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水果套袋机设计【17张CAD图纸和说明书】

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关键词：: 17张CAD图纸和说明书水果套袋机设计【17张CAD图纸水果套袋机设计 17张CAD图纸套袋机CAD图纸设计

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摘要

随着社会的不断发展和进步，消费者对于水果的需求量日益增加，并且中国还是水果种植和出产大国，水果贸易十分发达，目前的水果套袋包装工业则远远达不到要求，每年都会有一笔不小的经济损失是出自水果损伤方面的，而水果损伤的原因主要在于水果在运输过程中会受到多种因素的影响而受到的破坏，大大的增加了供货商的经济损失。为了减少水果贸易的损失需要有一种能给水果表面进行套袋包装的水果套袋设备。

本次主要对水果套袋机的总体布局和包装工艺进行了分析，对水果套袋机的工作过程进行了规划，并在此基础上对水果套袋机的工作装置和传动装置进行了详细设计，然后对水果套袋机的电动机和主要零部件的性能参数进行计算和整理，最后对水果套袋机中的转轴、运输带、支架以及间歇机构进行了设计。

水果套袋机不仅是在一定程度上解决了水果从采摘到最终流通到市场的过程中的水果受损问题，而且真正意义上实现了水果套袋包装工业的自动化。尽管水果套袋机的市场前景十分光明，但中国的水果套袋机种类比较少，功能上也有所欠缺，缺乏高精度高性能的优质产品。所以，还需要进行不断的改进和创新，使得水果套袋机可以为中国水果套袋包装工业创造更多的效益。

关键词水果套袋机；转轴；间歇机构

Fruit bagging machine design

Abstract

Along with the continuous development and progress of society, consumer demand for fruit growing, and China or fruit growers and producers, fruit trade is highly developed, the fruit bag packaging industry is far not up to the requirements every year a sum of no small economic loss is from fruit injury, and fruit damage reason mainly lies in fruit in the transport process will be subject to the influence of many factors have been destroyed, greatly increase the supplier's economic losses. In order to reduce the loss of fruit trade, it is needed to have a fruit bagging device that can be carried out on the surface of the fruit.

The mainly on fruit bagging machine overall layout and packaging technology are analyzed, to planning of fruit bagging machine working process, and on the basis of fruit bagging machine work device and a driving device were detailed design, then the performance parameters of fruit bagging machine motor and main components of the calculation and arrangement, the fruit bagging machine shaft, transportation belt and a bracket and intermittent mechanism is designed.

Fruit bagging machine is not only to a certain extent, to a certain extent, to solve the problem of fruit damage from picking to the final flow to the market, but also to achieve the true sense of fruit bagging packaging industry automation. Although the fruit bagging machine market prospects are very bright, but China's fruit bagging machine types are relatively small, also has a lack of functionality, the lack of high precision and high performance quality products. Therefore, the need for continuous improvement and innovation, so that fruit bagging machine can be used to create more benefits for China's fruit bag packaging industry.

Key words Fruit bagging machine; shaft ; Intermittent mechanism

摘要 I

Abstract II

第1章绪论 1

1.1 本设计研究的目的及意义 1

1.2 国内外同类研究及设计的现况 1

1.3 本设计的主要研究思路 2

1.4 本章小结 3

第2章整体方案设计 4

2.1 总体工艺分析 4

2.2 总体布局分析 4

2.3 工作过程分析 5

2.4 本章小结 7

第3章水果套袋机工作装置的设计 8

3.1 封口装置设计 8

3.2 退网装置的设计 11

3.3 引导装置设置 11

3.4 拉网装置的设置 12

3.5 本章小结 13

第4章水果套袋机传动装置的设计 14

4.1 电动机的选择 14

4.2 传动比分配 16

4.3 支架的设计 18

4.4 运输带的设计 19

4.5 转轴的设计 23

4.6 间歇机构的设计 25

4.7 本章小结 26

结论 27

致谢 28

参考文献 29

第1章绪论

1.1本设计研究的目的及意义

水果套袋是水果在市场中是不可或缺的一个方面，水果套袋的好处主要有三个：优点一是可以起到保障水果品质，防止水果在途中造成不必要的损失，从而可以有效的降低破坏水果质量的程度；优点二是可以使得水果的样貌上看上去更加漂亮；优点三是运送途径多样[1]。

水果从摘取到最后流通于市场的过程当中会因为各种原因导致水果的品质降低，这样就会给供货商和销售商造成了不小的损失，究其原因不外乎水果运输过程中受到的损害。为了使水果在摘取下来以后，避免在交通运输和正常的存放中受到不同角度的碰撞，从而对水果造成更多的伤害，这就需要一种可以保护水果的产品出现，水果套袋机便应运而生。给水果进行一次套袋的包装就可以起到显著的效果，让水果受到更少的损伤。

目前而言，我国进行水果套袋包装还停留在人工手动操作的阶段，这样套袋的效率十分低下而且还耗费大量的劳动力，并且还提高了供应商的经济投入[2]。所以，水果套袋机的设计是极其符合现状的，而且水果套袋机的市场前景也是十分广阔的。水果套袋机的优点在于它是机器自动进行套袋包装，大大减少了劳动力，降低了成本，也提高了水果在市场上的最终品质。水果套袋机设计中的机器操作简单，容易上手，并且安全性能高没有任何安全隐患。

水果套袋机一旦在市场流通起来便会引起新的潮流。据统计表明，中国沿海地区和内陆地区的水果贸易非常发达，使得许多农民将水果种植业大力发展起来。最近的几年里，中国的水果市场非常发达，这也必将导致水果种植业的飞速发展。时下，中国内陆地区的水果种植和出产量都是世界第一的，各种水果的贸易数量早就突破了6000万吨，大约占到了世界的15%的比重。在我国消费者对水果的需求量巨大，目前的水果套袋包装工业则远远达不到要求。每年都会有一笔不小的经济损失是出自水果损伤方面的，消费者梦想能有一种机器来处理目前的这个现状。水果套袋机不仅能够提高水果套袋包装的效率，降低劳动力的投入，而且水果套袋机必将有光明的市场前景，并且水果套袋机还能满足中国水果包装工业的严格要求，可以为我国的水果套袋工业创造不可估量的效益[3]。

1.2国内外同类研究及设计的现况

目前，中国的水果套袋机是最近几年设计出来的，并且它的种类也比较少，功能上也有所欠缺，缺少高精度高性能的优质产品，并且现在设计出的水果套袋机安全性上也有一定的缺陷，一些主要零件的质量太差，用不了多长时间就不能继续使用，这也间接的决定了水果套袋机的性能。尽管水果套袋机的市场前景特别光明，而且我国也是水果生产和贸易大国；然而，我国水果套袋机根本程度上还停留在中国制造的阶段，设计和创新的部分太差[4]。

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内容简介：: 任务书学生姓名：学号：学院：专业：机械电子工程任务起止时间：毕业设计（论文）题目：水果套袋机设计毕业设计工作内容：1、熟悉课题、调研、收集资料、撰写开题报告 (第1-2周) 2、方案设计 (第3-6周)3、总体设计、设计计算 (第7-8周) 4、绘装配图及主要零件图 (第9-13周)5、撰写说明书、翻译资料、准备答辩 (第14-16周)资料：1、龚溎义机械设计课程设计指导书M. 北京：高等教育出版社2、澲良贵.纪明钢. 机械设计M. 北京：高等教育出版社3、潘嘹典型果品机械损伤及其防护机理研究. 江南大学，硕士论文，指导教师意见：签名：年月日系主任意见：签名：年月日教务处制表外文文献Packing machinery developmentOur country packs the mechanical profession start in the 20th century 70s, and the 90s intermediate stages obtains the rapid development in the end of the 80s. Has become in the mechanical industry one of 10 big professions, regardless of is the output, in the variety, has all obtained the amazing achievement, packed the industry for our country the fast development to provide the powerful safeguard. At present, our country has become the world packing mechanical industrial production and expends one of great nations.Current our country food and a packing machinery prominent question is the new product development cycle long, imitates much, innovates few, not only this with designs personnels state-of-art related, also concerns with the correlation profession development. The international advanced method utilizes the simulation technology, by the computer automatic synthesis three-dimensional model, will pass has occurred production line breakdown data feeds the computer, then will demonstrate the actual operating mode, according to will need to carry on the revision in front of the user, finally will consummate. The packing machinery took one product, its meaning is not merely the product itself material significance, but is includes the form product, the stealth product and extends the product 3 meanings. The form product is refers to packaging machine itself the concrete shape and the basic function; The stealth product is refers to the packaging machine the actual utility which provides to the user; Extends the product is refers to the packaging machine the quality assurance, the use instruction and the post-sale service and so on. Therefore the packaging machine design should include: Market investigation and study, schematic diagram design, structural design, construction drawing design, instruction for use compilation and post-sale service predetermined plan and so on. The new packing machinery often is machine, the electricity, the gas integration equipment. The full use information product newest achievement, uses air operated separation transmission technologies and so on implementing agency, servo motor-driven, may cause the complete machine the transmission chain to reduce greatly, the structure is greatly the simplification, the work precision and the speed enhances greatly. One of key technologies has used the multi-electrical machinery dragging synchronization control technology. Actually grasps this kind of technology not very difficultly, only is some designs the personnel not to understand the packing machinery this trend of development. If beforehand our country packs the machine design is the imitation, the study stage, then we should have the innovation design consciousness now. The product design is the plan for the product and its components and subassemblies. To convert the product design into a physical entity, a manufacturing plan is needed. The activity of developing such a plan is called process planning. It is the link between product design and manufacturing. Process planning involves determining the sequence of processing and assembly steps that must be accomplished to make the product. In the present chapter, we examine processing planning and several related topics.Process PlanningProcess planning involves determining the most appropriate manufacturing and assembly processes and the sequence in which they should be accomplished to produce a given part or product according to specifications set forth in the product design documentation. The scope and variety of processes that can be planned are generally limited by the available processing equipment and technological capabilities of the company of plant. Parts that cannot be made internally must be purchased from outside vendors. It should be mentioned that the choice of processes is also limited by the details of the product design. This is a point we will return to later.Process planning is usually accomplished by manufacturing engineers. The process planner must be familiar with the particular manufacturing processes available in the factory and be able to interpret engineering drawings. Based on the planners knowledge, skill, and experience, the processing steps are developed in the most logical sequence to make each part. Following is a list of the many decisions and details usually include within the scope of process planning.Interpretation of design drawings. The part of product design must be analyzed (materials, dimensions, tolerances, surface finished, etc.) at the start of the process planning procedure.Process and sequence. The process planner must select which processes are required and their sequence. A brief description of processing steps must be prepared.Equipment selection. In general, process planners must develop plans that utilize existing equipment in the plant. Otherwise, the component must be purchased, or an investment must be made in new equipment.Tools, dies, molds, fixtures, and gages. The process must decide what tooling is required for each processing step. The actual design and fabrication of these tools is usually delegated to a tool design department and tool room, or an outside vendor specializing in that type of tool is contacted.Methods analysis. Workplace layout, small tools, hoists for lifting heavy parts, even in some cases hand and body motions must be specified for manual operations. The industrial engineering department is usually responsible for this area.Work standards. Work measurement techniques are used to set time standards for each operation.Cutting tools and cutting conditions. These must be specified for machining operations, often with reference to standard handbook recommendations.Process planning for partsFor individual parts, the processing sequence is documented on a form called a route sheet. Just as engineering drawings are used to specify the product design, route sheets are used to specify the process plan. They are counterparts, one for product design, the other for manufacturing.A typical processing sequence to fabricate an individual part consists of: (1) a basic process, (2) secondary processes, (3) operations to enhance physical properties, and (4) finishing operations. A basic process determines the starting geometry of the work parts. Metal casting, plastic molding, and rolling of sheet metal are examples of basic processes. The starting geometry must often be refined by secondary processes, operations that transform the starting geometry (or close to final geometry). The secondary geometry processes that might be used are closely correlated to the basic process that provides the starting geometry. When sand casting is the basic processes, machining operations are generally the second processes. When a rolling mill produces sheet metal, stamping operations such as punching and bending are the secondary processes. When plastic injection molding is the basic process, secondary operations are often unnecessary, because most of the geometric features that would otherwise require machining can be created by the molding operation. Plastic molding and other operation that require no subsequent secondary processing are called net shape processes. Operations that require some but not much secondary processing (usually machining) are referred to as near net shape processes. Some impression die forgings are in this category. These parts can often be shaped in the forging operation (basic processes) so that minimal machining (secondary processing) is required.Once the geometry has been established, the next step for some parts is to improve their mechanical and physical properties. Operations to enhance properties do not alter the geometry of the part; instead, they alter physical properties. Heat treating operations on metal parts are the most common examples. Similar heating treatments are performed on glass to produce tempered glass. For most manufactured parts, these property-enhancing operations are not required in the processing sequence.Finally finish operations usually provide a coat on the work parts (or assembly) surface. Examples included electroplating, thin film deposition techniques, and painting. The purpose of the coating is to enhance appearance, change color, or protect the surface from corrosion, abrasion, and so forth. Finishing operations are not required on many parts; for example, plastic molding rarely require finishing. When is required, it is usually the final step in the processing sequence.Processing Planning for AssembliesThe type of assembly method used for a given product depends on factors such as: (1) the anticipated production quantities; (2) complexity of the assembled product, for example, the number of distinct components; and (3) assembly processes used, for example, mechanical assembly versus welding. For a product that is to be made in relatively small quantities, assembly is usually performed on manual assembly lines. For simple products of a dozen or so components, to be made in large quantities, automated assembly systems are appropriate. In any case, there is a precedence order in which the work must be accomplished. The precedence requirements are sometimes portrayed graphically on a precedence diagram.Process planning for assembly involves development of assembly instructions, but in more detail .For low production quantities, the entire assembly is completed at a single station. For high production on an assembly line, process planning consists of allocating work elements to the individual stations of the line, a procedure called line balancing. The assembly line routes the work unit to individual stations in the proper order as determined by the line balance solution. As in process planning for individual components, any tools and fixtures required to accomplish an assembly task must be determined, designed, built, and the workstation arrangement must be laid out.Make or Buy DecisionAn important question that arises in process planning is whether a given part should be produced in the companys own factory or purchased from an outside vendor, and the answer to this question is known as the make or buy decision. If the company does not possess the technological equipment or expertise in the particular manufacturing processes required to make the part, then the answer is obvious: The part must be purchased because there is no internal alternative. However, in many cases, the part could either be made internally using existing equipment, or it could be purchased externally from a vendor that process similar manufacturing capability.In our discussion of the make or buy decision, it should be recognized at the outset that nearly all manufactures buy their raw materials from supplies. A machine shop purchases its starting bar stock from a metals distributor and its sand castings from a foundry. A plastic molding plant buys its molding compound from a chemical company. A stamping press factory purchases sheet metal either fro a distributor or direct from a rolling mill. Very few companies are vertically integrated in their production operations all the way from raw materials, it seems reasonable to consider purchasing at least some of the parts that would otherwise be produced in its own plant. It is probably appropriate to ask the make or buy question for every component that is used by the company.There are a number of factors that enter into the make or buy decision. One would think that cost is the most important factor in determining whether to produce the part or purchase it. If an outside vendor is more proficient than the companys own plant in the manufacturing processes used to make the part, then the internal production cost is likely to be greater than the purchase price even after the vendor has included a profit. However, if the decision to purchase results in idle equipment and labor in the companys own plant, then the apparent advantage of purchasing the part may be lost. Consider the following example make or Buy Decision. “十五”period,our country packs the mechanical industrial development to be rapid, in recent years imports the equipment all is domestic cannot make or the manufacture level is far from, may see our disparity from the import to be at. Food security problem whole nation attention. “十一五” period should enhance food security domain the science and technology and the equipment level, the development fast, in accurate appraisal food harms the factor the technology and the equipment, further researches and develops the pathogenic microorganism resistance, cause of disease prevention technologies and the preserve technology and the equipment and so on control. Food and the packing machinery form the profession already for 20 years, is opposite in food packing, a new profession. This 20 years also are the world technological development quickest times, the new technology applies unceasingly in the profession, but the domestic profession foundation is weak, technical and the scientific research lack of strength, its development relative lag, has towed food and the packing industry hind leg to a certain extent. Although overall development quick, but food packing mechanical industrial development is quicker.the goal is must reduce this space, catches up with the world advanced level for the food industry, for causes the packing great nation to make great strides forward to the packing powerful nation, provides the advanced technical equip, lets import the equipment the role which only plays in the domestic market appropriates lost articles fills a vacancy. This request domestic food and the packing machinery year development speed surpasses 18%, the new product output value rate achieves 25%. On the international packing and food machinery development is take the big customer request as the goal, the impetus correlation machinery development. The big customer request mainly manifests in the below aspect: One, is higher well to the production efficiency request. This may reduce the product the cost, satisfies the date of delivery. The high speed packaging machine request must have the correlation engagement with the first working procedure, does not have to transport the link, including the control engagement, the entire production line must achieve the inverted order according to the production and the packing working procedure arrangement to start, smooth engine off. If Leng Guanzhuang the production line makes something a matter of political line automatically from the plastic raw material to the drink fills installs, the big packing piles buttress completely automatically in seals up in the workshop to carry on. Two, may adapt the product renewal change. The packing machinery must have the very high flexibility and the flexibility, the production line permission the packing material size may change in certain size scope. Because product life cycle far short in useful life of equipment, change product and packing not as for replacement expensive packing production line. Three is the equipment common breakdown rapid elimination. The solution inputs the computer in advance, when the equipment appears the common breakdown may diagnose voluntarily, also may implement the long-distance diagnosis to eliminate the breakdown abreast in row. Four, the request has the automatic diagnosis function. On the one hand may automatic diagnosis packing material thickness, degree of hardness, the counter-tension and so on, feed back through the computer to the manipulator adjusts the movement scope, does not guarantee the resilience. On the other hand, each different product, like shape each different chocolate or the dessert and so on, install to the identical box in, its arrangement is orderly. The production line transmits the product is a disorder, the available probe head scanning, determined the different shape the material position, feeds back again to the different manipulator, it can accurately unmistakably puts in the goods according to the accurate position and the direction in the tray, moreover, removes the manual control quickly the vision and finger weariness. Five, may reduce the environmental pollution as far as possible. The reduction including the noise, the dust pollution, and reduces the reject as far as possible, this point especially is important in the food processing process. Food raw material when processing not only harvests the main product, like corn processing, product besides corn starch, but also has the corn oil, the salad oil, the margarine, the glucose, the corn protein and the feed, as well as the sewage treatment and so on produces the entire process, is the automation. Does not have the reject, not to pollute, other product value has surpassed the corn starch greatly the value.Along with the science and technology development and the market competition aggravating, the customer demand more and more is also high. This kind of demand manifests in following several aspects: One, enhances the production efficiency, satisfies the date of delivery and reduces the production cost the need, to some products, but also requests the packing machinery and the production machinery links up; Two, is meets the product renewal change need, the packing machinery must have the high flexibility and the flexibility; Three is when the equipment appears the breakdown, the request can carry on the long-distance diagnosis service; Four, favors the environmental protection, the noise, the dust and the reject are few; Five is the equipment purchase investment are as far as possible few, the price must be as far as possible low. Therefore, must certainly in the market investigation and study foundation, the full understanding, analyze the user earnestly the demand, the definite packaging machine should complete the function and each technical specification, draw up the preliminary principle design proposal.The modern packaging machine design process should include: The market investigation and study, the user demand analysis, the packaging machine function determination, the feasible proof, the formulation design proposal, the user benefit analysis, the plan feasible proof, the schematic diagram design, the structural design, the construction drawing design, the prototypical manufacture (hypothesized manufacture), the technical confirmation and the construction drawing revise, the formulation post-sale service predetermined plan and the long-distance diagnosis plan, the improvement design, the serialized design and so on. .The market investigation and study is the foundation work which all packaging machines design. Without the market investigation and study, we do all design work all possibly is equal to the zero. The market investigation and study, may according to the policy guidance, the profession supply and demand information, the expert analyze, the profession unfolds clues and so on meeting, technical meeting, found the user the demand information, after and reorganizes the analysis, the definite packaging machine should complete function. In the principle project design process, first must understand fully the related information product, the electronic products function, understood the air operated part the performance, and uses to simplify the mechanical drive system, but also may use the multi-electrical machinery dragging to reduce the mechanical transmission chain. Regarding the essential mechanical drive system, should make the best the modernized design method, in to product functional analysis foundation in, through innovation idea, system model, mechanical analysis, dynamic optimization, thus obtains the best design proposal. The technical design is the principle design structuralization, definite spare part quantity, the shape, the size, the material and so on, the essential components carry on the power computation, the power computation, the strength calculation, the rigidity computation to the major component in.When system design, must consider the entire packaging machine system comprehensively the layout, the movement coordination, the model design, the human - machine environment as well as the packing transportation and so on. The modular design is one advanced design method, its core thought is divides into systematically according to the function certain modules, the identical function unit designs the packaging machine in has the module which the different performance, may exchange, through the module different combination, causes the packaging machine multi-purpose, the seriation. Uses this method the merit is: (1) makes the packaging machine renewal speed to speed up. Because of the new type substitution, often is the partial improvement. The vanguard technology introduction corresponding module, compared with easy to realize the partial improvement; (2) reduction design cycle. After the user proposed the request, only must replace the module, or the design manufacture partial modules, then obtain the new type, meets the user need; (3) reduces the cost, is advantageous for the service; (4) performance stable reliable. Because time module design, to the packaging machine function division and the module design, has conducted the careful research, has guaranteed the module performance, for example: Cam gear, servo, examination system, transmission system, control system, measurement organization, yummy treats organization and so on. . other packing machinery seriation, modular profession standard, also arrived should formulate, the packing machinery has become our country one of ten big mechanical professions, but serialized, the modular profession standard formulation will certainly to promote our country to pack on the mechanical profession cross new stair.包装机械的发展我国包装机械行业起步于20世纪70年代，在80年代末和90年代中期得到迅速发展。已成为机械工业中的10大行业之一，无论是产量，还是品种上，都取得了令人瞩目的成就，为我国包装工业的快速发展提供了有力保障。目前，我国已成为世界包装机械工业生产和消费大国之一。当前我国食品和包装机械的一个突出问题是新产品开发周期长、模仿多、创新少，这不仅与设计人员的知识水平有关，也和相关行业的发展有关。国际先进的作法是运用仿真技术，由计算机自动合成三维模型，将过去曾经发生过的生产线故障数据输入计算机，即可演示实际工况，在用户面前根据需要进行修改，最终完善。包装机械作为一种产品，它的含义不仅仅是产品本身的物质意义，而是包括形式产品、隐形产品及延伸产品3层含义。形式产品是指包装机本身的具体形态和基本功能；隐形产品是指包装机给用户提供的实际效用；延伸产品是指包装机的质量保证、使用指导和售后服务等。所以包装机的设计应该包括：市场调研、原理图设计、结构设计、施工图设计、使用说明书编写及售后服务预案等。新型包装机械往往是机、电、气一体化的设备。充分利用信息产品的最新成果，采用气动执行机构、伺服电机驱动等分离传动技术，可使整机的传动链大大缩短，结构大为简化，工作精度和速度大大提高。其中的关键技术之一是采用了多电机拖动的同步控制技术。其实掌握这种技术并不很难，只是一些设计人员不了解包装机械的这一发展趋势。如果说以前我国包装机械设计是仿制、学习阶段，那么现在我们应该有创新设计的意识。产品设计是用于产品，及它的部件装配的计划。为了把产品设计转换成一个实际物体，这需要一个制造计划。而制订一个这样的计划的行动就叫做工艺规程制订。它是产品设计和制造之间的连接，工艺规程制订包括决定加工顺序和制造产品所必须完成的装配步骤。在以下文章中,我们将解释工艺规程制订和他的一些相关主题。文章开始，我们应该区别在下列文章中被反复提到的工艺规程制订和生产计划。工艺规程制订与如何制造产品和它的零件等工程技术问题有关，制造零件和装配产品需要什么样的设备和工具？工艺规程制订与产品制造物流管理有关系。它在工艺规程制订后面与原料分类及获得满足制造充分数量产品要求的资源有关。工艺规程制订工艺规程制订包括决定最适当的制造及装配步骤和顺序，在这些顺序和步骤中他们必须根据所提出的详细的设计说明书规范完成给定零件或产品制造。能够被计划的工艺范围和多样性通常由于公司车间可用设备和技术能力而受到限制。在公司内部不能够制造的零件必须到外部市场购买，工艺规程制订所提及的工艺选择同样也受到详细设计资料的限制，我们稍后将会回到这一点。工艺规程制订通常是由制造工程师完成的，工艺制订者必须熟悉工厂中详细可用的制造流程并且能够说明工程图。基于制订者的知识、技术和经验，用于制造每个零件的工艺步骤以最合乎逻辑的顺序被发展制订。下列各项是在工艺规程制订范围里的许多决定和详细资料：设计图的说明. 在工艺规程制订的开始，产品设计的这一部分( 材料、尺寸、公差、表面处理等等)必须进行分析。工艺和顺序.工艺制订者必须选择哪一个工艺是必需的及必需工艺的序列。此外还必须准备好一个简短的工艺步骤描述。设备选择.大体上,工艺制订者必须逐步展开利用工厂现有机器的计划。另外，组件必须被购买或在新设备上的投资必须被制定。工具、冲模、铸模、夹具、量具. 工艺必须决定每个工序需要什么工具,这些工具的实际设计和制造通常通过委派工具设计部门和工具库或者联系专攻那种工具制造的外面厂商来完成。方法分析.车间规划，小工具，提升重物的提升间。甚至在一些人工操作情景中的肢体动作也被指定。操作步骤.工作测量技术被用来为每个操作设定时间标准。切削工具和切削条件. 这些必须对加工操作通过推荐标准手册来进行详细说明。零件工艺规程制订对于单个零件，加工顺序通过一种被称为进路表的表格来进行文件证明备份。就如工程图被用于详细说明设计产品一样，进路表被用于详细说明工艺计划。他们是类似的，一个用于产品设计，另一个用于制造。制造单个零件的典型加工顺序包括：(1) 一个基本工序 (2) 二级工序 (3) 提高物质特性工序和(4) 最后工序。一个基本工序决定了工件的起始造型。金属铸件、塑料成型、金属精炼是基本工序中的实例。起始造型常常必须通过改变起始造型操作(或者接近于最终造型)的二级工序来精制。二级工序习惯于和基本工序一起提供起始造型，当砂型铸造是基本工序，车加工通常是二级工序。当轧钢厂制造金属片是基本工序，冲压操作像冲裁和弯曲通常是二级工序。当塑料注入成型是基本工序时，二级工序通常是不必要的，因为他的大多数几何特征制造通过别的方式如成型制造来完成。塑料成型和其他操作的二级工序被称为净成型工序的并发二级工序，需要一些但并不多的二级工序的操作就是所提到的近似成型工序。许多有印象的摸锻件就是这一类，这类零件能够经常在锻造(初级工序)阶段被成型，因此减少了必要的加工(二级工序)。一旦模型被建立，许多零件的下一步是改良它们的机械物理性能。提高特性工序并不改变零件模型，然而，它却能改变零件的物理特性。金属零件的热处理操作就是最普通的实例。类似的如玻璃通过热处理来制造钢化玻璃，对于大多数零件的制造来说，这些特性加强工序在加工工序中并不需要。最后工序通常对零件(或装配体)的表面提供一个涂层。例如电镀、薄膜沉积技术、涂漆。表面处理的目的是改善外观，改变颜色或者表面保护防止腐蚀和磨损等等。在很多零件中最后工序是并不需要的。例如：塑料成型就很少需要最后程序。当必须需要最后程序，他通常是加工顺序的最后一步。装配工艺规程制订一个既定产品的典型装配方法由以下因素决定的：(1)预期产品数量(2)装配产品的复杂性。例如：不同组件的数量和(3)常用装配工艺。例如：机械定位焊接、对于小数量产品，通常在人工装配线上进行装配。对于大量制造的一打或这样组件的简单零件，要采用适当的自动化装配线。无论如何这里有一个工作必须被完成的优先顺序，这个优先需求经常用一个优先表来进行图表描绘。装配工艺规程制订包括装配指令的发展，但是更详细地对于小批量生产。在一个岗位完成整个装配，对于一个装配线上的大批量生产，工艺规程制订由一种分配工作条件到装配线个别工位并被叫做人工投入线性平衡法的程序组成。这种装配线按照装配线平衡解决方案决定的顺序发送工作单元到个别工位，在个别组成，任意工具或夹具的工艺规程制订时，一条装配线的决定、设计和制造必须被完成，并且工作站的必须被列出来。制造或购买决定在工艺制定过程中出现的一个重大问题是一个特定零件应该在公司内部的工厂内生产还是从外部销售商处购买，并且这个问题的答案被认为是制造或购买决定。如果公司没有技术设备或制造零件所必须的详细制造工艺中的专门技术，那么答案就很明显了。因为没有其他选择零件必须购买。然而，

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