高中英语总复习之阅读理解题解题技巧.ppt.ppt

阅读理解题解题技巧,高考大纲中关于阅读理解的要求,要求考生读懂简易的英语文学作品、科普文章、公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章并回答相关问题。考生应能： 、理解主旨要义； 、理解文中具体信息； 、根据上下文推断生词的词义； 、作出简单判断和推理； 、理解文章的基本结构； 、理解作者的意图和态度； 7、根据所读，用恰当的词语补全文章提纲、 概括关键内容或作重要词词语转换。,命 题 类,主旨大意型,事实细节型,词 义 猜 测 型,推 理 判 断 型,一、主旨大意题 （做题要领）,1. 干扰项 可能属文中某个具体事实或细节。,2. 干扰项 可能属从文中某些 (不完全的) 事实或细节片面推出的错误结论。,3. 干扰项 可能属非文章事实的主观臆断。,正确答案,是根据文章意思全面理解而归纳概括出来的；但不能太笼统、言过其实或以偏概全。,1)What does the writer mainly tell us? 2)Which of the following can summarize the main idea of this text? 3)Which of the following best expresses the main idea? 4)Which is the subject(主题) discussed in the text? 6)Whats the best title for this passage?,主旨大意题常见的提问形式：,Question: Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the paragraph ? A. GM is one of the largest car producers. B. Ford operates not only in the U.S.A., but also in Asia. C. The foreign cars have not taken away the jobs from American autoworkers. D. The flood of the cheaper foreign cars is terrible for American autoworkers(汽车工人).,解释,段落,In spite of the fact that cars from Germany and Japan are flooding the American market, Ford, General Motors and Chrysler are employing more workers than ever before. The flood of cheaper foreign cars has not cast American autoworkers their jobs as some experts predicted. Ford operates as far as Asia, and General Motors is considered Australians biggest employer. Yet General Motors has its huge American work force and employs hundreds of people every day to meet the needs of an insatiable(不能满足的)society.,问题,解释,【解析】答案为C。take sth. away from sb.和 cast sb. sth. 的意思相似。 本段落以一、二句引出要表达的主题，在主题句出现后，再举例子陈述细节或继续论证。 寻找主题句往往是做好此类题的关键。每段的主题句(常在首句、尾句、首尾句、段落中和归纳分析)一般都用来表示一个段落的主旨大意。,段落,文章中心是论点，事实细节是论据或主要理由；有关细节的问题常对文中某个词语、某句子、某段落等细节及事实进行提问，所提问题一般可直接或间接在文章中找到答案。,提问的特殊疑问词常有：what, who, which, where, how, why 等。,事实细节型,解题原则：忠实于原文上下文及全篇的逻辑关系，决不能主观臆断。,在阅读理解中，要求查找主要事实和特定细节问题常有以下几种命题方式：,1）Which of the following statement is true? 2）Which of the following is not mentioned in the text? 3）The author ( or the passage) states that_. 4）According to the passage, when ( where, why, how, who, what, which, etc.)_?,Q1) _ calories are required to raise the temperature of 5kg of water from 35to 90. A. 55 B. 175 C. 325 D. 275,Q2) Which statement is TRUE according to the chart above? A. A child aged 8 requires more than 3 times the amount of calories that a baby does. B. A boy aged 16 requires nearly twice the amount of calories that a boy aged 8 does. C. An office worker requires the same amount of calories per day as a woman feeding a baby does. D. A farmer requires nearly 1.5 times the amount of calories that an office worker does.,文章,解释,P14,The human body is a living machine, and like all machines, it needs fuel to supply it with energy. That is the food we eat. But how much do we need to stay healthy? The energy value of food is usually measured in calories. A calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1kg of water by 1. The number of calories people need per day is different, as the chart shows.,问题,【解析】答案为 D 。 根据文章细节内容，计算公式为： (90-35)51=275 【解析】答案为 C 。 根据文章图表，依次验证A、B、C、D 四个答案的内容是否正确。很易找出 C 符合图表内容。,文章,问题,词义猜测型,同义法 常在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or，它们连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此可以推测。,反义法 如 hot and cold, give and receive等，或前句为肯定，后句为否定。总之，词与词间都起着互为线索的作用。,释义法 对文章中的生词用定语（从句）或同位语（从句）、表语甚至于用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明。,情景推断法、代词替代法等,判断词义题的做题要领,1）文中找线索或信息词; 2）根据熟悉的词及词义判断新单词之意； 3）根据上下文判断新词汇在特定句中确切意思。,Q: Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word “illiterate” A. repeat B. reiterated C. uneducated D. sick Passage3: Most women in Ghana the educated and illiterate, the urban and rural, the young and old work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewi- ves and mothers. Their reputation for economic independence, self-reliance, and hard work is well known and well deserved(应得的，值得的).,解释,本题答案选C,这段文字中讲到加纳这个国家中的大多数妇女，受过教育的 （educated）和没有受过教育的 （illiterate）；住在城市的 （urban）和住在农村的（rural），年轻的（young）和年长的（old）正好是一对对反义词。因此选 C 项。,推理判断题解题要领,既要求学生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章隐含意思，又要求学生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作正确的推理判断，力求从作者的角度去考虑，不要固守自己的看法或观点。,推理判断型,推理判断题：高考重头戏，20个题中常有6-8个，着重考查学生归纳概括、逻辑推理等综合能力。,透过现象看本质，领悟作者思想倾向、观点、立场、语气及态度等。,以原文内容为前提，据作者的观点理论（非考生观点），客观地对文中未明显说明的现象或事例给予合理的逻辑推断，做出一定解释。,阅读推理判断题,推断题分类,1. 问题形式: 1)It can be inferred from the text that . 2)From the text we know that is most likely . 3)When the writer talks about , what the writer really means is . 4)The writer suggests that . 5)The story implies that . 6)We can infer conclude from the passage that . 这类题干中通常含有infer, suggest, imply, conclude等标志性词语。,一、如何推断隐含意义,2.技巧点拨 1).全面分析 2).忠实原文3).不要选择表层信息,1.Did you ever hear a strange sound coming from the wall? Did it sound like a clock? If so, it may have been made by a beetle(木锤). Long ago people thought the ticking meant that someone was about to die. Thus the beetle is called “the deathwatch(守灵) beetle.“ The sound of this beetle _. A. pleased people. B. surprised people. C. frightened people. D. excited people.,Practice:,2. It is fun to turn over a big rock on the beach. Make sure you turn the rock back to the position it was in after you moved it. If you dont turn it back over, all the sea animals under it or clinging to（依附）the underside will die. You can tell that rocks _. A. hurt sea animals B. protect sea animals C. wont be found on beaches D. cant be found on beaches,二、如何推断作者观点和态度：,1. 问题形式: The writers attitude towards is_. The writer thought that_. According to the author _.,2.技巧点拨 注意作者表达感情色彩的形容词、副词、动词及所举的例子，推断出作者的弦外之音。,1. Just as crying can be healthy, not cryingholding back tears of anger, pain or sufferingcan be bad for physical(身体的) health. Studies have shown that too much control of emotions can lead to high blood pressure, heart problems and some other illnesses. If you have a health problem, doctors will certainly not ask you to cry. But when you feel like crying, dont fight it. Its a naturaland healthyemotional response(反应). According to the author, which of the following statements is true? A. Crying is the best way to get help from others. B. Fighting back tears may cause some health problems. C. We will never know our deep feelings unless we cry. D. We must cry if we want to reduce pressure.,2. Why isnt your newspaper reporting any good news？All I read about is murder, bribery(行贿)，and death. Frankly，Im sick of all the bad news. This authors attitude towards the newspaper reporting is to _. A. complain B. apologize C. amuse D. inform,说明文中作者的态度: objective neutral 在议论文中，有： (1)positive (2)negative (3)neutral (4)approval (5) disapproval (6) indifferent (7)ironic (8)critical (9)optimistic (10)pessimistic,客观的,消极的,漠不关心的,赞成的,不赞成的,乐观的,悲观的,中立的,积极的,讽刺的,批评的,中立的,三、如何推断写作目的,1. 问题形式: (1) 考查整篇文章的写作目的 A. The writers purpose of writing this passage is to _. B. What is the purpose of writing this article? C. In writing the passage, the author intends to _.,(2) 考查某处细节的写作意图 A. The writer uses the example ofto show that _. B. The writer uses the two questions at the beginning of the passage to _. C. are mentioned in the first paragraph to _.,2. 常见的写作目的归纳 不同的文章可能有不同的写作目的, 但写作目的通常有以下三种： (1) to entertain readers（娱乐读者，让人发笑） (2) to persuade readers（说服读者接受某种观点） (3) to inform readers（告知读者某些信息）,常见于故事类的文章。to make people laugh; to tell an interesting experience,常见于广告类的文章。to sell a product or a service; to attract more visitors / readers / audience,多见于科普类新闻报道类文化类或社会类的文章。,1. “Have you ever been out on a boat and felt it lifted up by a wave? Or have you jumped in the water and felt the rush of energy as waves came over you?” asked Jamie Taylor of the Wave Energy Group at the University of Edinburgh. “There is certainly a lot of energy in waves,” he said. The writer uses the two questions at the beginning of the passage to _. A. test the readers knowledge about waves B. draw the readers attention to the topic C. show Jamie Taylors importance D. invite the readers to answer them,2. A young man from a village called Nawalapitiya married a young woman from Maliyuwa, a nearby village. They lived with the mans big family-his parents, his brothers, their wives and children. The family kept an elephant, in which the young woman soon took a great interest. Every day she fed it with fruit and sugar. Three months later the woman went back to her parents home, having quarreled with her husband. Soon the elephant refused to eat or work. It appeared to be ill and heart-broken. One morning after several weeks the animal disappeared from the house. It went to the womans home. On seeing her, the elephant waved its trunk(象鼻) and touched her with it. The young woman was so moved by the act of the animal that she returned to her husbands home. The writer wrote the story in order to_. A. show that elephants are very clever B. tell how a woman trained a wild animal C. show that women care more for animals than men do D. tell how an animal reunited a husband and wife,1. 问题形式: 1)The passage is most likely to be taken from_. 2)Where would this passage most probably appear? 3)The passage is most likely a part of _.,四、如何推断文章出处,2. 解题技巧 这类问题应从文章的内容或结构来判断其出处： (1)报纸: 前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称 (2)广告: 因其格式特殊，容易辨认 (3)产品说明: 器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式，而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次数、药量等,1.（全国卷）Do you always understand the directions on a bottle of medicine? Do you know what is meant by “Take only as directed?” Read the following directions and see if you understand them. To reduce pain, take two tablets(药片) with water, followed by one tablet every eight hours, as required. For night-time and early morning relief (缓解疼痛) take two tablets at bedtime. Do not take more than six tablets in twenty-four hours. For children six to twelve years old, give half the amount (量). For children under six years old, ask your doctors advice. Reduce the amount if you suffer from restlessness or sleeplessness after taking the medicine. This text is most probably taken from a _. A. textbook B. newsreel(新闻片) C. doctors notebook D. bottle of medicine,2. More than 30,000 drivers and front seat passengers are killed or seriously injured（受伤）each year. At a speed of only 30 miles per hour it is the same as falling from a third floor window. Wearing a seat belt（安全带）saves lives; it reduces your chance of death or serious injury by more than half. Therefore drivers or front seat passengers over 14 in most vehicles must wear a seat belt. If you do not, you could be fined up to $ 50. It will not be up to the drivers to make sure you wear your belt. But it will be the drivers responsibility（责任）to make sure that children under 14 do not ride in the front unless they are wearing seat belt of some kind. However, you do not have to wear a seat belt if you are reversing（倒退）your vehicle or you are making a local delivery（发送）or collection using a special vehicle; or if you have a valid medical certificate which excuses you from wearing it. Make sure these circumstances（情形）apply to you before you decide not to wear your seat belt. Remember you may be taken to court for not doing so, and you may be fined if you cannot prove to the court that you have been excused from wearing it. This text is taken from _. A. a medical magazine B. a police report C. an advertisement（广告） D. a government information booklet （小册子）,More than 30,000 are killed or seriously injured（受伤）each year.,you could be fined up to $ 50,Remember you may be taken to court you may be fined ,a police report,解题技巧： 推测下文的内容：根据作者的思路进行推理 推测上文的内容：关注第一段，特别是文段 开始的几句话。,五推断文脉逻辑关系,1)推断上下文内容 问题形式: The next paragraph would most probably deal with _ The paragraph preceding this one would most likely discuss _.,When early humans hunted and gathered food, they were not in control of their environment. They could only interact with their surroundings as lower organisms did. When humans learned to make fire, however, they became capable of altering their environment. To provide themselves with fuel they stripped(剥去) bark from trees, causing the trees to die. Clearings were burned in forests to increase the growth of grass and to provide a greater grazing(放牧) area for the wild animals that humans fed upon. This development led to farming and the domestication(驯养) of animals. Fire also provided the means for cooking plants which had previously been inedible. Only when the process of meeting the basic need for food reached a certain level of sophistication (老练) was it possible for humans to follow other pursuits such as the founding of cities. The paragraph following this passage would most likely be about _. A. fire B. hunting C. farming D. urbanization （城市化）,2.解题技巧： 按段落的组织方法理解文章结构 按写作方法（论证方法）理解文章结构,2)推断篇章组织结构 1.问题形式: Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage? How is the passage organized?,推理判断题其它常见的命题形式：,1.The passage implies (暗示) that_. 2.We can conclude (得出结论) from the passage that_. 3.Which of the following can be inferred (推论)? 4.What is the tone (语气) of the author ? 5.What is the purpose (目的) of this passage? 6.The passage is intended to _. 7.Where would this passage most probably appear?,Q: The concept of personal choice about health is important because_. A. personal health choices help cure most illnesses. B. it helps raise the level of our medical knowledge. C. it is basic to personal freedom in American society. D. wrong decisions could lead to poor health.,文章,解析：据前两句可以得知，不良的选择会导致健康状况变坏，因此答案选 D 。选出的答案一定要在原文中找到依据或理由，不能只凭常识或自己主观胡乱推测。,The concept (n. 观念 ) of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is an important one. About 90 percent of all illnesses might be preventable if individual (n. 个人 ) made sound ( adj. 健康的 ) personal health choices based upon present (adj.现在的) medical knowledge. We all enjoy our freedom of choice and do not like to see it limited when it is within the legal (adj. 法律的 ) and moral boundaries ( n.界限 ) of society. The structure of American society allows us to ma