学术英语科技文写作概论.ppt

Scientific Writing General Knowledge Overview What is a scientific paper? nA scientific paper is a written report describing original research results. Papers are a central part of research. Structure of a Scientific Paper A scientific paper should have, in proper order: n Title, Authors name, nAbstract and Key words, n Body nAcknowledgements (selective) nReferences nAppendix (selective) Body nIntroduction, Background nMaterials and Methods (Experiments), nResults, nDiscussion,Conclusions Title and Authors Name Title The title should contain three elements: n1. the name of the organism studied; n2. the particular aspect or system studied; n3. the variables manipulated. Tips for writing a Title nless than ten words nThe title is written in the middle of the first line, also can be written in two or three lines if it is longer. nThe title should be noun phrase or noun expression nUsing v.ing for necessary uses of Verbs. nShould reflect the factual content of the paper nBe Straightforward nLet the Titles first word be a key word if you can nThe Title should be short, it also should not be general. Compare: n“Study on Anti-microbial Agents“. n “Effects of a Variety of Anti- microbial Agents on Four Bacterial Cultures“ Examples nTHE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON GERMINATION OF CORN n DOES TEMPERATURE AFFECT GERMINATION OF CORN? n TEMPERATURE AND CORN GERMINATION: IMPLICATIONS FOR AGRICULTURE Authors Name nFormat for foreign journals: Given Name + Family Name nChinese requirement: follow the order of Pingyin e.g. Li Xue n More than one people: one space /comma between the two names Abstract It should contain these four elements: 1. Background the purpose of the study (the central question or principal purpose); n2. a brief statement of what was done (Methods); n3. a brief statement of what was found (Results); n4. a brief statement of what was concluded (Conclusions and Recommendation). The Length of the Abstract n100-250 words (say about 15 sentences) for a paper with 1000- 5000 words. nNo paragraph separation, except long abstract for degree dissertations. n Three kinds of abstracts: informative abstract descriptive abstract constructive abstract nconcise restatement of the main point, not including detail methods and results n sentence style: is studied, is investigated, is discussed nPresent tense nShort and concise, 100-150 words Descriptive Abstract (说明性摘要） Influence of English Loan Words on German nAbstract：Historically，German has been greatly influenced by foreign culturesEnglish，which has been the most influential forces in the 20th century has made tremendous impact on many other languages，including GermanThe influence of English can be found not only in German Sample nvocabulary，but also in its spelling， pronunciation，morphology and grammarA great many words in English have been borrowed into German，which has enlarged German vocabulary and also engendered disorderMany linguists are working hard to purify German nKeywords：German ；loanwords； English Informative Abstract（摘要） nUsually for studying paper or experiment report. nInclude simple content of the paper, especially points out the methods, results, and conclusions. nLonger than the descriptive abstract, words between 150-500. nFollow the IMRAD format. IMRAD n(Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion) is a common format used for academic or scientific research papers. Include： n(1) the purpose of the study (2) methods (3) a brief statement of results (4) a brief statement of conclusions and recommendation nBased on experiments, a semi- empirical model(经验模型) is proposed for the elastic-plastic contact of ellipsoids.(椭圆体) The model predicts the total contact area of two separated parts, namely, the plastic and elastic parts. The prediction of the plastic area is , in terms of the plastic contact area, in the form of a power law(冥次值). Sample nThe power index, satisfying the relation between the representative contact stress(应力) and the plastic contact area, is obtained with the flattened areas(平面面积) of a contacting body completely unloaded(完全卸载) from specified loads in the experiment. The power index is also called the work- hardening index. The elastic part of the contact area is obtained from the Hertzain contact result(赫兹 接触问题解). With such a model, or the normal load on the contact(压作 用力) is known , all other quantities, such total order to confirm the model, a series of contact experiments for different Metallic ellipsoids was conducted. It was found that the results from the model agree very well with those by experiments. Constructive Abstract (结构性摘要) nTo conclude the main points with Phrase, then give information with sentences nFormat: Object. To propose a simple . Design. Main Results. Conclusion. Body Body 5 main parts: nIntroduction / Overview nTheoretical Background nMaterials and experiments nResults nDiscussion nConclusion Introduction In the part of Introduction, You need to mention: nWhy did you do the work? nWhat were the central motivations and hypotheses? n1-3 paragraphs are suitable length Background should include: nDefinition or explanation of your predecessors to the study object nCurrent research situation nDisadvantages of related research nTheoretical basis, experimental background Useful Expression nBackground definitions and theorems nRelated work nTheoretical analysis nTheoretical background nExperimental background nPreliminaries(前期准备工作) nSome general prerequisites (基本前提 条件) nProject description nCurrent work on nLiterature addressing(研究的相关 文献) nTheoretical and experimental background Material and Experiments n1. Explain why each procedure was done, i.e., what variable were you measuring and why? n2. Experimental procedures and results are narrated in the past tense (what you did, what you found, etc.) whereas conclusions from your results are given in the present tense. Example: nDifficult to understand: First, I removed the frog muscle and then I poured Ringers solution on it. Next, I attached it to the kymograph. nImproved: I removed the frog muscle and poured Ringers solution on it to prevent it from drying out. I then attached the muscle to the kymograph in order to determine the minimum voltage required for contraction. n3. Mathematical equations and statistical tests should be described in this section along with the actual experimental work. n4. Use active rather than passive voice when possible. Throughout the paper, avoid contractions, e.g. did not vs. didnt. Useful expressions : nExperimental details nResearch procedure nModel and methodology medldi nImplementation issues nDesign issues nThe field study nCase study description(个案研究介绍 ) nExperiment design nThe measurement process Results n1. All results should be presented, including those that do not support the hypothesis. n2. Statements made in the text must be supported by the results contained in figures and tables. n3. The results of statistical tests can be presented in parentheses following a verbal description. Example nIncorrect: The results are given in Figure 1. nCorrect: Temperature was directly proportional to metabolic rate （新 陈代谢率）(Fig. 1). Useful Expressions nNumerical results nTheoretical results nExperimental results nSimulation results (模拟结果) nMeasured performance nLessons learnt nPerformance nVisual observation Discussion Contain at least: n the relationship between the results and the original hypothesis. n an integration of your results with those of previous studies in order to arrive at explanations for the observed phenomena. n possible explanations for unexpected results and observations. Tips： nDo not repeat detailed descriptions of the data and results in the Discussion. nIn some journals, Results and Discussions are joined in a single section. n End the Discussion with a summary of the principal points you want the reader to remember. Useful Expressions nResults and discussion nEvaluation of results nAnalysis nGrowth arguments(引发的论题) nApplication and analysis nPerformance analysis Conclusion In your conclusions, address the following: nreach conclusions about the initial objectives nshow advantages of your method over previously published methods nstate open problems nidentify needed next steps in research on the problem Useful Expression nSummary and conclusions nConcluding remarks nConclusions and future work nConclusions and further research nConclusions and open problems nConclusions and future directions Acknowledgements Sentence Style Thanks-giverThanks-receiverReasons J. Wu is very grateful to the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NNSFC) for the support. The Authors gratefully acknowledge S. Luna for his layout of the test board and The authors also thank the reviewers for their helpful comments References References ncite all references in the text nreference order is dependent on publisher, usually it is alphabetically, include all necessary information for others to locate the reference nus