学案3 动词不定式.doc

学案3 动词不定式 制作人 马宇 2011 3.23.3动词不定式在句中可充当主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语和状语等。一、作主语动词不定式作主语可位于句首。例如：To learn a skill is very important for everyone in society.也可使用it作形式主语，而将其置于句末。例如：It is necessary for young students to learn a foreign language.动词不定式作主语的常用句型有：1. It isadj./ n. (for sb.sth.) to do sth.用于此句型的形容词有：easy, hard, difficult, possible, important, impossible, necessary, good, bad, exciting, interesting, surprising等。例如：It is interesting to play this game.It is necessary for you to change your job. It was impossible for them to complete the task in such a short time.考例1：Is _ possible to fly to the moon in a spaceship? (88 MET) A. now B. man C. that D. it用于此句型的名词有：pity, shame, pleasure, ones duty, ones job, fun, joy, good manners, bad manners等。例如：What a pity it is for you to have missed such a wonderful film. It is good manners for the young to give their seats to the old. 2. It isadj.of sb.to do sth. 该句型中只能使用描述某人的品德、特征的形容词，如： kind, nice, wise, silly, polite, impolite, friendly, foolish, clever等。例如：How rude it was of the boy to jump the queue!It is friendly of the family to try to make me feel at home in their house. How silly it was of you to give up such a good chance！3. It takes sb.some timeto do sth. 该句型意为“做某事花费某人多长时间”。例如：It took us half an hour to ride to the town by bike. 二、作表语 动词不定式作表语常用于以下结构：My wish/ job/ aim/ goal is及The next step/ measure is 等。例如：Your job is to type the papers in the office.The next measure is to stop the river from being polluted.三、作宾语常见的只能使用动词不定式作宾语的动词有：agree, choose, decide, hope, fail, wish, refuse, expect, manage, plan, intend, pretend, promise, offer, afford, demand, arrange等。 例如：They decided to build a highway between these two cities.She offered to help me when I was in trouble.believe, think, consider, feel, make等动词可用于“动词+ it +adj. / n+to do sth.”句型，其中使用it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语动词不定式置于句末。例如：I think it necessary for us to have a good rest after the long work.She felt it her duty to help the old woman.四、作宾补 可后接动词不定式作宾补的动词有：advise, allow, ask, hear, order, see, tell, want, wish, watch等。例如： The doctor advised her no to eat too much sugar. I wish you to go to the meeting with me.believe, consider, count, declare, deny, feel, find, guess, imagine, judge, know, prove, realize, suppose, think等动词后可接to be型不定式作宾补。例如：He declared himself to be a college student. 他自称是名大学生。The police proved him to be a thief. 警察局证实他是小偷。 hope, demand, suggest等动词不能后接动词不定式作宾补。例如：【误】I hope my son to be back soon.【正】I hope my son will be back soon.【误】She suggests us to have a discussion about it.【正】She advises us to have a discussion about it.【正】She suggests that we (should) have a discussion about it.在主动结构中，下列动词后作宾补的动词不定式应省略to：“五看”(see, watch, notice, observe, look at)“三使”(make, let, have)“两听”(hear, listen to)“一感觉”(feel)。例如：Who made him work all night long?但是，改为被动结构后，应补出省略的to。例如：He was seen to break the window.不定式用在介词but, except, besides后时,如果这些介词前有行为动词do的各种形式,那么介词后的不定式不带to,相反则带to.(1). She could do nothing but cry.(2). I have no choice but to go.(3).What do you like to do besides sleep.五、作定语 动词不定式作定语，应位于所修饰词语之后，即：作后置定语。例如：Have you got anything to eat? (to eat修饰anything，位于其后)下列名词后常接动词不定式作定语：ability, attempt, chance, courage, decision, effort, failure, promise, way, wish等。例如：But she gave up the chance to go abroad.由only, first, last, next以及序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词后，也常接不定式作定语。例如：Who was the last one to leave the classroom last night?1. 不定式做定语与所修饰的词之间有三种关系：(1)动宾关系 I have a lot of work to do.我有很多工作要做。 (2)主谓关系 He is always the first to come.他总是第一个来。 (3)同位关系 We all have a chance to go to college.我们都有上大学的机会。2. 作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。 He is looking for a room to live in.他在找一个房间住。3. 不定式所修饰的名词如果是time, place或way，不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去。 He had no money and no place to live.他没钱没地方住。4. something, anything, nothing, everything等复合不定代词常用不定式做后置定语。Have you anything to send?你有什么东西要寄吗（不定式to send的动作执行者是you）Have you anything to be sent?你有什么要（我或别人）寄的东西吗？（不定式to be sent的动作执行着是已被省略的me或someone else）六、作状语 动词不定式作状语，可表示目的、原因、结果或条件。例如：We went there to see our grandparents.（目的）I am very sorry to hear that.（原因）She hurried home only to find her father dead.（结果）To look at the picture, you would like it.（条件）作目的状语，还可以使用in order to或so as to。例如：The boy worked so hard in order to make up for the lost time.结果状语还可以使用enough to, tooto, soas to, such as to等结构。例如：He got up too late to miss the early bus.She was in such a hurry as not to notice me. 她如此匆忙，以致没有注意到我。时态 1) 现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。 He seems to know this. I hope to see you again. = I hope that Ill see you again. 我希望再见到你。 2) 完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。 Im sorry to have given you so much trouble. He seems to have caught a cold. 3) 进行时： 表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。 He seems to be eating something. 4) 完成进行时： She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years. 练习题1. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier _ it more difficult. (MET99) A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make 2. Ive worked with children before, so I know what _ in my new job. (MET2000) A. Expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects3. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couples but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it. (MET2001) A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen4. Charles Babbage is generally considered _the first computer. (MET1993) A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented5. Allen had to call a taxi because the box was _ to carry all the way home. (MET2003) A. much too heavy B. too much heavy C. heavy too much D. too heavy much6. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _. (MET95) A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to7. Little Jim should love _ to the theatre this evening. (MET 92) A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking8.There are five pairs _,but Im at a loss which to buy.(1999上海高考) A. to be chosen B. to choose from C. to choose D. for choosing9._late in the afternoon, Bob turned off the alarm. (2001年北京春季高考)A. To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D. Having sleep 10.With a lot of difficult problems _,the newly-elected president is having a hard time.(2002年上海春季高考) A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled11.She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role_in making the earth a better place to live. (2003上海春季高考) A. to have played B. to play C. to be played D. to be playing12.In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state run companies are trying _their products more competitive. ( 2002上海春季高考) A. to make B. making C. to have made D. having made13.The teacher asked us_so much noise. (2003北京春季高考) A.dont make B. not make C. not making D. not to make14. Last summer I took a course on_. A. how to make dresses B. how dresses be made C. how to be made dresses D. how dresses to be made15. Ive worked with children before, so I know what _ in my new job. A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects16. There are five pairs_, but I am at a loss which to buy. A to be chosen B to choose from C to choose D for choosing17. I find these problems are easy_. A. to be worked out B. to work them out C. to work out D. to be worked them out18. _late in the mornin