日光温室番茄冬春茬栽培技术.doc

/ / / / 日光温室番茄冬春茬栽培技术播前准备Prepare before planting 选用耐低温、耐弱光且抗病力强的优质番茄杂交种。目前采用较多的品种有晋番茄4号、万事如意等。播前需浸种催芽。将番茄种子放到55 温水中,不断搅动,水温降至35 左右时,停止搅动,把漂浮在水上的瘪种子去掉,搓洗种子,去掉沾在种子上的黏液,用清水浸泡810 h,使种子吸足水分。再把浸选的种子涝出冲洗干净,用纱布或新的干净湿毛巾包好,甩掉种子表面水分,于28 条件下催芽。在催芽过程中,每天要翻动几次,并用清水冲洗23次,擦去种皮上的茸毛、黏液和污物,防止霉烂,使种子受热均匀,出芽整齐一致。当种子露白时,将温度降至22 ,使芽健壮1。Choose good low temperature resistance, resistance to weak light quality tomato hybrid and high disease resistance. Currently USES more varieties such as jin tomato 4, all the best. Before sowing seed sprouting. Put tomato seeds in 55 warm water, stirring constantly, the temperature drop to around 35 , stop the churn, remove the seeds flat floating on the water, the rubbing seed, remove dust on the seeds of slime, with water immersion 8 10 h, the seeds absorb sufficient moisture. Then pick out the seeds of waterlogging is rinsed clean, wrapped in gauze or a new clean wet towel, get rid of the seed surface moisture, sprouting in 28 condition. In the process of sprouting, turn a few times a day, and 2 3 times, clean water to rinse wipe the fuzz on the skin, mucus, and dirt, prevent mildew, the seeds is heated evenly, budding and uniformity. When the seed thief, 22 , the temperature will drop to make be in bud 1. 播种育苗semination 番茄一般在11月下旬至12月上旬播种。将催芽后的种子撒播在育苗床上,苗床上覆盖地膜,起保温、保湿作用,保持室温白天2528 ,夜间不低于20 。70%以上种子出苗后,揭开薄膜通风,保持室温白天2025 ,夜间12 左右,防止下胚轴过度伸长,形成高脚苗。长到2叶1心时分苗到10 cm10 cm营养钵。分苗选在晴天上午进行,分苗床要提前准备好并配好营养土,用50%多菌灵消毒,分苗时要带土起苗,尽量避免伤根。分苗时选留壮苗,淘汰弱苗、病苗、畸形苗。定植前1周挪动塑料营养钵,抑制苗的生长势。进行低温炼苗,温度保持白天1618 ,夜间10 以上2。壮苗标准为:株高2025 cm,67片肥厚的叶片,叶片有光泽,茎粗壮,节间短,稍发紫,多茸毛,根色白,根系粗大。Tomato seeds in commonly in late November and early December. After sprouting seeds sown in seedling bed, bed covered in plastic, insulation, moisturizing effect, keep the room temperature is from 25 to 28 during the day, night not less than 20 . More than 70% after seed emergence, uncover membrane ventilated, maintain room temperature 20 25 during the day, night around 12 , prevent excessive hypocotyl elongation, high seedling. 1 heart at seedling leaves to 2 to 10 cm by 10 cm block. Points seedlings selected in the sunny morning, seedbed to ready ahead of time and with good nutritional soil, disinfected with 50% carbendazim, taking soil as miao miao, avoid root damage. Select and remain as miao seedling, eliminate weak seedlings seedlings, disease, deformity. 1 week before moving plastic block engraftment, restrain the growth of the seedlings. Smelting plants in low temperature, temperature keeping 16 18 during the day, night more than 10 2. Breed standards for plant height: 20 25 cm, 6 7 piece of thick blade, blade luster, stem stout, internodes short, slightly purple, more pastel, color white, root bulky. 定植及定植后管理Engraftment and engraftment after management 于2月上旬定植,采用宽窄行起垄地膜覆盖的方法,宽行80 cm,窄行50 cm,株距34 cm,留苗4.5万株/hm2左右。冬春茬番茄定植时地温较低,宜采用暗水稳苗的定植方法,栽植深度以苗坨略低于畦面为宜3。番茄属喜光作物,要求有较高的光照强度。栽培番茄必须用新的、透光性能好的聚氯乙稀无滴膜,并及时除去膜上杂物。及时揭盖草帘等保温物,尽可能延长光照时间,阴雨雪天也要尽可能见光。及时整枝打杈调整植株行间的光照度。定植后尽量提高室温,使气温保持在白天2830 ,夜晚最低10 以上,不超过30 不放风。缓苗后白天2025 ,夜间最低10 以上。开花期适宜昼温2030 ,夜温为1520 。结果期适宜昼温2530 ,夜温1317 。Engraftment in early February, the spacing ridging plastic mulching, the method of line 80 cm wide, narrow line of 50 cm, 34 cm, planting distance around leave seedlings of 45000 plants/hm2. When winter and spring crop of tomatoes engraftment ground temperature is low, appropriate USES method to stabilize the miao engraftment of dark water, planting depth with miao tuo slightly below the surface of strip advisable 3. Tomato is a light crop, require a higher light intensity. Cultivated tomatoes must use new, pervious to light performance good PVC, plastic film and film on the impurities in time. Careless peel and so on insulation material in time, as far as possible to extend the time of light, wet snow also want to see the light as much as possible. Timely training light pruning adjustment of plant roots. Engraftment after improve the room temperature, as far as possible to keep the temperature 28 30 in the daytime, night above 10 , the lowest 30 is not fresh. Slow seedlings after 20 25 in the daytime, and minimum above 10 at night. Flowering period is suitable for daytime temperature is 20 30 , the night temperature is 15 20 . Results period suitable for daytime temperature is 25 30 , night wen 13 17 . 肥水管理Water management 基肥施腐熟的农家肥150 t/hm2、磷酸二铵750 kg/hm2、50%硫酸钾750 kg/hm2,混合均匀一次性施入。定植后到开花坐果前是壮秧蹲苗阶段。植株缓苗后,及时浇1次缓苗水,水量不宜过大。当第1穗果核桃大时蹲苗结束。如遇干旱要及时补给水分。蹲苗实现植株茎粗,节短,叶繁茂,花朵大,色深黄。进入结果期要及时供应肥水,保持土壤湿度80%85%,浇水掌握浇果不浇花的原则。当第1穗果开始膨大时,结合浇水追催果肥,施番茄专用肥150 kg/hm2。在第2穗果开始膨大时追第2次肥,每棚用番茄专用肥150 kg/hm2或硫酸钾375 kg/hm2;在第3穗果开始膨大时追第3次肥,用量与前2次相同4。在番茄盛果期,结合喷药进行叶面喷肥,用0.3%0.5%尿素和0.5%1.0%的磷酸二氢钾混合喷施23次,可促进植株健壮,延迟衰老,提高果实品质和产量。Basal of rotten farmyard manure 150 t/hm2 750 kg/hm2, diammonium phosphate, potassium sulfate 50% 750 kg/hm2, mixing the one-time. Engraftment after flowering fruit seedlings is before stage of restrain the growth of seedlings. Slow after seedling, plant 1 slow seedlings watered in time, water volume shoulds not be too big. When 1 ear fruit walnut large end restrain the growth of seedlings. In case of drought to supply water in time. Restrain the growth of seedlings to realize plant stem thick, short, Ye Fanmao, flower, color dark yellow. Enter results period to promptly supply water, keep soil moisture 80% 85%, water control watering fruit not watering the flowers. When 1 ear fruit began swelled, combined with water after push fruit fat, tomato fertilizer 150 kg/hm2. When the 2 ear fruit expands after the 2nd fertilizer, tomato fertilizer 150 kg/hm2 per tent or 375 kg/hm2 potassium sulfate; At the beginning of the third ear fruit expands after the third time when fat, consumption is the same as 2 times before 4. In tomato provinces, in combination with foliar fertilizer spraying, with 0.3% 0.5% urea and 0.5% 0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate mixed spraying 2 3 times, can promote plant strong, delay aging, improve fruit quality and yield. 植株调整Plants to adjust 一是修剪。采用单干整枝法,只保留主轴,叶柄内长出的侧枝全部摘除。二是激素调节。生态细木工板冬春茬番茄开花结果前期,温度偏低,光照不足,花粉发育不正常,影响正常受粉受精,导致落花落果。生产上常用坐果灵喷花,1片药对水2.53.0 kg,每穗花序至少开3朵以上的花时喷药,注意浓度不可过高,否则易造成裂果;或用2,4-D蘸花,使用浓度1520 mg/kg,用毛笔蘸药涂花柄。于9:00左右露水散去后进行,避开中午高温时间,不要把药液蘸到叶片和生长点上。三是疏花疏果。温室栽培大果型番茄,一般每穗花留花数45朵,坐果后留果数34个,中果型品种每穗留花数67朵,坐果后留果数45个。一般在番茄果实母指甲大时进行疏果。留生长均匀、果型较好的果实,其余疏除。户外健身器材A clip. Using alone training method, only keep the spindle, petiole long out of collateral within all removed. The second is hormonal regulation. At the beginning of the winter and spring blossom crop of tomatoes, the temperature is low, the light is not enough, not normal pollen development, affect the normal pollination fertilization, lead to fallen petal fruit drop. Common fruit spirit spray flowers on production, 1 pill to water is 2.5 3.0 kg, per panicle inflorescence at least 3 or more flowers when spraying, pay attention to the concentration is too high, otherwise easy to cause dehiscent fruit; Or dip in with 2, 4-d, using concentration of 15 20 mg/kg, use brush dips in besmear of medicine flower stalk. Was performed after the dispersed around 9:00 dew, avoid high temperature at noon time, dont put the dip solution on leaves and growing point. Three is hydrophobic flower thinning. Large fruit tomato greenhouse cultivation, generally take leave per panicle number 4 5 flowers, flushing, after stay for 3 4, retained in fruit per panicle type varieties for 6 7 flowers, flushing, after fruit number 4 5. Generally in tomato fruit when mother nails big fruit thinning. Left to grow even better fruit, fruit type, the rest of the hydrophobic. 病虫害防治Prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests 防治番茄晚疫病,泰山奇石用75%百菌清可