英语语法小结倒装结构.doc

英语语法小结-倒装结构英语句子通常有两种语序 一种是自然语序（NaturalOrder），又称正装语序(主语在谓语之前）另一种便是倒装语序（InvertedOrder）（主语在谓语之后） 注：这是在英语中有时为了强调突出某一句子成分，或当否定词出现在句首时，或是由于同上文衔接等的缘故，常常采用倒装的结构，即：把正常的主+谓+（表） +补+状的语序打乱，把应该在后面出现的成分提到前面去。个人理解倒装是从语言结构或者语境而非语法角度去考虑，为了说话方便，为了上下文顺畅，为了表达清楚，或者强调某些事儿，而产生了倒装，所以产生倒装不会是个奇怪的事儿一、分类从形式上分，倒装有两种：全部倒装（FullInversion）和部分倒装（PartialInversion）。1、谓语动词全部位于主语之前的称作全部倒装例：Infrontofmestoodaboy. （我面前站着一个男孩。）2、只将谓语动词的一部分（通常是助动词或情态动词）放在主语之前的称作部分倒装例：Onlyinthiswaycanwedoitbetter. （只有这样，我们才能做得更好一些）从使用目的分，倒装也有两种情况，即语法倒装（GrammaticalInversion）和修辞倒装（RhetoricalInversion），而且这是我们学习时候通常这么分类学习的。1、语法倒装是由于语法规则的要求而必须进行的倒装，例：Whocalledmejustnow？（刚才谁打给我？）2、修辞倒装是出于修辞的需要而把正常语序转为倒装语序，例：Outrushedthechildren.（孩子们冲了出去）注：HFowler归纳倒装的原因有九种，即疑问、命令、惊叹、假设、平衡（避免头重脚轻）、衔接、点题（signpost）、否定和韵律（metrical）。这并不完全，还应加上强调和为使描写更加生动两种。二、为了句子意义或修饰的需要1、句子谓语是go，come，run 等表示位置的动词和be动词，句中又有表示方位的副词(如there，here，up，down，out，in，away等)，为了强调该副词，可将其放于句首，而将谓语动词全部置于主语之前。如: 1）Here comes the train to Beijing. 去北京的火车来了。2）There goes the bell. 铃响了。3）Down came the rain. 下雨了。注：但主语是人称代词时，主语仍置于动词之前。如:1）Away he comes. 他来了。2）Here it comes. 它来了。2、为了强调句中的状语或表语、宾语，为了保持句子平衡（如修饰某部分过长）或上下文衔接紧密，或者为了强调，可将状语或表语置于句首，句中主语和谓语完全倒装。如: 1）At the front of the hall sat the headmaster. (The headmaster sat at the front of the hall.) 校长坐在大厅的前部。 2）In this paragraph can be found an answer. (An answer can be found in this paragraph.) 着重“in this prargraph”3）what he has once heard he never forget。强调what he has once heard。3、为了强调only及其所修饰的状语(通常是副词、介词短语或从句)，则将它们移到句首，主句中的主谓作部分倒装。如: 1）Only then did we realize that the man was blind. 直到那时我们才发现那个人是盲人。 2）Only when the war was over in 1918 was he able to get happily back to work. 直到1918年战争结束后，他才得以愉快地重返工作岗位。 4、将含有否定意义的副词(never，seldom，not，little，hardly等)置于句首以示强调时，句中的主谓作部分倒装。如:1）Seldom in my life have I met so determined a person.一生中我很少见到如此果断的人。2）Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. 1980年哪里的人口普查统计资料也不如远西地区的更能生动地说明美国人对宽敞的生活环境的追求注1：否定词否定主句意思而非从句。注2：not until 翻译是翻译成肯定句：“直到 才 ”例：Not until these fundamental subjects were sufficiently advanced was it possible to solve the main problems of flight mechanics5、为了强调“not a+名词”或“not a single+名词”结构，将其置于句首时，句中的主谓作部分倒装。如: 1）Not a word did he say at the last meeting.在上次会议上他一句话都没说。 6、Hardlywhen, (一.就.)No soonerthan，(一.就.)Scarcelywhen，(一.就.)not onlybut also(不但.而且.)引导两个分句时，将前一个分句中的主谓作部分倒装，后一个分句中的主谓语序不变。如: 1）Hardly had he begun to speak when his father stopped him.他刚开口发言就被父亲制止了。 2）No sooner had I left my house than it began to rain.我刚刚离开家就下雨了。3）Hardly / Scarcely had she fallen asleep when a knock at the door awakened her.注1、neither / notnor 引导两个分句时，这两个分句中的主谓均要倒装。如:1）Neither do I know her address，nor does he.我不知道她的地址，他也不知道.2）Not could the patient eat，nor could he drink.那个病人既不能吃，也不能喝。注2、若是“主语+谓语否定+ ，nor+”，则前一句主谓顺序不变，后一句倒装7、在“so+形容词that分句”结构中，如将“so+形容词”置于句首以示强调时，其后的系动词be则要移到主语前面，形成主谓的完全倒装。如: 1）So moved was she that she could not say a word. (She was so moved that she could not say a word) 她激动得一句话也说不出来在“so+副词that分句”结构中，如将“so+副词”置于句首以示强调时，其后的主谓作部分倒装。如: 1）So loudly did he speak that even the people in the next room could hear him.他的声音那么大，连隔壁屋子里的人都听得见。2）So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed. 光速如此之快，我们很难想象。注：Such类似于so可引导倒装8、as/though引导的让步状语从句，可将表语或状语提前,形成：“(adj、adv、分词、名词（无冠词）、短语）+as/though+主语+谓语v”的结构，这里该让步状语从句的as译为“尽管/无论 ”二、由于语法结构的需要使用倒装的情况常见于下列句型:1、“So + 助动词 + 主语” 是一种常用于对前面所说的情况作简短回答的句型。如: 1）I was late and so was she. 我迟到了，她也迟到了。 2）They love making lots of friends, so do those with disabilities. 他们喜欢广交朋友，残疾人也一样。2、“Neither / Nor + 助动词 + 主语” 是用于对前面所说的否定内容表示同样看法的句型。如： 1）She wont go. Neither / Nor will I.她不走，我也不。 2）I cannot swim. Neither can he (swim).我不会游泳，他也不会。3、当if引导的虚拟条件从句中含有had，were或should等时，如将if省略，则要将had，were或should等移到主语前，作部分或完全倒装。1）Had you come yesterday，you would have seen him. (If you had come yesterday, you would have seen him.)若你昨天来，你就会见到他了。4、表示存在的句型“There be + 主语”也属于倒装句之列。如:There are three chairs，a desk and a computer in the room.5、在“the+adj/adv的比较级，the+adj/adv的比较级”引导的词组置于句首，已经构成语法上的倒装结构，翻译时可以按中文的来1）The nobler and more perfect a thing is, the later and slower it is in arriving at maturity. 一种事物越高级、越完美，其达到的成熟过程就越慢、时间越晚。附：网络上的随堂练习1. _ smoking, he would not have got cancer in the lung. B A. Was he given up B. Had he given up C. Did he give up D. If he gave up2.So funny _that everyone burst into laughing. C A. she looked B. was she looking C. did she look D. had she looked3.Not once in these years _ the prices of these products. B A. we changed B. have we changed C. did we change D. we have changed 4. “Why cant I smoke? “At no time _ in the meeting-room.” B A. does smoking is permitted B. is smoking permitted C. smoking is permitted D. permits smoking5.In such a hurry _ his office that he forgot to lock the door. A A. did he leave B. he left C. he had left D. has he left6.Only after _ reached eighteen _ join the army. D A. have you ; you can B. have you ; can you C. you have ; you can D. you have ; can you 7.Nowhere else in the world _ more friendly people than in China. D A. you will find B. can you be able to find C. you may have found D. can you find8.Not until 1998 _ back to his hometown. C A. came he B. that he came C. did he come D. that he did come9.Hardly _ when it started raining. D A. the game had begun B. the game began C. did the game begin D. had the game begun 10.So little _ agree on the plan that they could not settle the differences. A A. did they B. do