the new trade protectionism. The new trade protectionism is to the second world war the tendency of trade liberalization introspection, was formed in the mid 1970 s. Period, the capitalist countries had two economic crisis, economic recession, in the plight of stagflation, the employment pressure increases, the market is getting more and more serious. Especially in the post-war trade liberalization in the lead role within the United States, in the world market competition, increasingly faced with the challenge of Japan and the eu countries, from the 1970 s, from trade surplus to deficit, and balance rising rapidly. In this case, the United States takes the lead in turn to trade protectionism, and this caused by various countries, the new trade protectionism to spread and expansion. The new trade protectionism is the “new“, because with the traditional trade protectionism compared, in the protection measures has significant features: A】 and protection measures in the past tariff barriers and direct trade restrictions is gradually indirect mainly trade restrictions substituted; B】, policy focus from the past import restrictions to encourage exports, bilateral and multilateral negotiation and coordination as an important means of expanding trade; C】, from the national trade barriers to regional trade barriers, the area and outside the area to open the common protection. (1)重商主义。重商主义是 1617 世纪资本主义生产方式准备时期欧洲各国普遍实行的保护贸易政策。重商主义代表商业资本的利益，追求的目标是把金银财富集中在国内 ，实现资本积累。早期重商主义注重货币差额，主张扩大出口、减少进口或根本不进口，因为出口可以增加货币收入，而进口必须支出货币。规定本国商人外出贸易必须保证有一部分金银或外国货币带回国内；外国商人来本国贸易必须把销售所得全部用于购买本国商品。禁止货币和贵金属出口，由国家垄断全部货币贸易。晚期重商主义注重贸易差额，从管制货币进出口转为管制商品进出口。主张通过奖励出口 ，限制进口 ，保证出超，以达到金银货币流入的目的。(2)幼稚工业保护政策。幼稚工业保护政策是 1819 世纪资本主义自由竞争时期美国、德国等后起的资本主义国家实行的保护贸易政策。当时，这些国家的工业处于刚刚起步的幼稚阶段，缺乏竞争力，没有力量与英国的工业品竞争，这些国家的政府代表工业资产阶级利益，为发展本国工业，实行保护贸易政策。保护的方法主要是建立严格的保护关税制度，通过高关税削弱外国商品的竞争能力；同时也采取一些鼓励出口的措施，提高国内商品的竞争力，以达到保护民族幼稚工业发展的目的。(3)超保护贸易政策。超保护贸易政策是 19 世纪末至第二次世界大战期间资本主义垄断 时期各资本主义 国家普遍实行的保护贸易政策。在这一时期，垄断代替了自由竞争，成为社会经济生活的基础。同时，资本主义社会的各种矛盾进一步暴露，世界市场的竞争开始变得激烈。于是，各国垄断资产阶级为了垄断国内市场和争夺国外市场，纷纷要求实行保护贸易政策。但是，这一时期的保护贸易政策与自由竞争时期的保护贸易政策有明显的区别，是一种侵略性的保护贸易政策，因此称其为超保护贸易政策。超保护贸易政策具有以下特点 ： a、保护的对象不再是国内幼稚工业，而是国内高度发达或出现衰落的垄断工业 ； b、保护的目的不再是培植国内工业的自由竞争能力 ，而是垄断国内外市场； c、保护的手段不仅仅是关税壁垒，而且出现了各种各样的限进奖出的措施。 (4)新贸易保护主义。新贸易保护主义是对第二次世界大战后贸易自由化倾向的反省，形成于 20世纪 70年代中期 。期间，资本主义国家经历了两次经济危机，经济出现衰退，陷入滞胀的困境，就业压力增大，市场问题日趋严重。尤其是在战后贸易自由化中起领先作用的美国，在世界市场的竞争中，日益面临着日本和欧共体国家的挑战，从 20世纪70年代开始，从贸易顺差转为逆差，且差额迅速上升。在这种情况下，美国率先转向贸易保护主义，并引起各国纷纷效尤，致使新贸易保护主义得以蔓延和扩张。新贸易保护主义之所以“新”，是因为与传统的贸易保护主义相比，在保护手段上具有显著的特点 ： a、保护措施由过去以关税壁垒和直接贸易限制为主逐渐被间接的贸易限制所取代 ；b、政策重点从过去的限制进口转向鼓励出口，双边与多边谈判和协调成为扩展贸易的重要手段 ； c、从国家贸易壁垒转向区域贸易壁垒，实行区域内的共同开放和区域外的共同保护。4.What are the effects of factor endowments（禀赋要素） on international trade activities?Same goods in different countries is relatively price difference of international trade directly base, and price difference is by countries production factor endowments different, thus elements relative price of different decision, so factor endowments is different the fundamental cause of international trade. Russia is analyzed and expounded in Lin factor endowments of is a ring ring buckle, deep layer upon layer, the more rigorous logic. 1, the state of relative price difference between commodity is the main causes of the international trade. In no transportation cost hypothesis, from the price in countries with lower commodity prices higher output to the country is favorable. 2, the factors of production between countries relative price difference relative price difference decided to commodities. In different countries the same production technology and production function the same assumptions, countries elements of the relative price difference decided the relative price differences between countries goods. 3 and the relative factors between countries decided to supply different elements of the relative price difference. Russia Lin believes that in the elements of the supply and demand of the relationship between the price decision factors and the elements of the supply is the main. In countries demand factors certain countries of different factor endowments to elements relative price difference: relative supply a plenty of relative factor the price is low, and relatively scarce supply is the relative factor prices higher. Therefore, the relative price differences between countries elements by elements is relatively supply or supply to the different proportion of the decision. Through a rigorous analysis, and Lin reaches a conclusion: a national production and export the vast country rich supply of use production elements of the product, the price is low, which have comparative advantages; Instead, those who needed the use of its production of scarce production elements of the product, the price was expensive, export is adverse. All countries should as far as possible use of rich supply, cheap factors of production, the production of cheap products output, other countries in exchange for the p