2017高考英语阅读理解推理判断题命题方式与技巧点拨(附带答案).doc

高三英语阅读理解推理判断题命题方式与技巧点拨讲课 导入： 高考英语阅读理解考纲关于阅读理解部分考纲要求： 阅读部分 要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等，并能从中获取相关信息。考生应能：（1）理解主旨要义；（2）理解文中具体信息；（3）根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义；（4）做出判断和推理；（5）理解文章的基本结构；（6）理解作者的意图、观点和态度。高考英语阅读理解常见的设题形式有： 细节理解题、推理判断题、词意猜测题、主旨大意题。本节主要解决推理判断题解题策略。推理判断题解题指导：考点突破 一、命题方式：推理判断是指在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示，做出一定的判断和推理，从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义的过程。主要考查考生理清上下文逻辑关系的能力以及考生的识别能力。推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可能是某几句话，要求考生在遵循原文意义的基础上，对文章字面信息进行分析、挖掘、逻辑推理，揭示其深层含义。 推理判断题的命题区间往往出现在以下几个方面：文章或者段落的首尾部分。这一部分往往会引出文章的主题，总结全文或者全段内容，通常也会设计推理判断题；引言部分。议论文或者说明文中作者经常引用他人语言来支撑自己的观点，引用的内容可能从正面或者反面来支持作者的观点，引文的字里行间隐含的渗透的内容往往也是命题人设题的依据；结论建议处。命题人往往在文章中出现the study suggests, the research indicates, the report shows 等类似结论、建议性表达方式时，此处通常是文章中提到的研究结果或者报告的结论，命题人往往在此设置推理判断题 表达观点态度处。在作者表达观点态度的地方往往设置推理判断题。文中出现doubt, appreciate, hate, prefer ,against等表达观点态度的部分，以及一些带有感情色彩的特殊句式，例如感叹句、反问句等。 1.细节推断 细节推断要求考生根据文章内容，推断具体的细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常识进行推理判断。考生要把握文章的内在关系，理解文章的真正含义，然后作出判断。题干中常出现infer（推断），indicate（象征，暗示），imply（暗示），suggest（暗示）.conclude（作出结论），assume（假定，设想）等词。主要设题方式有：It can be inferred from the passage that_. The author strongly suggests that_ It can be concluded from the passage that_. The writer implies but not directly states that_The writer/author indicates/implies/suggests that_The writer talked about. . Because he thought_考点1 细节推断题 典例（2016全国卷3D节选） “The if it bleeds rule works for mass media, says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania. They want your eyeballs and dont care how youre feeling. But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react. You dont want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.”33. What can we infer about people like Debbie Downer? A. Theyre socially inactive. B. Theyre good at telling stories. C. Theyre inconsiderate of others. D. Theyre careful with their words.2.写作意图推断 写作意图推断要求考生根据文章的论述，揣测作者的写作意图和写作手法。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实，客观地使读者信服某种想法或观点。这就要求考生不但要理解文章的主旨大意，而且要具备对作者阐述问题的方法进行归纳总结和分析的能力主要设题方式有： What is the main purpose of the author writing the text? The purpose of the text is to get more people to_ The writer of the story wants to tell us that_The fact. Is mentioned by the author to show_The author writes the last paragraph in order to_作者写文章的目的通常有三类（灵活借鉴应用）： (1) to entertain readers(使读者愉悦、发笑)： 常见于个人经历或故事类的文章。(2) to persuade readers(说服读者接受某种观点)：常见于广告或议论文。广告是作者要推销一种产品或一种服务：吸引更多的游客读者或订户观众等。议论文是为了说服读者接受或赞同某一观点。(3)to inform readers (告知读者某些信息)： 多见于科普类新闻报道类文化类或社会类的文章, 以及劝告性或建议性的文章。弄清其写作目的, 需要找准主题句, 把握文章主旨。典例：2016北京卷A节选） December 15,2014 Dear Alfred, I want to tell you how important your help is to my life. Growing up, I had people telling me I was too stow, though, with an IQ of 150 + at 17, Iam anything but stupid. The fact was that I was found to have ADHD（注意力缺陷多动障碍）.Anxious all the time, I was unable to keep focused for more than an hour at a time. Thank you. Youve given me hope that I can follow my heart. For the first time, I feel good about myself because I m doing something, not because someone told me I was doing good. I feel whole. This is why youre saving my life. Yours, Tanis 8）. Tanis wrote this letter in order to_A. explain why she was interested in the computer B. share the ideas she had for her profession C. show how grateful she was to the center D. describe the courses she had taken so far3.观点态度推断 观点态度推断题考查考生是否了解文章作者或者文中人物对某事物所持的观点或者态度。这就要求考生在正确理解文章大意的基础上，对观点或者态度倾向进行分析、识 别，关注作者对人物心理或者细节的描写，对文章所交代的人或者事情进行评判。主要设题方式有:The attitude of the author towards something is_The writer of the passage seems to think that_Whats the authors opinion on. ? What do we know about sb. in the passage? Somebody can be said_. What does the author think about. ?典例（2016四川卷C节选） I have a special love for the French Guianese people. I have worked there on and off for almost ten years? says Gin. I ve been able to keep firm friendships with them. Thus I have been allowed to gain access to their living environment. I dont see it as a lawless land. But rather see it as an area of freedom. 30）. What is Gins attitude towards the lives of the indigenous Guianese? A. Cautious. B. Doubtful. C. Uninterested. D. Appreciative. 4.文章来源和读者对象推断 推测文章的来源或者读者对象要求读者本身要具备一定的常识，这样文章的内容才能与读者本身具备的常识结合起来。比如读者本身要对报纸、杂志、网络、科普、 小说、广告、说明书、旅游指南等有基本的了解，这样才能根据文章的特点对号人座，选出正确的答案。举几个例子：1）.报纸前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称。 2）.广告因其用词和格式特殊，客易辨认。3）.产品说明器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式，而药品的服用说明会告知服用 。需要指出的是：有时命题者为了增加试题的难度，特殊的格式或日期可能不出现，这时需要根据文章的题材内容进行推断。如果内客是发布新闻，最可能是出现在报纸上；如果是科普读物，可能是出自科普 杂志上。主要设题方式有：This passage would be most likely to be found in_The passage is probably taken out of _Where does this text probably come from? Which section of a magazine is this passage probably taken from? The text is intended for_. 典例：Have you ever dreamed of having a fashionable watch of great value? A small watchmaker in Switzerland in 1922 designed the first automatic watch to show the day, month, and date. Today, it is so hard to get an original watch that some watch historians are even willing to offer $200,000 for one. These watches attracted a lot of people for their splendid color, fashionable s ty, and new uses in the 1920s. Today, you are offered the same kind of watch with improvement. It has a 24-jewel mechanical movement. You can get the watch either in person or by mail all an affordable price. You will also receive good service from the watch seller. If you are not satisfied with the watch after you get it, you may simply return it within 30 days. Dont miss the chance to realize your dream. 题目 The passage is probably taken from a _A. report B. magazine C. text book D. science book5.推理判断题选项特点 (1)正确选项特点:是弦外之音。是立足原文推断出来的内容，不是直接叙述的具体信息；没有绝对概念的字眼，如only, never, all absolutely 等。因为的推断出来的内容，略有模糊成分，留有余地,通常含有 usually. may, some, might. can，possibly 等同汇. (2)干拢选项特点 :张冠李戴。使用了原文出现的词汇或者句式。但不是本题的内容；颠倒是非。选项内容涉及了原文中提及的内容，但是选项意思与之恰恰相反；无中生有。这类选项往往是基本的生活常识，观点是正确的，但不是本文表示的内容；扩缩范围。原文中可能出现了almost, all, nearly, more than, normally, usually等词语对文章内容加以限制，干扰选项改变了原文范围；曲解文意。根据文章某一句话或者利用了里面的字间设计出选项，看似表达了文章的意思，实际上是借题发挥，曲解了文章原意。 二、技巧点拨 1.领悟隐含意义 “既要理解字面意思，也要理解深层含义。”这是高考对阅读理解能力测试的一项重要内容。由于某种原因，有的文章作者不能鲜明地表达自己的观点，而将其隐含在字里行间，流露于修辞手法之中。这类题要求考生对作者这种没有明确说明的事实信息和思想倾向做出合理的推断。读懂这种“言外之意，弦外之音”要求考生具有无障碍的阅读能力，锣鼓听音的敏锐感觉，合理推断的思维品质。做题的关键是根据题干要求，在原文中找到相关信息，并依此进行推理。 2.理清文章脉络 这类题旨在测试考生在阅读基础上的逻辑推理能力，要求考生根据文章所述事件的逻辑关系，对未说明的趋势或结局做出合理的推断，或根据作者所阐述的观点或理论，对文章未涉及的现象或事例给以解释。考生首先要仔细阅读短文，充分了解信息，才能弄清文章结构，理清文章脉络。在做出推理判断时，考生一定要依据短文内容或作者的观点，切忌主观臆断，切忌以自己的观点取代作者的原意。3.抓住作者的态度和观点 做此类题目必须通过作者的用词及叙述口吻等去理解。作者的态度和观点无非就是三种（1）支持、赞同、乐观；（2）反对、批评、怀疑、悲观；（3）中立、客观。作者的态度和观点常用一些形容词、副词和不定意义的动词来表达，如possible, impossible, seem. strange。此题需要注意的是一定要理清作者所列举的事例与其观点、态度是一致的还是相反的。在议论文中，作者的观点态度常在末段出现，但有些文章作者的观点态度隐含在文章的字里行间，需要通读全文，才能作出正确的判断。熟悉一些常见的有关作者情感、态度的词语：褒义词：supportive（支持的）；positive（积极的）optimistic（乐观的）enthusiastic（热情的）等。 贬义词：negative（否定的，消极的）ironic（讽刺的）critical（批评的）disgusted（厌恶的）disappointed（失望的）等。 中性词：indifferent（漠不关心的）uninterested（不感兴趣的）；objective（客观的）neutral中立的）等。当堂分类检测1. 细节推断A new collection of photos brings an unsuccessful Antarctic voyage back to life.Frank Hurleys pictures would be outstanding-undoubtedly first-rate photo-journalism-if they had been made last week. In fact, they were shot from 1914 through 1916, most of them after a disastrous shipwreck(海滩), by a cameraman who had no reasonable expectation of survival. Many of the images were stored in an ice chest, under freezing water, in the damaged wooden ship.13）. What do we know about the photos taken by Hurley? A. They were made last week B. They showed undersea sceneries C. They were found by a cameraman D. They recorded a disastrous adventure2. 写作意图推断Successful people in international business understand the cultures of other countries and learn to change their practices in different cultures. They understand the importance of avoiding business decisions based on misconceptions-mistaken ideas. One cause of misconceptions is ethnocentrism, the belief that ones own cultures way of doing things is better than the way of other cultures. Its ethnocentrism that leads to failure in international business. To avoid ethnocentrism, its necessary to study the different elements(组成部分) of culture: language, values and attitudes, and customs and manners.A knowledge of the local language can help international business people in four ways. Values are peoples basic beliefs about the difference between right and wrong, good and bad. An attitude is a way of thinking or acting. Values and attitudes influence international business. Customs are common social practices. Manners are ways of acting that the society believes are polite. 64）. The authors purpose of writing this article is to tell people _.how to take a right attitude in businessB. how to avoid misunderstandings in businessC. how to use a local language in businessD. how to act politely and properly in business3. 观点态度推断再提醒：这类试题的题干中常有the writers attitude toward(s), The author thoughts/ think(s), According to the author, What does the author think about等。作者的态度、倾向是指作者对陈述的观点是赞同、 反对还是犹豫不定， 对记叙或描写的人、物或事件等是赞颂、同情、冷漠还是厌恶、憎恨。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间，或流露于修饰的词语之中。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词、副词、动词及所举的例子，推断出作者的弦外之音。干扰项具有三个特点： (1) 可能是考生自己的某种观点。(易误选)(2) 社会普遍的一种倾向， 文中没有信息支持。(3) 与本文无关或与作者相反的观点等。 此外，还要注意区分作者态度或观点与引用的别人的态度或观点。观点态度推断It is not just unkind but also dangerous to say a fourhourly feeding schedule will make a baby satisfied. The first of the experts to advocate a strict clockwatching schedule was Dr.Frederic Truby King who was against feeding in the night. Ive never heard anything soridiculous. Baby feeding shouldnt follow a timetable set by the mum. What is important is feeding a baby in the best way，though it may cause some inconvenience in the first few weeks.题目：What does the author think about Dr.Frederic Truby King?AHe is strict.BHe is unkind.CHe has the wrong idea.DHe sets a timetable for mothers.4.文章来源和读者对象推断The Basics of MathMade Clear1Basic Math introduces students to the basic concepts of mathematics，as well as the fundamentals of more tricky areas. These 30 fantastic lectures are designed to provide students with an understanding of arithmetic and to prepare them for Algebra(代数)and beyond.7If the course fails to provide complete satisfaction to you，you can easily exchange it for any other course that we offer. Or you can get your money back.题目：59）Where is the passage most likely to have been taken from?AA news report.BA book review.CA lesson plan. DAn advertisement.5.综合训练Your house may have an effect on your figure. Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off. You can make your environment work for you instead of against you. Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan.Open the curtains and turn up the lights. Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating, for people are often less self-conscious (难为情) when theyre in poorly lit placesand so more likely to eat lots of food. If your home doesnt have enough window light, get more lamps and flood the place with brightness.Mind the colors. Research suggests warm colors fuel our appetites. In one study, people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room. Warm colors like yellow make food appear more appetizing, while cold colors make us feel less hungry. So when its time to repaint, go blue.Dont forget the clockor the radio. People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewer calories (卡路里) per meal than those who rush through their meals. Begin keeping track of the time, and try to make dinner last at least 30 minutes. And while youre at it, actually sit down to eat. If you need some help slowing down, turn on relaxing music. It makes you less likely to rush through a meal.Downsize the dishes. Big serving bowls and plates can easily make us fat. We eat about 22 percent more when using a 12inch plate instead of a 10inch plate. When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one, total intake (摄入) jumps by 14 percent. And well pour about 30 percent more liquid into a short, wide glass than a tall, skinny glass.()1.The text is especially helpful for those who care about _.Atheir home comfortsBtheir body shapeChouse buyingDhealthy diets()2.A home environment in blue can help people _.Adigest food betterBreduce food intakeCburn more caloriesDregain their appetites()3.What are people advised to do at mealtimes?AEat quickly.BPlay fast music.CUse smaller spoons.DTurn down the lights.()4.What can be a suitable title for the text?AIs Your House Making You Fat?BWays of Serving DinnerCEffects of SelfConsciousnessDIs Your Home Environment Relaxing?高三英语阅读理解推理判断题命题方式与技巧点拨 导入： 高考英语阅读理解考纲关于阅读理解部分考纲要求： 阅读部分 要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等，并能从中获取相关信息。考生应能：（1）理解主旨要义；（2）理解文中具体信息；（3）根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义；（4）做出判断和推理；（5）理解文章的基本结构；（6）理解作者的意图、观点和态度。高考英语阅读理解常见的设题形式有： 细节理解题、推理判断题、词意猜测题、主旨大意题。本节主要解决推理判断题解题策略。推理判断题解题指导：考点突破 一、命题方式：推理判断是指在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示，做出一定的判断和推理，从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义的过程。主要考查考生理清上下文逻辑关系的能力以及考生的识别能力。推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可能是某几句话，要求考生在遵循原文意义的基础上，对文章字面信息进行分析、挖掘、逻辑推理，揭示其深层含义。 推理判断题的命题区间往往出现在以下几个方面：文章或者段落的首尾部分。这一部分往往会引出文章的主题，总结全文或者全段内容，通常也会设计推理判断题；引言部分。议论文或者说明文中作者经常引用他人语言来支撑自己的观点，引用的内容可能从正面或者反面来支持作者的观点，引文的字里行间隐含的渗透的内容往往也是命题人设题的依据；结论建议处。命题人往往在文章中出现the study suggests, the research indicates, the report shows 等类似结论、建议性表达方式时，此处通常是文章中提到的研究结果或者报告的结论，命题人往往在此设置推理判断题 表达观点态度处。在作者表达观点态度的地方往往设置推理判断题。文中出现doubt, appreciate, hate, prefer ,against等表达观点态度的部分，以及一些带有感情色彩的特殊句式，例如感叹句、反问句等。 1.细节推断 细节推断要求考生根据文章内容，推断具体的细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常识进行推理判断。考生要把握文章的内在关系，理解文章的真正含义，然后作出判断。题干中常出现infer（推断），indicate（象征，暗示），imply（暗示），suggest（暗示）.conclude（作出结论），assume（假定，设想）等词。主要设题方式有：It can be inferred from the passage that_. The author strongly suggests that_ It can be concluded from the passage that_. The writer implies but not directly states that_The writer/author indicates/implies/suggests that_The writer talked about. . Because he thought_考点1 细节推断题 典例（2016全国卷3D节选） “The if it bleeds rule works for mass media, says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania. They want your eyeballs and dont care how youre feeling. But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react. You dont want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.”33. What can we infer about people like Debbie Downer? A. Theyre socially inactive. B. Theyre good at telling stories. C. Theyre inconsiderate of others. D. Theyre careful with their words.2.写作意图推断 写作意图推断要求考生根据文章的论述，揣测作者的写作意图和写作手法。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实，客观地使读者信服某种想法或观点。这就要求考生不但要理解文章的主旨大意，而且要具备对作者阐述问题的方法进行归纳总结和分析的能力主要设题方式有： What is the main purpose of the author writing the text? The purpose of the text is to get more people to_ The writer of the story wants to tell us that_The fact. Is mentioned by the author to show_The author writes the last paragraph in order to_作者写文章的目的通常有三类（灵活借鉴应用）： (1) to entertain readers(使读者愉悦、发笑)： 常见于个人经历或故事类的文章。(2) to persuade readers(说服读者接受某种观点)：常见于广告或议论文。广告是作者要推销一种产品或一种服务：吸引更多的游客读者或订户观众等。议论文是为了说服读者接受或赞同某一观点。(3)to inform readers (告知读者某些信息)： 多见于科普类新闻报道类文化类或社会类的文章, 以及劝告性或建议性的文章。弄清其写作目的, 需要找准主题句, 把握文章主旨。典例：2016北京卷A节选） December 15,2014 Dear Alfred, I want to tell you how important your help is to my life. Growing up, I had people telling me I was too stow, though, with an IQ of 150 + at 17, Iam anything but stupid. The fact was that I was found to have ADHD（注意力缺陷多动障碍）.Anxious all the time, I was unable to keep focused for more than an hour at a time. Thank you. Youve given me hope that I can follow my heart. For the first time, I feel good about myself because I m doing something, not because someone told me I was doing good. I feel whole. This is why youre saving my life. Yours, Tanis 8. Tanis wrote this letter in order to_A. explain why she was interested in the computer B. share the ideas she had for her profession C. show how grateful she was to the center D. describe the courses she had taken so far3.观点态度推断 观点态度推断题考查考生是否了解文章作者或者文中人物对某事物所持的观点或者态度。这就要求考生在正确理解文章大意的基础上，对观点或者态度倾向进行分析、识 别，关注作者对人物心理或者细节的描写，对文章所交代的人或者事情进行评判。主要设题方式有:The attitude of the author towards something is_The writer of the passage seems to think that_Whats the authors opinion on. ? What do we know about sb. in the passage? Somebody can be said_. What does the author think about. ?典例（2016四川卷C节选） I have a special love for the French Guianese people. I have worked there on and off for almost ten years? says Gin. I ve been able to keep firm friendships with them. Thus I have been allowed to gain access to their living environment. I dont see it as a lawless land. But rather see it as an area of freedom. 30. What is Gins attitude towards the lives of the indigenous Guianese? A. Cautious. B. Doubtful. C. Uninterested. D. Appreciative. 4.文章来源和读者对象推断 推测文章的来源或者读者对象要求读者本身要具备一定的常识，这样文章的内容才能与读者本身具备的常识结合起来。比如读者本身要对报纸、杂志、网