最新大学英语写作辅导资料.doc

大学英语写作资料第一讲 扩充段落的手段The Structure of a Paragraph1 topic sentence + 2-4 development sentences = a paragraphThomas Jefferson was a man of many talents.1 First, he practiced crop rotation and soil conservation a century before these became standard practice, and he invented a plow superior to any other in existence.2 Second, he influenced architecture through America with his self-designed house.3 Third, he was the author of the Declaration of Independence. In short, from the above analysis we can safely draw the conclusion that Thomas Jefferson had a lot of talents. Thomas Jefferson was a man of many talents.1 To begin with, he practiced crop rotation and soil conservation a century before these became standard practice, and he invented a plow superior to any other in existence.2 In addition, he influenced architecture through America with his self-designed house.3 Besides, he was the author of the Declaration of Independence. In a word, from the above analysis we can come to a safe conclusion that Thomas Jefferson had a lot of talents. Key word(s):Sent 1: Sent 2: Sent 3: 为了便于掌握和应用，本章作者重点介绍一种叫做“两主一插”的扩展段落的方法,“两主”即列举和递进，“一插”即举例。请看下面的基本模块：(1) 列举法模块：主题句. First, 扩展句1. Second, 扩展句2. Third, 扩展句3. Finally, 扩展句4. In short,/In a word,/Therefore, 结论句.Computers can help different people in different ways. First, they can help children with their lessons and homework. Second, they can help college students and scholars do all sorts of complicated calculations, analyze data, process word and present the latest achievements as well as the desired information. Third, computers can assist engineers and experts in the design of machines, of bridges or of spaceships. Finally, computers can also offer fun and entertainment for children and adults alike. In a word, from the above analysis we can safely draw the conclusion that computers really have many functions.(2) 递进法模块：主题句.To begin with, 扩展句1.In addition, 扩展句2.Besides, 扩展句3. Whats more, 扩展句4. In short,/In a word,/Therefore, 结论句. Computers can help different people in different ways. To begin with, they can help children with their lessons and homework. In addition, they can help college students and scholars do all sorts of complicated calculations, analyze data, process words and present the latest achievements as well as the desired information. Besides, they can assist engineers and experts in the design of machines, of bridges or of spaceships. What is more (better), computers can also offer fun and entertainment for children and adults alike. In short, from the above analysis, we can easily see computers really have many functions.(3) 举例法模块：主题句. For example, 扩展句1. For another example, 扩展句2. A case in point，扩展句3. In short,/In a word,/Therefore, 结论句.Computers can help different people in different ways. For example, they can help children with their lessons and homework. For another example, they can help college students and scholars do all sorts of complicated calculations, analyze data, process words and present the latest achievements as well as the desired information. A case in point, computers can also offer fun and entertainment for children and adults alike. In short, from the above analysis, we can easily see computers really have many functions.通过以上三个模块的例子，可以看出第三个模块最好是用于进一步扩展段落，即穿插使用。请看例：Sometimes water can be harmful or even destructive. For example, you will have trouble doing outdoor jobs if it rains for days. Plants such as wheat and cotton will suffer a lot if it rains too much. A flood does much harm to all forms of life. Lets take English learning for example to show the principle of “Practice makes perfect”. You can learn some words and grammar from books and teachers, but without practice, you can never use them freely. Besides, you will even find it too difficult to remember them. The only way to solve this problem is to keep practising. Another example to show the same principle is learning to swim. It is obvious that you can never swim if you dare not drop yourself into water. Swimming can only be learned through practice in water, which can make you get the feeling of water and make your motion correct and effective. 利用举例模块穿插，可以把抽象的观点具体化，把难于表述的观点用具体的事例间接地表述出来。总之，用什么样的过渡词展开主题句，完全取决于内容的需要。其他常见的扩展模块有：注：( 代表一个句子) （N 代表一个名词）（ NN代表多个名词）(1) 两点法模块：用于较短的段落，只陈述两个观点。常用的关联词语有1）For one thing, For another (thing), 2) On one hand, On the other hand, (2) 正反法模块：用于陈述事物的两个方面，常用的关联词语有: 1) Each coin has two sides. N is no exception to the rule. 2) However, (3) 举例法模块：1）For example, 2) Take N for example to show . 3) N is just a case in point. (4) 时间顺序排列模块：1) In the past, At present, In the future, 2) In the short run, In the long run, (5) 空间顺序排列模块：In China, In the West, 先谈一个地方的情况，再谈其他一些地方的情况，以进行比较。(6) 数字法模块：数字往往是枯燥无味的，但却具有很强的说服力。1）A recent poll in the US shows that 2) According to the statistics available, (7)推理法模块：1) If , (then) 2) Suppose , (then) (8) 比较法模块：1）Compared with N , 2) In comparison, 3) Comparatively speaking, 4） while (whereas) (9) 对照法模块：1) In (By) contrast, 2) Contrary to, 3) In opposition, 4) On the contrary, (10)下结论模块：1）In short (In a word), 2) From the above analysis we can safely conclude that 3）All the evidence justifies an unshakable conclusion that 第二讲 如何开头常言道：好的开端等于成功了一半。开头也就是写作中的引言（Introduction）部分，其作用是引出主题、确立论点。常见的开端有以下五种：(1）主题句法：提出一个观点/论据作为文章要阐明和论述的主题。例如：The development of science and technology has brought about many changes. For example, modern medical science makes people live a longer and healthier life. TV keeps us well informed and brings a vivid world into ordinary families. Owing to the invention of spaceships and rockets, mans dream of landing on the moon, which was impossible several decades ago, has now come true. In short, all the scientific products are changing the way we live and work.However, there are some problems with the Three Gorges Project that need careful handling. First of all, the deposits of sand and mud are two of the headaches with the project. Second, the problems of emigration, economic development and environment protection need careful study. Third, how to protect some precious species of sea animals so as to keep the balance of nature is another problem the project is faced up with. In short, we should take all the problems into serious consideration.Some claim that there are a lot of advantages of possessing a car. To begin with, it gives a much greater degree of comfort and mobility. The owner of a car is no longer forced to rely on public transport, and hence no irritation caused by the waiting for buses and taxies. In addition, with a car he can go wherever he likes and whenever he wants to so that he can enjoy his leisure to the full by making trips to the country or seaside on the weekends. In a word, cars bring about lots of conveniences.(2）数据法：引用已证实的某些统计数据引出话题。例如： According to a recent survey, about 25 percent of Chinese college students now hold a part-time job. In the past, there was nearly none 10 years ago. This figure increases to 72 percent during summer vacation. College students are seen waiting on tables, clerking in stores, advertising in streets, teaching in families and doing whatever work they can find.(3) 问题法：用提出问题，即：设问的方法来引出文章的主题。例如：What is success? Different people have different answers to this question. Some people think that one is successful if he can make a great deal money. Other people believe that success means holding an important government post. Why have I chosen to attend colleges? This is the question I have kept asking myself many times in the past two academic years. But the answer is always the same: college education is something I truly want to do in my life and it is worthwhile. Why cant the burden of the Chinese pupils be relieved in spite of social protest? For one thing, parents have a strong desire for the early intelligent achievement of their children. They believe that if you do not force them to read more, a golden opportunity for the success will be lost and the chances of their being admitted to key schools, and then to colleges will be slim. For another, our teachers work with parents to apply pressure. Since scores are not only the mark of success or failure for a particular student, but also a measurement of a teachers performance, it is natural for a teacher to assign more homework for his own sake as well as for his students. (4）引用法：引用名言、谚语等引出文章的主题。如： As the proverb says, “No one knows the value of health until he loses it.” In other words, nothing is more valuable than health. It is clear that health is the very foundation of ones future success. If you fall ill, it is nearly impossible to pursue your career effectively, much less make your dreams come true. On the other hand, if you are healthy and strong, you can go all out to overcome the obstacles that lie ahead of you. A proverb says, “Time is money.” But in my opinion, time is even more precious than money. Because when money is spent, we can earn it back; but when time is gone, it will never return. Thus we must value time and learn to make the best use of it in order to realize our dreams. As the saying goes, “Never too old to learn.” As for grown-ups, even the aged, learning is important as well. Although they have studied something for many years, and have learned a lot already, there are still some experiences and laws for them to learn. Life is limited while knowledge is boundless. Moreover, the world keeps changing constantly with the development of science and technology. There is always something new for them to learn. Only constant learning can make people become more learned and experienced so that they can suit the changing world better.(5）定义法：对标题下定义，然后通过举例、逻辑推理等方法加以详细说明。如：What is self-confidence? It is generally accepted that self-confidence refers to the firm belief in ones ability to do something well. In other words, it is a key to ones success because it provides a solid psychological ground for ones work. This is how I understand the meaning of self-confidence. 第三讲 如何结尾结尾经常用来总结全文，提出自己的观点、建议或期望。文章的结尾写得好则给读者留下较深刻的印象。文章的结尾有以下种：(1)重复主题法：抓住主题句中的核心词换一种表达形式重述文章或段落的主题。如：Many people appreciate the conveniences of the city. There are some good reasons. First, living in the city, they are well-informed of the exciting and important events that take place both at home and abroad. Second, modern transportation facilities in the city make it easy to travel around. Taking advantage of them, one can even visit other parts of the world. Finally, shopping centers, restaurants and recreation centers are always within easy reach. In short, it is convenient to get and do what one wants to in the city. As a human being, one can hardly do without a friend. With friends, one has someone to turn to whenever he is in trouble. And with the help of honest friends, one can get over the difficulties and hardships he encounters in his life and work. Furthermore, friends are the people one can consult, share happiness with and exchange opinions with. In a word, friends are indispensable to everyone.As far as my suggestion as to the best way to show love is concerned, whenever one gets in trouble, it is our duty to lend a helping hand to him. Love means mutual help. We should never hesitate to show our love to anyone in distress. I believe that only if our society is full of love will tomorrow be better and brighter.(2）归纳法：在文章结尾处用几句话把全文内容概括一下，以强调文章的主题，给读者留下更深的印象。如：Living a Long Life一文的节选：Many reasons accounts for the fact that people who live in mountainous areas live much longer than those living in industrial areas. First, （略）Second, （略）Finally, （略）These are the three main reasons why the people living in mountainous areas enjoy a longer life than the urban people.(3）反问法：文章以反问句结尾，引发读者思考，使文章更具有说服力。如：Man is highly adaptable and creative, and since he is able to tap such resources as oil and metals, why cant he develop and harness solar energy, nuclear energy and other unknown energy resources?请看Why Learn English?一文的节选：Many people are studying English. They attend schools, learn on the radio and TV in order to master this foreign language. Obviously, people have realized the importance and necessity of learning English.It is well known that English has become an international language for the following reasons. (略)In a word, English is really a very useful tool to us in the 21st century. Why cant we double our efforts to learn it?(4）建议法：研究生考试的作文往往要求阐述“我的观点、建议、希望或解决方法”，而且要求阐述得越具体越好。如：In order to reduce the number of smokers, we should take the following effective measures. Firstly, we should constantly warn young people of the danger of smoking. Secondly, laws and regulations already in effect ought to be enforced and new rules passed to forbid smoking in public places, such as schools, hospitals, railway stations, offices, etc. Thirdly, cigarette production and selling must be strictly controlled by the nation. Only by doing so can we effectively cut down the number of smokers in our country.The above discussion naturally leads us to the following possible solutions to the problem. To begin with, new laws should be passed to strictly control the amount of pollutants factories may release into the water and air. Besides, the existing laws should be enforced to severely punish those who dare to break the laws. In addition, families are to be encouraged to use manmade gas instead of coal to cook their food in order to further reduce the air pollution. Furthermore, vehicles have to be equipped with pollution-reducing devices. What is more, the public should be well educated on the importance of protecting the environment, which, in a sense, is the most important measure in fighting against pollution.How can we effectively stop such a bad tendency of drop-out? First, we must try our best to educate the public on the importance of education. China needs a lot of well-educated people for the realization of the four modernizations, and schools are the very places where these people are produced. Without knowledge, how can we realize our great goal? Second, we have to raise more money from the society to help children from poor families to continue their schooling. Besides, governments at all levels should give more funds to support the elementary education. Third, we had better pass new laws to more severely punish those who employ children as workers. Only by doing so can we reduce the number of drop-outs to a greater extent. (5) 利弊比较：As far as smoking is concerned, its advantages seem to outweigh its disadvantages in the short run. But in the long run, its disadvantages surely outweigh its advantages. (6）合分法：As far as I am concerned, I believe both ability and good looks are important for the modern people. But if I cannot have both at the same time, I prefer the former, that is, the traditional view. As we all know, we are living a knowledge-based economy era. If we want to survive in the competitive society, if we want to make better contribution to the economic construction of our motherland, if we want to realize our dreams, we have to have the necessary ability to reach the above goals. Good looks may help us to do so, but it is usually the ability not the good looks that plays the decisive role. (7）口号法The debate seems to go on for a long time and the outcome is not clear yet. No matter which is more important, good looks or ability, one thing is certain. As a college student in the new century, we should make the best use of the university time to maser as much knowledge and as many skills as possible. Only in this way can we make a better contribution to the economic construction of our motherland in the future. 第四讲 文章模块A型作文Introduction:1. problem (issue)2. seriousness(harmfulness, popularity)Reasons: First, Second, Third, Finally, In short, Measures: To begin with, Besides, In addition, Moreover, To sum up, B型作文（A OR B）Introduction:A Question and a general answerArgument A: First, Second, Third, Finally, In short, Argument B: To begin with, Besides, In addition, Moreover, To sum up, A Balanced View:范文1标题：野生动物应该保护吗？提纲：1、有些人认为不应该保护。 2、有些人认为应该保护。 3、我的看法。Should Wild Animals Be Protected?Nowadays there is much debate over the problem of wild animal protection. Attitudes vary from person to person. Generally speaking, there are two kinds of views. Those who are against the protection of wild animals argue that the population of the world is increasing, and that land now inhabited by wild animals must eventually be used to grow food or provide homes for human beings. And the life of wild animals accounts for nothing as compared with that of human beings. In addition, farmers complain that wild animals damage their crops, and frighten or even kill workers in villages and fields. However, supporters of wild animals want to defend wild animals against the danger of extinction for the following reasons. First, they argue that wild life is a precious heritage for future generations and that all living things have the right to live in nature. Second, they answer the criticism of farmers by pointing out that wild animals do not normally attack human beings unless they are first attacked themselves. Third, they manage to make the opponents believe that humans can work out ways of raising the yield to feed the increasing population and of building more high buildings for people to live in. The argument co