电大《设计概论》期末复习考试资料小抄【电大设计概论必备小抄.doc

电大设计概论期末复习考试资料小抄一、.明代家具特点：明代家具发展的原因：1.园林建筑兴起；2.木材丰富；3.木工工具的发展。二、战国时期尊后尊盘失蜡法工艺三、中世纪设计风格：1.拜占庭风格；2.早期中世纪风格；3.罗马式；4.哥特式四、哥特式家具特点：家具上装饰以尖拱和高尖塔的形象，强调垂直向上的线条。五、巴洛克风格：强调非理性的无穷幻想与幻觉，极力打破和谐与平静，在雕刻绘画中充满紧张气氛，建筑构造丰富多变；饱含激情和强烈的运动感。六、工业美术运动：首先提出了“美与技术相结合”原则，主张美术家从事设计，反对纯艺术，崇尚“师承自然”。七、地铁风格与比利时线条：地铁入口的栏杆，灯柱与护住全都采用起伏卷曲的植物纹样。八、“形式追随工能”路易斯.沙利文芝加哥学派九、包豪斯“三个基本观点”：1.艺术与技术的新统一；2.设计的目的是人而不是产品；3.设计需遵循自然和客观的法则来进行。包豪斯意义：成为世界许多艺术，设计院校的参照范例和构架基础，它培养的众多建筑设计师和其他领域的设计师把现代设计运动推向了新高度。十、米斯.凡.德罗“少即是多”巴塞罗那世博会德国馆十一、美国商业性设计的本质：是形式主义，形式第一，功能第二。十二、流线型风格：外在的“样式设计”，把产品外观造型视为促销的重要手段。十三、计划废止制目的：以人为方式有计划的迫使商品在段时间内失效，造成消费者心理老化，促使消费者不断更新。购买新产品。 它的类别：1.功能型废止；2.合意型废止3.由预先预定产品的使用寿命，使其在一段时间后不能使用十四、美国设计师罗维“可口可乐”商标“最美丽的曲线是销售上升”十五、最早实行工业设计师登记制度的国家英国十六、美国家具设计师萨里宁“月台式椅”和“郁金香椅”十七、意大利“金圆规奖”：1954年意大利文艺复兴公司设立。日“Gmark奖”1957年。十八、“日双轨制”：传统方面吸取中、韩等东方国家的文化内涵；从现代和前卫上表现追随、借鉴、模仿美国、德、意的设计。十九、丹麦雅各布森“软件设计”“天鹅椅”、“蛋椅”、“ 蚂蚁椅”。二十、斯堪的纳维亚国家包括：丹、芬、瑞典、冰、挪。二十二、贝津铭设计的卢浮宫金字塔是新现代主义风格。二十三、20世纪70年代设计师更高责任：为人的设计二十四、三“R”原则：Reduce（减少）、Reuse(回收)、Recycling（再生）二十五、德意志制造联盟贝伦斯二十六、水晶宫建材：钢铁和玻璃二十七、考工记记载了中国古代工艺制作方法，成书于春秋末年二十八、产品设计的类型：交通工具、生产设备、轻工业产品、纺织产品、文具电脑、家具建筑。 产品设计三要素：功能、技术、造型（实用、经济、美观）二十九、一切思维活动中最重要的是：创造性思维三十、成功设计师的特质：1.强烈敏锐的感受能力；2.追根究源的欲望和能力；3.发明创造的能力；4.深厚广泛的审美鉴赏能力；5.较强的设计构想的表达能力；6.对市场的预测能力；7.成为生产厂家和消费者之间的桥梁；8.具备全面的专业技能三十一、影响消费者行为的因素：1.动机因素；2.情绪因素；3.态度因素三十二、设计风格：指一个时代，一个民族。一个流派或一个人的设计在形式和内容方面所显示出来的价值取向、内在品格和艺术特色。（风格是心灵的外观）三十三、设计的特性：1.实用性；2.精神性；3.欣赏性；4.文化性；5.创新性三十四、机器美学的奠基人柯布西埃：“住宅是居住的机器”建筑是什么？ 是宏伟壮丽的形体在光线下，有意识的、正确的组合三十五、设计的一般性原则：美+实用+经济三十六、骨骼要素：是平面造型的另一个要求，是各个图形元素的有秩序的排列方式，图形按照骨骼通过不同的编排、组合或处理构成了完全不同的形态，从而展示崭新的排列关系和秩序感三十七、创造性设计与改良设计的区别：当与现存作品关联，称为改良设计；当与幻想，未来的作品关联，即成为创造性设计三十八、中国古代的匠籍制度在（清朝）被废除三十九、详记古巴比伦手工业工匠分类和每日报酬的法典是（汉奠拉比法典）四十、按从业方式，设计师分为：1.驻厂设计师；2.自由设计师；3.业余设计师四十一、美国号称30年代“工业设计四元老”的：1.蒂格；2.罗维；3.盖迪斯；4.德莱弗斯四十二、景观设计的组成：1.水体设计；2.照明设计；3.绿化设计；4.道路设计；5.场所设计四十三、平面设计的二维设计主要是：图形，文字等形象和信息要素等综合设计四十四、六大窑系孕育了宋代五大名窑： 定，哥，汝，钧，官窑四十五、德1953年成立的乌姆尔设计学院，其首任校长是马克思比尔，他是包豪斯学生，与布劳恩公司的涉及合作中学院确立推广了系统设计方法，他是主要贡献四十六、设计管理是对设计活动的组织和管理，设计借鉴和利用管理学的理论和方法对设计本身进行管理四十七、波普设计：产生于20世纪50年代中期，一群青年艺术家有感于大众文化的兴趣，而以社会生活中最大众化的形象作为设计表现的主题，以夸张，变形，组合等诸多手法从事设计，形成了特有的设计风格和流氓四十八、设计的程序：1.设计的委托：起始首先是受到客户的设计委托，明确设计目标和理论，提出问题，以便使设计师可以遇见或很好的解决在未来设计和投产过程中出现的问题。2.准备阶段：这一阶段中重点应做好两方面：一是制定一个周密的行之有效的计划；二是广泛收集各种资料和信息。3.展开设计阶段：开始拟定初期设计方案。本阶段能体现设计师的创造性思维和能力。4.深化设计阶段：对之前的工作总结并作出正确的设计定位。一方面深入探讨设计理念与设计草图是否一致的基础上，进行筛选，选出代表性草图；另一方面对选中的方案深化设计，做概念效果图和三视图表现。5.定案设计阶段：主要包括详细的三视图和设计效果图。6.试制阶段：包括试制和正式投产两阶段，进入最后样品试制阶段，做最后的测试修改，使其造型、色彩与环境及流行的趋势吻合，再正式投产。7.管理阶段：在后期管理阶段中，包装与宣传占很重地位，设计管理阶段是设计过程中的总结，是对产品和销售的反馈信息，及对产品和销售的反馈信息，及对于出现而难题的解决过程。四十九、形成思路的方法：模仿，发展，逆转，坐标，嫁接。五十、设计师的品格：良好的心态+优越的生活+冷静的思考+绝对的自信+深厚的文化五十一、设计批评：在设计欣赏的基础上，根据一定的标准，对设计作品和设计现象所做的细致分析和价值判断。五十二、现代设计开端说：1.1851年在英伦敦海德公园举办的首届“万国博览会”；2.威廉莫里斯所领导的“工艺美术运动”作为现代3.1919年“包豪斯”的成立。五十三、后现代主义设计特点：1.“功能不变，形式永远不变”的功能主义。2.现代主义功能为第一要素；3.形态的隐喻，主张新归主义柔和和兼容并蓄；4.绿色环保设计被视为设计者最基本法则之一。请您删除一下内容，O(_)O谢谢！2015年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全，电大期末考试必备小抄，电大考试必过小抄Shanghais Suzhou Creek has witnessed much of the citys history. Zhou Wenting travels this storied body of water and finds its most fascinating spots. Some lucky cities can boast a great body of water, like London with the river Thames and Paris with the river Seine. Shanghai is privileged enough to have two great bodies of water: Huangpu River and Suzhou Creek.Huangpu River became famous when colonists established clusters of grand buildings on its banks on what became known as the bund. Today, the bund overlooks the breathtaking skyline of Lujiazui financial district. Shanghais other body of water, however, Suzhou Creek, has been somewhat overshadowed. Suzhou Creek links the inland cities of Jiangsu province with Shanghai. When the British colonists, who arrived in the city after it was opened as a commercial port in 1843 found they could reach Suzhou, Jiangsu province, via the creek, they named it Suzhou Creek. Thanks to its location, a large amount of cargo and travelers were transported via the creek before rail links were established. But after a century of being utilized as a waterway to transport goods and labor, the creek grew dark and smelly. Industrial factories were established along the banks. In the 1990s it became a key task of the city government to clean the creek. Suzhou Creek, which snakes 17 km from the iconic Waibaidu Bridge downtown to the outer ring road in west Shanghai, maps the changing periods of the citys history, including the imprints of the concessions, the beginning of industrialization and the improvement in peoples living conditions. Where the Bund began In-between the shopping street of East Nanjing Road and the Bund, are a cluster of streets that give me the illusion that I am no longer in modern Shanghai. The streets are narrow and old and criss-cross each other. Any old residential house may turn out to be a former office of the British, constructed in the 1880s. Pawnshops and hardware stores that are hard to find elsewhere, are plentiful here. This area, at the confluence of Huangpu River and Suzhou Creek, is called the Bund Origin. Countless tour buses stop at the site every day and visitors from around the world get off to see this place, the starting point of the concessions in the city. It all started in 1872, when the former British Consulate General was constructed and the Bund began its transformation into an the financial street of the East. Now the site of the former consulate is called “No 1 Waitanyuan”, which translates to “the Bund Origin”, to honor its beginnings. The entire complex of this historical site comprises of five buildings, the former British Consulate General, the official residence of the consul, the former Union Church, the church apartments and the former Shanghai Rowing Club. The size of the courtyard is equivalent to that of four standard soccer fields. The building of the former consulate is a two-storey masonry building on an H-shaped plan in typical English renaissancestyle. The building is designed with a five-arch verandah on the ground floor with a raised terrace facing the garden, while the facade features an entry portico beneath a colonnaded loggia. It has been turned into a caf where dinner and afternoonteaare available. Visitors can choose to sit indoors or outdoors to enjoy the magnificent gardens with nearly 30 ancient trees.Yuanmingyuan Road behind the complex is also a historical site. The road has been revamped as a pedestrian shopping street and high-end brands have seized the best spots. Altogether, 14 old buildings, including those used for offices and residences constructed during 1920s and 1930s, remain. Today, it is a popular location for commercialfashionphoto shoots. New Tianan Church, or Union Church, stands at the intersection of Yuanmingyuan Road and Suzhou Creek. The church, designed in the style of the English countryside, has a capacity of 500 people. It was very popular during the concession period but was converted into factory offices after 1949. The church we see today is a replica, the original burned down in 2007. There used to be an outdoor swimming pool, the first of its kind in Shanghai, beside the church but has been filled-in and is now a small garden. Bridge of romance There is perhaps no other place thats more representative of Shanghai than this bridge, which appears in quite a lot ofmovies about the city. Dozens of couples visit every day to pose for their pre-wedding photos on the bridge where Suzhou Creek begins and interconnects with Huangpu River. This is Waibaidu Bridge, or the Garden Bridge. The soon-to-be-wed couples pose in splendid attire on the bridge, leaning against the railing or sitting on the wooden floor. Some even risk walking into the middle of the road to get the perfect shot.Colorful lights illuminate the bridge throughout the night, making it a picturesque place for pre-wedding portraits and lovers to meet. Constructed in 1873 and designed by a British company, the 106-meter-long bridge was the first-ever major bridge in Shanghai. In 1856, the first large wooden bridge, Wells Bridge, was built over Suzhou Creek but the bridge toll led to complaints from citizens. So 17 years later, another wooden bridge, which did not require tolls, was built. People called it Waibaidu, which means “going across for free”. The bridge was renovated as a steel truss structure in 1907. Because nearly 40 bridges have now been built over Suzhou Creek, the bridge is no longer a traffic artery but is more of an observation deck for tourists. It is a tradition in Shanghai for a grandmother to walk across a bridge with their grandchild when he or she reaches one month. This represents that the newborn has overcome all the twists and turns and its journey will be safe and smooth throughout his or her life. Waibaidu Bridge is always the best option because its the icon of Shanghai. The picture of my daughter when she was a baby held by her grandmother was also taken here. Its like a family tradition, says Wang Xuefen, a Shanghai native who has a newborn grandson. Changning Riverside There is a 5-km stretch of waterfront by Suzhou Creek in Changning district on Changning Road from the intersection of Hami Road to Jiangsu Road. It has become a popular place to take a walk and sunbathe on the lawn. There is an overpass at the intersection of Changning Road and Gubei Road for people to enjoy the view of the creek and a 3-km plastic runway on both sides of Changning Road, which attracts people of all ages, Chinese and expat. Jogging on the two sides gives a different feeling because the north side is next to the creek, and the south side is adjacent to the residential highrises, which is like jogging in the jungle, says Xiao Xu, a 27-year-old woman who lives nearby. The riverside used to be completely different. Dozens of textile mills, chemical plants and machine manufacturing factories were set up along the creek in the 1920s. They brought industrialization but also pollution. From the 1930s the creek could no longer be used as a source for tap water, and no living fish or shrimp could be found. Suzhou Creek in my memory is dark and smelly. I used to go to the riverbank to watch the sewage disposal running out from the chemical plants when I was a little girl. We didnt know it was pollution. We thought it was a red waterfall, says Huang Qi, a 57-year-old Shanghai resident. So the residential houses along the creek were unpopular, and only migrants with low incomes would live in that area, she says. However, things have changed. The plants were closed and turned into riverside parks and the apartments in the new highrises, especially those facing the creek, are much sought after. East China University of Political Science and Law This is the famous former Saint Johns University, Chinas first-ever modern institutio