2012届高考英语专题总复习精选考纲常考短语.doc

在家学习网 25 / 262012届高考英语专题总复习精选考纲常考短语a couple of一对，一双；几个a good deal许多，大量；得多a good(great) many大量的，许多，多a little 一些，少许；一点儿a lot of 大量，许多；非常a number of若干许多a point of view 观点，着眼点a series of一系列，一连串a variety of种种，各种abide by 遵守(法律等)above all 首先，尤其是above-mentioned上述的(have) access to 有得到.权利,靠近according to根据所说；按照account for 说明(原因)；解释；占adjust（oneself）to 调整以适应adapt (oneself) to调整以适应accuse sb. of sth. 控告(某人某事)act on 按照而行动act out表演出，add up to 合计达，总计是add up加算，合计admit of 容许有，有余地after all 毕竟，终究；虽然这样agree on就达成协议决定agree to同意，商定agree with 同意，与取得一致agree with与相一致；适合ahead of 在前面，先于；胜过ahead of schedule 提前ahead of time 提前all but 几乎，差点；all the while 一直地；始终all the more 更加越发all the same 尽管如此，仍旧all along 始终，一直，一贯all) at once突然；同时；一起all in all总的说来；头等重要的all of a sudden 突然，冷不防all ones life一生，一辈子(go)all out竭尽全力all over到处，遍及；全部结束all over again 再一次，重新all right 行，可以；顺利；确实all round (在)周围，处处all the same仍然，照样地all the time 一直，始终all the years round 一年到头all too soon/often 太allow for 酌量；考虑到allow of 容许(有)，容得along with 同一道(一起)amount to 总共达到；实际上是and all that诸如此类and so (on)forth 等等and the like 等等，以及诸如此类and yet而，然而allow for 考虑到，估计到；体谅answer for 对负责；符合answer sb. back (与某人)顶嘴，回嘴apply for提出申请(或要求等)apply oneself to 致力于apply to向申请或要求apply sth.to把应用于arm in arm肩并肩around the clock昼夜不断地，全天地as a matter of fact 事实上，其实as a result结果and vice versa 反过来也一样anything but，决不是nothing but 只是，只不过是 apart from 除了；且不说appeal to 要求；上诉；引起注意approve of 赞赏，同意；获准，认可around the corner 在拐角处；即将到来as a matter of course理所当然的(事)as a result/consequence 结果；因此as a rule通常，一般(说来)as a whole总体上 as far as那么远，直到；至于as follows 如下as for/as to/as regards 至于，关于as good as 几乎,(实际)已经as if 好象，仿佛as well 也；和as against 相对与as long as 只要,长达as soon/early/quickly/easy as possible（one can 尽早/快.as soon as一就as usual照常，照例as well （as）也，和，as yet到目前为止as/so far as 就而言；在范围内aside from除以外ask after 问候，询问，探问ask for 请求，要求，寻求ask for a few days leave请几天假=ask for. days off=take a few days offat a stretch一口气地 at a time 每一次at times有时at a speed of以的速度at all costs不惜任何代价at all risks无论冒什么危险at all times一直at all 完全，根本；到底,确实at any cost 不惜任何代价at any rate无论如何；at best 充其量，至多at ease自由自在；舒适，舒坦at full speed以全速at hand在手边；在附近at a loss 不知所措at all/any cost(s) 不惜一切代价at any moment 随时,马上at first 起初；开始at first sight 乍一看，一见就at intervals (of) 不时，时时；每隔at large 一般的；普遍的；在逃； at leisure 有空闲，闲着的；从容地， at length/at last 最后，终于at (the) most/least 至多至少at night天黑时；在夜里at no time 决不，at once 立刻，马上；同时at one time同时；曾经，一度at ones best处在最好状态at peace处于和平(或和睦)状态at present 目前，现在at sbs disposal任某人处理at the mercy of 完全受支配，听命于at the moment 此刻at stake在危险中；危如累卵at table在餐桌边，在进餐时at the cost/expense of 以为代价at the latest最迟，至迟at the moment此刻，目前；那时at the same time同时，然而，不过at the thought/sight/sound/mention of 一(想)起(就)at this rate这样的话，照此速度at work (人)在工作；忙于attach importance to认为重要，重视attach oneself to 依附；参加党派at the risk of 冒的危险attach to 附上；贴上；使隶属be attached to 附属于；喜爱；爱慕attend on 照顾，侍候attend to 处理，照料;注意,专心于back and forth (前后)来回地，往返back up 支持；倒退be bent on (upon) 一心想做(某事)be bound to 注定；决心be able to 能，会 be about to 正要，即将(做)be absent from 不在；缺席be absorbed in 专心致力于be composed of 由组成be concerned with 关于，与有关；be determined to 坚定；坚决；决心be fit for 适合be inclined to 倾向于；想要be obliged to (do) 被迫，不得不be obliged to sb 感谢relate .to 与 联系，理解be related to 与相关的，有亲戚关系be/get tired/sick of 对失去兴趣；厌烦be acquainted with 开始认识；开始了解be addicted to doing 沉溺于；使吸毒成瘾be alike/similar to与相同，与相似be all ears全神贯注地倾听着be attentive to 集中注意， 对关怀be aware of知道，意识到，认识到be beneficial to 有利于，有益于be well(better) off(更)富有be/get used/accustomed to 习惯于be born in/on/of 源于；出生于be bound for准备到去；开往be busy with忙于be capable of有做出(某事)倾向的be/get caught in遭遇上，被困be certain（sure）of 确信，肯定be composed of/made up of由组成be concerned with 关心，挂念；从事于be considerate of体谅，替着想be disagreeable to 不合意；对发脾气be eager for sth.渴求某事物be envious of 羡慕(或忌妒)be equal to 等于，相当于be essential to 对不可缺少be familiar to sb为所熟悉be familiar with对熟悉be fed up with 对感到厌烦，吃得过饱be fond of爱好be friends with 与交友(友好)be full of 充满be good at善于，擅长于be good to对好；对很慈善be hard on sb.过于严厉对待某人be ignorant of 对无知(不了解)be in fashion (人、物)合于时尚be in for 参加(竞赛、考试等)be in love with 跟恋爱be in the habit of有习惯(或脾气)be jealous of 嫉妒be known as以知名；被认为是be known for 因而众所周知be known to为人所知be located in位于，坐落在be lost in 集中精力与，沉湎于 be loyal to忠于be married to sb. 和结婚be noted as 以而闻名be occupied in 忙于，正从事be on a diet节食be responsible to sb for sth 向负责be satisfied with对感到满意be seated坐下，坐着；位于be short of缺乏，不足；达不到be skilled in熟练于be supposed to 被期望；应该be sure of oneself 有自信心be to blame（for）对应负责任be typical of 是的典型特点be up to从事，忙于,胜任,符合，轮.由be up to you/standard/now/his jobbe/get/become used to doing习惯于be worth doing值得(做)bear/keep in mind (of/that) 记住；牢记before long不久以后(to)begin with 首先，以开始；believe in相信，信仰，主张belong to属于；附属to the point中肯,贴切best of all 最(好)，首先beyond control 无法控制beyond dispute没有争论余地的beyond me/words/recognition/reachbeyond question 毫无疑问，bit by bit一点一点地，渐渐black and blue (被打得)遍体鳞伤blow out 吹熄(灯火等)boast of 吹牛，自夸，夸耀break away突然离开；逃跑，脱身break into pieces (使)成为碎片break off (使)折断；中断；断绝break ones word 失信，食言blow up 爆炸, 放大 break down (机器)发生故障;(计划，谈判等)失败;分析；分解；破除；战胜；(感情)失控，(身体)垮了break in 闯入；打断；break into 闯入；打断；突然起来break out 突然暴发；逃脱break the ice打破僵局break through 突破；冲破；克服；挤过break up 使粉碎；弄破；结束；解体解散；中断；终止;使苦恼;分手（友）bring about 带来（change/illness/incident/growth）bring down 使垮台；击落，降低(物价，温度等)bring forward 把提前；提议；建议；bring in 带来；引进；挣得(酬等)；生产，bring out 阐明，出版；显露出bring up 抚养，培育提出(问题等)呕吐bring/come/put/carry into effect开始生效；实行bring back带回来，使恢复bring forth使产生；生(孩子)bring into operation实施，使生效bring on导致；使发生（lead to）bring to life使苏醒bring to light 使 真相大白build up 累积；增进(健康)；增强(体格)；确立(信誉)；burst out laughing/crying突然大笑/哭起burst into tears/laughterbut for 倘没有，要不是burn down 把夷为平地burn out烧坏；烧尽，筋疲力尽by oneself 单独；独自，自行by the way顺便提一下，另外by air/bus/train/bike。by turns轮流，交替地by way of通过方法；经由by and by 将来渐渐by accident/chance (纯粹)偶然地；碰巧； by far (the tallest 最最高得多；by force 凭借暴力；强迫地by hand用手；用手工的by oneself 独立地；单独地by leaps and bounds飞速地，突飞猛进地by mistake错误地by name名叫；用名字by nature天生，本性上by all means 务必，千方百计by no means 决不，一点，也不by means/way of 经由;凭借 (某种方法/be capable of能会的；易于做出的;be engaged in 从事；进行be dedicated to献给,奉献与be rich in 富含有call off终止；取消；call on/upon 请求；号召；呼吁call at作短暂访问；停(泊)call back 叫回来，收回(错话等)call for 要求，提倡，去接人；取(物件)call forth 唤起，引起call in收回(某物)，召集call the roll点名can not help doing 情不自禁，忍不住cannot but 不得不，不会不cannot help but不得不(接动词原形)cannot.too（enough/more.越越好，不过分care for关怀，照管；愿意carry away运走，使入迷carry forward推进，发扬call up 打电话；召唤；使人回忆起; calm/cool down 平静下来；使()冷静下来care for/about 照顾；喜欢；喜爱关心； carry off 夺走，诱拐；夺去生命；carry on 继续；续接从事；处理；开展carry out 完成；落实；贯彻；执行carry through 贯彻到底；度过难关；cash in兑现；收到的货款(sth)catch fire 着火，烧着chat/talk over coffee/tea 边.边谈catch sb.s eye 引起(某人)注目change ones mind改变主意speak up ones mind直抒己见charge (sb.) with 起诉.罪名；托付，a case in point 明证catch sight of 发现，看到，突然看见catch a glimpse of 瞥一眼catch up with 赶上；指出出了差错check in 办理登记手续，报到check out 结账后离开；检验合格check up 体格检查；核对，检查clean up 扫除，清洗干净；收拾干净；clear up，转晴；变好，整理；澄清check up 核对，检验cheer up使高兴，振作chew over深思，细想；仔细商量clear away把清除掉；(云)消失close up 关闭；阻塞；close/shut down (工厂等)关闭，倒闭combine. with. 使结合；使联合起来come at 袭击；达到；得到come about 发生，(风等)改变方向come across (无意中)碰到，come along/on 来呀；一道来；得啦come back 回来 翻盘,东山再起come down 下降，流传（下去come down to 归结为，总计是come/get/keep in (to) contact/touch（with）与联系，come off 松开；脱落；come out 现出，发芽，露出；出版；结果是；取得(第名)；come (a)round 来访；恢复知觉； come to an end 结束come to light 真相大白come to ones rescue/aid 营救，帮助come/be/live up to 不辜负,符合标准come by 得到；从旁走过come for 来接人；来取物come forth 出来；涌现come into operation 施行；生效；come into use 开始被使用come on (劝说等)来吧；开始come out 出版；花开，显现；结果是come over过来；从远方来come round (非正式的)来访；绕道come through 经历(困难)；获得成功come to life苏醒过来come to ones senses 恢复理性；醒悟过来come to terms with 达成协议；妥协， come to(oneself)苏醒；共计；达到come true 实现，达到come up against 碰到(困难、反对等)come up with 追上，赶上；提出come up走近；(从土中)长出come what may不管发生什么事complain about/of 抱怨；申诉；投诉compared with与相比较compared.to把比作；与相比较connect with 连接；与 有牵连considering that鉴于，就而论consist of 由构成，包含有contribute to有助于，促成cope with 应对，对付count on依靠；期待，指望count sb in 把.算进来count up把加起来，共计count down 倒计时cover up掩盖，掩饰be critical of 对挑剔的；对苛求的 =be particular aboutcross out 删除；划掉cut down (on） 削减；减少；砍伐cut off 切断；截止；中断供应cut short 剪短；削短；(突然)中止；打断； deal with；处理；对付；论述；与打交道，做买卖， cure sb. of治愈某人的疾病cut across 抄近路穿过，cut in (汽车)超车，切入，插话cut through (抄近路)穿过；穿透cut up切碎；齐根割掉 date back to（from）追溯到；远在.day after day日复一日地day in day out 日复一日地，天天deal in 经营devote oneself to献身于；致力于die away 消逝；减弱；渐息die down 平息；平静下来；熄灭die from/of因(患)而死,死于die for 迫切想要(某物)；为.而死do away with 除去；废除；do/try ones best/utmost尽力而为do/go without 没有也行do (sb) wrong (to)冤枉某人do sth wrong 做错事do sb(sth) justice公正对待( 逼真disagree with与意见不和dispose of除掉；干掉；卖掉do a good job干得好do (up)ones hair (女子)做头发do sb. a favour 给某人以恩惠，帮忙do(sb) good to 有助于某人do harm to 对 有坏处do up 修饰；使整洁；包扎do well in 擅长do with与相处；忍受；处理do without 没有也行；将就draw back弊端；不履行draw in 拉入，吸人; (火车，汽车)进站，draw /close /on（near）接近；靠近；临近；draw up 起草；拟订； dress up 化装；装饰；打扮draw ones attention 吸引drop in on/at (over) 顺访；串门down with 打倒；drag oneself along 拖着脚走draw a conclusion 得出结论draw lots 抽签，抽签决定draw to a close渐近结束dream of doing 梦到；梦想；向往dress up穿上盛装drive at 意指dry up 干瘪；干涸；晒干drive sb out/away 赶出去drive a hard bargain 艰难讨价drop off 离开，减少drop sb a line 写封短信drop by顺便走访，非正式访问drop (sb) out 退出，辍学；开除due to sth 由于；应归于earn/make ones living by 以谋生eat up 吃完，吃光；耗尽either.or或或，不是就是employ oneself in 使忙于，使从事于end in 以为结果end up with 以而结束end up结束，告终；竖着enjoy oneself过得快活；玩得高兴ensure sb. against保护某人免受enter for报名参加(比赛)even if 即使，纵然 even so 即使这样ever since 从那时起一直到现在ever so（much）非常，极其every other day每隔一天every other 每隔一个的except for 除之外excuse sb. for sth. 原谅某人做了某事face to face面对面(的)地；对立地face up to 勇敢地对付；大胆面向be faced with 面对fair play公平的竞赛；公平对待fall back on求助于，转而依靠fall behind落在后面，跟不上equal to 相等；敌得过；担得起;胜任even if/though 即使；甚至every other 每隔一(天、周等)；except for/that 除之外；只是fall on/upon 碰到，看到；适逢(日期)fall out (头发，牙齿)脱落；掉；fall through 落空；失败be famous for 以著称，闻名；驰名far from 远离，远非；差得远feel like 想做(某事)；感到像是的样子fill in 填写；填充；填满；fill out/up 填写；充满；find fault (with) 找岔子；挑剔find out 发现；找出；弄清楚；查明follow up 继而进行；追踪，跟踪be/become fond of 爱好；喜欢for all (that) 尽管；如此, 还是for ever/good 永久；永远for/that fear that(of) 唯恐；以防for the sake of 为了；为了的好处， free from worry/pain/trouble/dirt不受影响,摆脱了.的，无.be free of mice/charge/harbor /duty/noise/ice无鼠/免费/(离港)/免税/无噪音/不结冰free sb from heavy labour 某人摆脱繁重的劳动 fall for 爱上，迷恋；受骗fall in love with 相爱，爱上fall in love 爱上某人fall into落入；陷于；河流注入fall off下降，跌落，减少fall out争吵；闹翻；结果fall asleep/ill /due/short 睡着/生病/到期. for fear of/that 以防，恐怕 feed on以为食物feed up喂饱，（be fed up with 厌烦）feel about 摸索，暗中摸索feel amused at 以自娱，逗笑feel envy at 对感到妒忌(或羡慕)feel ones way摸索着走(干)，试探figure on 把估计在内；指望figure out计算出；估计；理解find expression in 在中表现出来find oneself不知不觉finish up with 与结束；first of all首先，第一fix in with 适合，符合；适应fix ones eyes on 盯着，注视fix up修补，修理好；解决focus.on 使眼睛注视，集中follow through 坚持到底for certain/sure肯定地；确凿地for example/instance 例如for lack of因缺乏；因没有for life /all ones life 终身for short简称，缩写for the moment暂时；目前for the present前，暂时，暂且for the time being 暂时，眼下from memory 凭记忆(印象)from now on今后，从现在起from time to time 时常，有时，不时get across (to)(使人)了解；讲清楚get/go ahead开始；进行中；继续下去；get away (from) 逃脱；逃跑get even (with) 报复，和算账get/take/catch hold of 抓住，了解get in the way 妨碍，阻碍get off (with) 下车；出发；离去；get on (with) 相处；上车；穿(衣)；get about（around）走动；旅行 (消息)传开get along 过活；相处融洽；进展get by通过；走过，侥幸躲过get down to doing（work ）开始从事get in收获；get on with与相处；继续干get on骑上(马等)；get over克服(困难等)get ready (for (使)准备好get rid of 摆脱，除去get the better of 打败，智胜get to 到达；接触；开始get together 聚集；会面；装配give birth (to) 使诞生；生(孩子)give a hand帮助某人give expression to 表达出，give in 屈服，让步 投降；听任（to）give off发出或放出(蒸气等)give oneself away 泄露，露马脚give oneself up 自首，投降，投案give out分发,发表,发出(气味等) 精力竭give up放弃；投降；抛弃get over完成，结束；克服(困难)；get rid of 除去；扔掉；摆脱；消灭get through 完成；渡过；通过(考试；接通(电话)get together 集会；聚会get up 起床；站起; give away 背弃；出卖;泄露;散掉, (钱财)give in/way (to) 屈服；听任支配； give rise to 引发；导致；产生given /provided that 只要是，假定，已知go after 寻找；追求go by (the law) 通过；依照行事；go for愿做，喜欢；适用于；go in for 从事；喜欢上(业余爱好)go into 调查；从事；投入go off 离开；消失；昏过去；爆炸；go out；熄灭,出去go over 越，渡，仔细检查；仔细推敲go through 遭遇；经历；熬过；，通过go up 升高；提高；涨高；go with伴随；与匹配； grow into 成长为,发展为grow out of 由产生；grow up 长大成人；成长；发展glance at 浏览，(粗略地)看一下glance over 浏览，粗略地阅读go about从事，着手做；闲逛go after追逐，追求；设法得到go against 违反；反对；不利于go ahead 前进；干吧go all out (for 全力以赶；鼓足干劲go along with 赞同；附合，支持go back on 违背，毁(约) 丢弃(朋友等)；go bad/mad/crazy/hungry 变坏/发疯/饿了go down沿着走，下去；下沉go to sleep 入睡，睡着go to war开始作战go up 上升；(物价等)上涨go with伴随,配套go without 没有而将就go wrong 出错；发生故障had best /better do sth. 最好，顶好hand down往下传,传给(后人)hand in 交进来(去)；递交hand in hand 手拉手hand out 派送；分发； hand over移交；捐赠；hang about/around 闲逛；转悠；hang on 稍等；坚持住；hang out 晾衣服；闲荡，停留hang together 团结合作，互相支持；hang up 挂起来；挂断；，搁置（停）haveto do with 与有关系have a gift for=be gifted for在.有天赋hit on/upon 无意中找到；偶然想出hold back阻止；阻碍；隐瞒；忍住hold on (to) 坚持下去；别挂电话hold on to 抓住不放hold out坚持到底；提出；伸出(手)坚持；维持hold together (合在)一起；团结在一起hold up 举起；支撑；使停滞;耽搁；阻挡，劫持hunt for 搜索;探求hurry up 赶快;快点 had rather.宁愿hand in hand手拉手；联合hardly any几乎没有hardly ever很少，几乎从不hardly.when. 刚就have a good/great/ time玩得高兴have mercy/sympathy on对表示 (同情have no lack of不缺乏have on穿着；有事；进行have sth. to do with 和有关；have to不得不；必须head/leave/set out/off for 朝方向走去hear from sb 接到的信hear of 听到，听说heart and soul全心全意地，完全地heart to heart 坦率地help oneself to sth 自取所需(食物等)help sb. out帮助，帮忙help sb. with sth. 在帮助某人here and there 到处，各处；偶然hold off不接近；拖延；迟疑hold office 担任公职hold ones breath (由于激动等原因)屏息hold true适用，有效hold water (容器等)盛得住水/站得住脚How about? 如何？怎么样？if any/so/not/possible/ 若有的.话if anything 若有区别的话if necessary 如果必要的话in a hurry 匆忙；立即，很快地in a moment立即，立刻in accordance with 与一致；按照，in all directions向四面八方in all 总共，共计in brief简言之；以简洁的形式in consequence 结果是，因此if only 只要；哪怕；要是就好了；in a sense/way 在某种意义上；有一点儿in a word 总而言之；in addition (to) 加之；另外；除之外又in advance (of)提前；预先; in any case/event 而且；总之；无论如何； in case the event(of)万一；以防;以备;in charge( of 主持；领导；主管的；in common (with) 共同；相通；与同样in conclusion 最后；总之in conflict (with) 和矛盾；;相抵触in connection with 关于；与有关； in consequence (of) 因此；结果；结果；in comparison with 与对比；对照；by contrast to/ with和比起来；与相比in debt 负债；欠钱in detail 详细；详尽in doubt (about) 怀疑，拿不准in exchange for 交换;调换in favor (of) 支持；赞成；对有利；in force/effect 有效；事实上in front of在前边； in general总之；大体上；一般；普遍in particular 尤其；特别in honor of 向表示尊敬；纪念in (the) light of 考虑到；依照；根据in line 排队；排列；同意；准备就绪；in office 执政；在位in/within sight 看得见；在眼前；在望； in a big/small way 大/小规模地in memory of 为纪念in need/want of 需要；急需in order (that/to) 以便；为了in other words 换句话说；换言之in place of 代替；而不是；更换; 顶替in/with respect of/to 关于in return (for回报；付给in search of 寻找；搜寻；查究in secret/private私下，暗地in public；当众；公开地in short/brief/sum 简言之；总之in spite of=despite 虽然；不管；纵使in support of 维护；支持；证实in/under the circumstances 在这种情况下；in the course of 在期间；在的过程中in the end 最后；最终；结果；终归in the face of 面临；不顾(反对等)in the first place 起初；首先；早先(not) in the least/the least bit 一点(也不)；丝毫(不); (常用于强调否定)in the long run 长期看in the name of 以 名义in no/good time 立刻；马上， in vain 徒劳；无益in view of 鉴于；考虑到independent of 独立于之外；inform of 告诉；报告；通知insist (on/upon) 坚决主张；坚决要求；instead of 代替；而不是interfere with 干涉；干预；妨碍；干扰； be involved in 涉及；卷入，参与in danger/trouble 在危险中，垂危in debt to sb.欠债，欠情,感谢in detail详细地in due course 在适当的时候in every way在各方面，以各种方式in face of 面对；纵然，即使in fact/effect其实，实际上in favour of 赞成，支持；有利于in front of 在前面，面对in full charge 负全责；勇猛向前in full swing 方兴，活跃；in future 今后，以后in general 通常，一般地说in good health 身体好in half/into halves成两半in itself 就其本身而言in line with 跟一致；符合in memory of 纪念in no case/ way 决不，无论如何不in other words 换句话说，也就是说in particular 特别，尤其；详细地in person 亲自；身体上；外貌上in season (水果等)时令的in secret秘密地，私下地in sight看得见；在望in so far as (程度等)就；至于in stock在贮存中；现有，备有in tears流着泪；含泪哭in terms of在.方面,根据；以的措词in the distance在远处，远方的in the end最后，终于in the future将来in the interest of为了的利益，为了in the open 在户外；在露天in the past在过去in the way 挡道的，妨碍人的in the world究竟，到底；天下in time 及时，适时；还早in turn依次，轮流,反过来in use在使用着inquire about询问，打听inquire after问起(某人)的健康情况jump to a conclusion贸然断定join hands with互相合作，携起手来join in（the game）参加(活动)join the party/army/clubjoin（sth）up参军，联起judging by 从判断jump the queue/line插队；just now现在，眼下；刚才keep down限制，压住;压制;缩减keep from 隐瞒，瞒住；避开；使免于keep off 驱散；避开；防止，不接近keep on 继续；不停地keep to 恪守；遵守；遵循；坚持(做)keep under control 控制keep up (with) 跟上；保持；及时了解(情况)knock down 拆除；拆卸；撞倒；使减价knock off停止工作；减