高中非谓语动词讲解(学案).doc

非谓语动词在句中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式：不定式、动名词和分词（分词包括现在分词和过去分词）高考重点要求：1、掌握不定式、分词、动名词在句子中的作用2、区分不定式、分词作定语和状语的异同3、掌握不定式、动名词作宾语，不定式和分词作宾补的惯用结构4、注意非谓语动词与句子谓语动词的时间关系，以确定非谓语动词的时态形式5、弄清非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系，以确定非谓语动词的语态形式不定式、动名词和现在分词都有时态和语态的变化.不定式主动语态被动语态与谓语动词的关系一般式动作发生在谓语动作之后进行式-与谓语动作同时发生完成式动作发生在谓语动作之前动名词主动语态被动语态与谓语动词的关系一般式与谓语动作同时发生完成式动作发生在谓语动作之前现在分词主动语态被动语态与谓语动词的关系一般式与谓语动作同时发生完成式动作发生在谓语动作之前不定式一、 不定式的作用1、 作主语 不定式作主语时，谓语用单数。往往用it 作形式主语，把不定式放在谓语后面。如：It took us two hours_（完成工作It is impossible for us_(准时到那儿)2、 作宾语（1） 动词+不定式。如：He managed_（从大火中逃生I find it hard _（与他相处）（2） 动词+疑问词+to , “特殊疑问句+不定式”相当于名词，作宾语。如：I dont know _(要去做什么)I cant decide _（什么时候去那儿）3、 作宾语补足语动词+宾语+不定式（to do ）。如：He warned me_（小心）What makes you think so?（不带to的不定式）4、 作定语不定式作定语，修饰名词或代词，不定式和它所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系、动状关系、同位关系或动宾关系。不定式通常要放在这些被修饰的词后。如：I have a lot of work to do.（动宾关系）He is looking for a room to live in.（动状关系）He is the first person to think of the idea.（主谓关系）He has got a chance to go abroad.（同位关系）5、 作表语不定式可放在be动词后面，构成表语。如：The question is _如何操作机器His dream is _成为一名医生Her work is _照顾小孩子6、 独立结构。如：_说实话，dont agree with you.To make matters worse, it began to rain.二、 不定式的时态和语态1、 不定式的时态（1） 现在时：有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。如：He seems _知道这件事（2） 完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。如：Im sorry _给你造成这么多麻烦He seems to_已经感冒进行时：表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。如：He seems _正房间里玩游戏完成进行时：表示动作从过去某个时间开始，一直延续到现在，并有可能持续下去。如：She is known_一直从事 the problem for many years.2、 不定式的语态当不定式的逻辑主语是其动作的承受者时，就用被动式。如：He was seen_进入大厅. He asked _送往前线三、 省to 的动词不定式1、 情态动词（除ought 外，ought to）2、 Would rather, had better.3、 感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice, observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel 等后作宾补，省略 to.注意：在被动语态中 to 不能省略掉。如：I saw him dance. He was seen to dance. The boss made them work the whole night.They were made to work the whole night.4、 使役动词 let, have, make.5、 由 and, or 和 than 连接的两个不定式，第二个 to 可以省去。如：He wants to move to France and marry the girl.6、 Help 可带 to ,也可不带to, help sb. (to) do sth.7、 Why/Why not8、 But 和 except 前是动词 do 时，后面出现的动词用不带 to 的动词不定式。试比较： He wants to do nothing but go out. He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 9、 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand 等词后，可以省去 to be .如：He is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个好人。I usually go there by train.Why not _ by boat for a change?A to try going B trying to go C to try and go D try goingPaul doesnt have to be made _ . He always works hard.A learn B to learn C learned D learning四、 动词不定式的否定式。如：Tell him not to shut the window. She pretended not to see me when I passed by. Mrs. Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking. A never to drive B to never drive C never driving D never drive The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _. A not to B not to do C not do it D do not do The patient was warned _ food before the operation. A to eat no B eating not C not to eat D not eating动名词（动名词具有动词和名词的特征，在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语）一、 动名词的作用1、 作主语谓语用单数。It代替动名词作主语，常用于如下结构：Its no good/use doing如：Seeing is believing. _玩火 is dangerous。It is notgood_等在这里2、 作宾语I enjoy_听音乐He often practices _在晚上练钢琴 Would you mind_把收音机调小点(1) 只能接动名词作宾语的动词：admit，advise建议，risk，appreciate，envy嫉妒，avoid避免，consider考虑，delay延迟，deny否认，dislike不喜欢，enjoy，escape逃避，excuse原谅、宽恕，finish完成，forgive原谅，understand理解，give up放弃，imagine想象，keep保持，mind介意、在乎，miss未达到，practise训练，put off推迟，resist抵抗，suggest建议、暗示cant help 禁不住，cant stand无法忍受，devote to(to为介词)致力于，look forward to 期望、盼望，stick to坚持，be used to习惯于，object to反对，be busy忙于，fee like想要be surprised at 对感到惊讶 be proud of 以为骄傲 succeed in 在某方面成功 be afraid of害怕 give up 放弃(2) 只能接不定式作宾语的动词：happen 碰巧，offer 主动提出，promise 答应，agree 同意，refuse拒绝，decide 决定，determine 决定、决心，pretend 假装，fail 未能够，learn，wish希望，hope，expect，afford 负担得起。(3) 接动名词、不定式均可，意义相同的动词：like，love，dislike，hate，begin，star，continue，prefer，cant bear/endure 无法忍受，cease停止(4) 下列词接动名词和不定式均可，但意义不同的动词：forget，go on，mean，regret，remember，stop，try等In some parts of London, missing a bus means _ for another hour.A waiting B to waiting C wait D to be waiting(5) Need, require, want作“需要”讲，其后用动名词的主动式表示被动意义，be worth也有类似用法。如：The flowers need_浇水The problem is worth _讨论3、 作表语此时的动名词可以和主语调换位置。如：My hobby is _集邮4、 作定语动名词作定语，一般表示用途。如：a waiting room，a diving board，a reading room，a dining hall swimming pools动名词的时态和语态动名词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，通常要用完成式，否则都用一般式。如：We are interested in _打牌 Im sorry for_没有遵守诺言He was praised for _提前完成工作及物动词不及物动词主动被动主动一般时完成时分词（分词分为现在分词和过去分词。在句中作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。）现在分词和过去分词的区别：在语态上，现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词表示被动意义；在时间上，现在分词表示的动作往往正在进行或者与谓语动词同时发生，过去分词表示的动作已经完成或没有一定的时间性。如：falling leaves 正在下落的树叶 fallen leaves 已经落在地上的树叶一、 分词的作用1、 作定语（1） 单个分词作定语，分词前置。如：The _ boy is my son.熟睡的、正在睡觉的The _ people rushed into the building.激动的（2） 分词短语作定语，分词后置；分词修饰不定代词something等要后置；个别分词如give，left等作定语也后置。如：The girl _under the tree is my niece.正站在This is the question _给予的There is nothing _有趣的、令人感兴趣的（3） 过去分词作定语与其修饰的词是被动关系，相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。如：Most of the people_to the party were famous scientists被邀请的The first textbook _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.A have written B to be written C being written D writtenWhats the language _ in Germany?A speaking B spoken C be spoken D to speakPrices of daily goods _ through a computer can be lower than store prices.A are bought B bought C been bought D buying.When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door _ “Sorry to miss you; will call later.”A read B reads C to read D reading2、 作状语现在分词和过去分词在句中可以作时间、原因、方式、伴随、条件、结果等状语。_any letter from him, I gave him a call.因为没有收到As _, I gave him a call._more attention, the trees could have grown better.给予If _, the trees could have grown better.(条件)_ along the street, I ran across my old friend.走着 when _ by a snake, he was taken to hospital(原因).咬Though_, he didnt lose heart.(让步)击败He lay on the grass, _ into the sky.(伴随)看He came_ to tell me the good news.(方式)跑_ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.A Followed B Followed by C Being followed D Having been followed There was a terrible noise_ the sudden burst of light. A followed B following C to be followed D being followed _ , liquids can be changed into gases.A Heating B To be heated C Heated D Heat作表语现在分词作表语多表示主语具有的特征，过去分词作表语多指主语所处的状态。如：The film is_令人感动的、感人的The glass is _坏的、破的She looked _with cooking.疲劳的He remained_ beside the table.站着Im very_ with my own cooking. It looks nice and smells delicious.Mm, it does have a _ smell.A pleasant; pleased B pleased; pleased C pleasant; pleasant D pleased; pleasant3、 作宾语补足语分词和不定式一样，在一些感官动词或使役动词后作宾语补足语。如：I smell something _在燃烧I heard him _ the song在唱歌I heard my name _叫I cant make myself _ in English.理解、明白I found my car_丢了、见了Ill have my watch repaired.我想把我的手表修一下。The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _ the next year.A carry out B carrying out C carried out D to carry out 作插入语其结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。generally speaking 一般说来 talking of (speaking of) 说到strictly speaking 严格地说 judging from 从判断all things considered 从整体来看 taking all things into consideration 全面看来。如：_, he must be ill.从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。_, dogs can run faster than pigs.总的