天津市第一中学2019届高三英语第四次月考试卷（含解析）.docx

2018-2019-2天津一中高三年级第四次月考英语试卷本试卷分为第I卷（选择题）、和第II卷（非选择题）两部分，共130分，考试用时100分钟。考生务必将答案涂写在答题卡和答题纸上，答在试卷上的无效。考试结束后，将答题卡和答题纸一并交回。祝各位考生考试顺利！第I卷（选择题，共95分）第一部分 英语知识运用（共两节，满分45分）第一节 单项填空（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。1.-Oh, you sounded just like a native speaker.-_. I still have trouble expressing myself.A. Well, not quite.B. I dont care.C. Yes, youre rightD. Im glad you like it【答案】A【解析】【详解】考查交际英语。句意：啊！你听起来就像是以这种语言为母语的人。嗯，不完全如此。我仍然难以表达自己的意思。根据后句“I still have trouble expressing myself.”可知后者认为自己的外语还不完美，仍然有需要提高的方面。B. I dont care.我不在乎；C. Yes, youre right你是对的；D. Im glad you like it我很高兴你会喜欢他。BCD三项与句意不符，A项符合句意。故选择A项。2.You cant predict everything accurately. Often things dont _ as you expect.A. run outB. break onC. work outD. put out【答案】C【解析】【详解】考查动词短语辨析。A. run out用完；耗尽；（无被动）B. break on碰了而折断；C. work out锻炼；制定出；算出；结果；D. put out扑灭；生产；句意：你不可能准确预测所有事情。通常事情的结果并不像你预料的那样。根据句意可知本句中work out意为“结果”，符合句意。故选择C项。3.We got here Friday evening.-_ Why didnt you call us earlier?A. Never mind!B. You did?C. Its no surprise.D. Good for you!【答案】B【解析】【详解】考查交际英语。A. Never mind! 没关系；B. You did? 真的吗？C. Its no surprise.这并不令人惊讶；D. Good for you! 对你有好处。句意：我们是星期五晚上到了这里的。 真的吗？你们为什么不早点通知我们？根据后半句“Why didnt you call us earlier?”可知后者责备前者不先通知他们。故B项正确。4._ his career as a professional basketballer, Michael Jordan owned a steak restaurant.A. Far fromB. Apart fromC. Instead ofD. Regardless of【答案】B【解析】【详解】考查介词短语辨析。A. Far from远非；一点也不；B. Apart from除之外；C. Instead of代替，而不是；D. Regardless of不管，不顾；句意：除了作为职业篮球运动员的事业之外，迈克尔乔丹还拥有一家牛排餐厅。根据句意可知“篮球运动员的事业”和“牛排餐厅”都属于乔丹，介词短语apart from表示“除之外（包括在内）”，符合语境。故B项正确。5._ all of them are strong candidates, only one will be chosen for the post.A. SinceB. WhileC. OnceD. As【答案】B【解析】【详解】考查状语从句连词。句意：尽管他们都是强有力的候选人，但只有一个人可以被选中担任这个职位。连词while意为“当时；尽管；然而；”本句中表示“尽管”，引导让步状语从句。故B项正确。【点睛】本题考查了while的用法，在英语的从句里连词while的用法是比较复杂的。一、while作为并列连词,意思为“而,然而”,表前后意义上的对比或转折。例如：Theres plenty of rain in the southeast, while theres little in the northeast.东南部雨量充足,而西北部则很少下雨。Some people waste food while others havent enough.有些人浪费粮食,然而有些人却吃不饱。二、另外while还有别的用法，while引导状语从句,有以下两种含义：1表示某个动作正在进行的同时,另一动作也在进行之中,这时主从句都用进行时态,有对同类的两个动作进行对比的意味.如： While I was playing the piano, she was dancing我在弹钢琴,她在跳舞.2表示某个动作正在进行时,又发生了另一动作（该动作用一般过去时）.如： While we were swimming in the river, we saw a fish jump out of the water我们正在河中游泳时,看见一条鱼跃出了水面.三、while还有以下几种常见用法： 1只要（as long as）There will be life while there is water and air只要有空气和水,就会有生命.2而；然而表示对比He is a driver while Im a teacher他是司机,而我是老师. 3虽然（although）；尽管表示让步While I see what you say, I cant agree with you虽然我能理解你说的话,但是我不能同意你. 4用作名词,表示“一会儿或一段时间”,常与a, the或this等连用.如： Just wait a while and then I will help you.等一下,我会来帮你的.四、while所引导的时间状语从句中的谓语动词只能是延续性动词。例如：I met with an old friend of mine while (when) I was walking along the street.6.The hotel, _ between two much larger hotels, is easy to overlook but worth choosing.A. hidingB. to hideC. hiddenD. baving hidden【答案】A【解析】【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：藏在两个大一点的宾馆之间的这家宾馆很容易被忽视，但它值得选择。动词短语hide between two much larger hotels与主语the hotel之间构成主动关系，要用现在分词短语充当定语修饰the hotel，相当于定语从句which hides between two much larger hotels。B项表示未来的事情，C项表示被动，D项表示已经完成的事情。故A项正确。7.Ms Rogers will _ her ideas to the Board at next weeks meeting, so that they will hae a further discussion.A. accomplishB. presentC. confrontD. expose【答案】B【解析】【详解】考查动词词义辨析。A. accomplish完成，实现；B. present呈现，发表；提出；赠送；表达；C. confront对抗；遭遇；面临；D. expose揭露；曝光；使接触；句意：在下周的会议上Ms Rogers将会发表她的观点，以便于他们进行更进一步的讨论。根据句意可知present表示“呈现”符合上下文语境，故选择B项。8.The villagers have already known _ well do is to rebuild the bridge.A. thisB. thatC. whatD. which【答案】C【解析】试题分析：通过分析句子结构，可知这个句子中包含一个宾语从句，且引导词在从句中作宾语，表示什么的意思，故用what。考点：宾语从句的考查点评：在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句分为三类:动词的宾语从句,介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。解答这类题，首先要确定从句是什么从句，然后依据相应的语法规则答题。宾语从句中引导词的确定，要看它在宾语从句中作什么成分，有没有什么实际意义。9.Recently, Prince Albert II of Monaco expressed his thanks for the aid they _ from China.A. receiveB. are receivingC. have receivedD. had received【答案】D【解析】【详解】考查时态。句意：最近，因为他们从中国得到的帮助，摩纳哥的Albert II王子表达了他的感谢之情。根据句意可知中国先提供帮助是在王子表达感谢之前就发生了，句中“expressed”使用了一般过去时，可知中国提供帮助应该使用过去完成时表示过去的过去所发生的事情。故D项正确。10.With the gains and losses carefully _, we are confident the plan really deserves a try.A. weighingB. being weighedC. weighedD. having weighed【答案】C【解析】【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：仔细衡量了得与失，我们相信这个计划值得尝试。句中动词weigh意为“衡量”，与名词the gains and losses构成被动关系，要用过去分词做宾语补足语，表示被动与已经完成。AD项表示主动，B项表示正在进行和被动。都不符合语境。故C项正确。11.An unhappy childhood may have some negative impacts on a persons character-shaping. However, they are not always _.A. practicalB. avoidableC. permanentD. beneficial【答案】C【解析】【详解】考查形容词辨析。A. practical实际的；实用的；B. avoidable可以避免的；C. permanent永久的；D. beneficial友谊的；句意：不幸福的童年对一个人的性格塑造有一些消极的影响。然而，这些影响并不永久存在。根据句意可知C项符合语境，指这些消极影响可能被消除。故C项正确。12.I often wonder if it is mistrust _ causes misunderstanding and conflict between people.A. whichB. whenC. whyD. that【答案】D【解析】【详解】考查强调句型。句意：我经常想是不是不信任导致了人们之间的误解和冲突。本句考查了强调句型：It is/was+被强调成分+that/who+ 其他成分；当被强调部分指人，可以使用that/who；当被强调部分不指人的时候，使用that；本句强调的是名词mistrust，没有指人，使用that强调。故D项正确。【点睛】本题考查了强调句型的用法，其具体用法如下：在英语中，我们常用It iswas who/that结构来突出强调句子的某一成分(一般是句子中主语，宾语或状语)。在这个句型中，it没有词汇意义，只是引出被强调的成分。如果被强调的成分是表示人的词，用who或that来连接都可以。如果是其它成分，则一律用that来连接。It was in the park that I met my old teacher yesterday.(强调地点状语) FIt was yesterday that I met my old teacher in the park.(强调时间状语)7 g U( 4 B: xIt was my old teacher that I met in the park yesterday.(强调宾语) U5 T, % Q( K. y4 d+ O: It is Mr Smith who/that thinks Tom is a clever boy.(强调主语) U. o% W二、使用本句型的几个注意事项 1被强调成分是主语，whothat之后的谓语动词应该在人称和数上与原句中的主语保持一致。 It is I who am right It is he who is wrong It is the students who are lovely 2即使被强调成分是句子中的时间状语，地点状语，原因状语等，也不能用when，where, because，要用 that。It was after the war was over that Einstein was able to come back to his research work again. It was in front of the bank that the old lady was robbed It was because of the heavy rain that he came late3如果被强调的成分有同位语，同位语也应提前。It was from him，his chemistry teacher，that Paul learned to watch carefully in class4被强调成分是充当主语的代词，用主格，是作宾语的代词，用宾格It was he that helped me yesterday. It was me that he helped yesterday.5被强调部分既包括人又包括物，用that不用wholt was the things and people that they remembered that they were talking about6.在强调结构中,无论被强调的是人还是物,是单数还是复数,be动词一律用is/was形式,如果原句的谓语动词是一般过去时,就用was;如果是一般现在时,就用is.也可以用情态动词+be形式.如:, : H! S! E; L0 WIt is the monitor who wins the first prize in the exam.- h& ?( l+ E, oIt was the farmers who/that lived a hard life before liberation.: - zP2 _: tIt might be yesterday that John bought a book for Mary. n6 X; 8 o5 6 g 0 o lIt will be Xiao Wang who go with you. . L5 b5 j1 c$ E( J) D三、区分定语从句和强调句型某些定语从句和强调句型形式差不多，容易混淆。如果去掉it is was .that句子仍然通顺成立，则为强调句型，不成立不通顺，则为定语从句。It was three years ago that he went to American for a further study.去掉It was that句子为Three years ago he went to America for a further study句子通顺，意思完整，那么，这就是一个强调句型。四、强调句型也有疑问句形式.一般疑问句的强调形式,只需将is/was提前,移至句首即可,即:Is/Was itthat.特殊疑问句的强调形式, 须将陈述句变成一般疑问句, 再在句首加上疑问词, 即疑问词 (被强调部分) +is/was + it + that + 句子其余部分.如: Was it last year that the building was completed How was it that he went to school 哲理性,故常用一般现在时.例如:Its a wise father who knows his own child.无论多聪明的父亲也不见得了解自己的孩子. Its an ill wind that blows nobody(any)good.此失则彼得(没有使所有的人都受害的坏事).13.It has been announced that all the candidates _ remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected.A. shallB. couldC. wouldD. ought【答案】A【解析】【详解】考查情态动词用法。句意：据宣布，所有的候选人都要坐在位置上，直到所有的试卷都被收齐。根据句意可知本句是考试选择的规则，情态动词shall可以表示“按照规则/规定/法律要做的事情”，符合本句语境。故A项正确。14.The fruits had better be put into the refrigerator, _ will be preserved for several days.A. thatB. whichC. whereD. in which【答案】B【解析】【详解】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：这些水果最好放在冰箱里，他们会被保存好几天。本句定语从句的先行词是the fruits，关系代词which指代先行词，引导定语从句并在句中做主语。关系代词that不能引导非限制性定语从句，CD项在句中做状语。故B项正确。15.Investigators urged that safety procedures at the construction site _ as soon as possible.A. would improveB. were improvedC. improvedD. be improved【答案】D【解析】【详解】考查虚拟语气。句意：调查人们敦促建筑工地上的安全操作要尽早改善。动词urge后的宾语从句要使用“should+动词原形”的虚拟语气，其中should可以省略。本句主语safety procedures at the construction site与improve构成被动关系，要用被动语态，句中还省略了should。故D项正确。第二节 完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分）I returned home the other night exhausted. Aches in my foot, salty with sweat. My husband asked me how my evening was. “_16_”, I told him.I had spent 90 minutes in a gym full of 10 Ping-Pong tables and assorted players, all coaxing and smacking a little ball over the net. By 9 p.m., I was extremely excited. I had beaten two _17_ men half my age and lost battles against worthy opponents. To a casual _18_, the night was ordinary. To me, it was a _19_.I had _20_ Ping-pong during college, and in my 30s dove in more deeply, climbing the long stairway up to a table tennis center in Westfield, N.J., where I watched Olympic hopefuls and took lessons. Arthroscopy(关节镜检查) for torn knee cartilage(软骨) soon made me _21_. The surgeon did his best to _22_ my crushed knee, _23_ against afternoons of power shopping, and told me never to jog or run again.Three months in a cast(石膏) left my foot floppy(松软) and useless. Standing was _24_. I hunted for _25_ that could cushion my knee and set my _26_ on walking and climbing stairs again. Years later, I tried to play Ping-Pong and limped(跛行) for a week. I put the _27_ out of my mind.One day my bad leg was working slightly _28_. The knee had not been oppressively swollen in a while. I felt a feeling of _29_. I set out to make my own _30_ dream a reality. I arrived at my local table tennis club cautiously, a breathtakingly out-of-shape _31_ in a sea of men. A man with a kind face _32_ me to hit with him. After 20 minutes I was tired, _33_ I went home happy. My knee didnt burst inward.Months passed, and almost miraculously, my stamina(耐力)_34_. Players started to _35_ my shots. Some nights I play so joyfully, that I can almost believe this sport is the fountain of youth.16. A. BoringB. DifferentC. OrdinaryD. Glorious17. A. youngB. kindC. tiredD. poor18. A. observerB. listenerC. readerD. chatter19. A. dreamB. chanceC. miracleD. challenge20. A. taken outB. taken upC. taken overD. taken on21. A. failB. surviveC. quitD. hesitate22. A. repairB. researchC. transplantD. bandage23. A. foughtB. advisedC. pushedD. voted24. A. awkwardB. acceptableC. lonelyD. painful25. A. pantsB. bedsC. shoesD. sofas26. A. dreamsB. goalsC. focusesD. directions27. A. businessB. ideaC. sportD. message28. A. betterB. healthierC. saferD. harder29. A. powerB. hopeC. beliefD. confidence30. A. footballB. basketballC. tennisD. Ping-Pong31. A. womanB. memberC. athleteD. hostess32. A. askedB. allowedC. invitedD. persuaded33. A. soB. tillC. orD. but34. A. formedB. improvedC. continuedD. settled35. A. learnB. correctC. saveD. praise【答案】16. D 17. A 18. A 19. C 20. B 21. C 22. A 23. B 24. D 25. C 26. B 27. C 28. A 29. B 30. D 31. A 32. C 33. D 34. B 35. D【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，作者的膝盖软骨磨损了，进行手术以后，她通过打乒乓球来提高身体素质。【16题详解】考查形容词辨析及上下文串联。A. Boring无聊的；B. Different不同的；C. Ordinary普通的，常见的；D. Glorious光荣的；辉煌的；愉快的；根据第二段第一句“I was extremely excited”可知这个晚上我很兴奋，所以我告诉丈夫我很愉快。故D项正确。【17题详解】考查形容词辨析及上下文串联。A. young年轻的；B. kind善良的；C. tired疲惫的；D. poor贫穷的；糟糕的；根据横线后面half my age，可知我打败的是只有我一半年龄的两个年轻人。故A项正确。【18题详解】考查名词辨析。A. observer旁观者；B. listener听众；C. reader读者；D. chatter聊天者；对于一个旁观者来说，这个晚上很普通；但对我来说，这个晚上是一个奇迹，很不普通。本句是指旁观我们打球的人。故A项正确。【19题详解】考查名词辨析及上下文串联。A. dream梦想；B. chance机会；可能性；C. miracle奇迹；D. challenge挑战；对于一个旁观者来说，这个晚上很普通；但对我来说，这个晚上是一个奇迹，很不普通。根据句意可知本空中要填的词和ordinary意义相反，“奇迹”符合语境。故C项正确。【20题详解】考查动词短语辨析。A. taken out 取出；拿出；B. taken up占据，从事于；开始做；C. taken over接管；D. taken on雇佣；呈现；承担；本句表示我从大学时就看书打乒乓球了。动词短语take up在本句中指“开始做”，故B项正确。【21题详解】考查动词辨析及上下文串联。A. fail失败；B. survive幸存；C. quit放弃；D. hesitate犹豫；根据下文及本段最后一句“and told me never to jog or run again”可知医生告诉我们不要再跑跳，当然也就不能再打乒乓球了，建议我放弃乒乓球。故C项正确。【22题详解】考查动词辨析及上下文串联。A. repair维修，修复；B. research研究；C. transplant移植；D. bandage包扎；根据前面一句“torn knee cartilage”可知我的膝盖里有碎了的软骨，医生给我做手术来修复这些软骨，并建议我不要出去购物、跑和跳了。故A项正确。【23题详解】考查动词辨析及生活常识。A. fought战斗；努力；B. advised建议；C. pushed推；促进；D. voted投票；通常医生会给病人一些康复方面的具体建议。医生给我做手术来修复这些软骨，并建议我不要出去购物、跑和跳了。故B项正确。【24题详解】考查形容词辨析。A. awkward笨拙的；B. acceptable可以接受的；C. lonely孤独的；D. painful痛苦的；根据前面一句可知我的腿部打上了石膏，长时间的休息让我的腿松软无力，站起来感觉非常疼。与ABC三项语义不搭配。故C项正确。【25题详解】考查名词辨析及生活常识。A. pants裤子；B. beds床；C. shoes鞋子；D. sofas沙发；因为我的膝盖里面有软骨，站起来很疼，我需要舒适的鞋子缓冲压力来保护我的膝盖。故C项正确。【26题详解】考查名词辨析及固定搭配。A. dreams梦想；B. goals目标；C. focuses焦点，注意力；D. directions方向；四个选项中只有focus通常和介词on连用，本句表示我要把我的注意力集中到步行和爬山上，而不是关注膝盖的疼痛。故C项正确。【27题详解】考查名词辨析及上下文串联。A. business生意；B. idea观点；C. sport运动；D. message消息；根据前句“Years later, I tried to play Ping-Pong and limped for a week.”可知我打乒乓球了，我认为它对我的康复是有好处的。C项sport指前面一句中的Ping-Pong，故C项正确。【28题详解】考查形容词辨析及上下文串联。A. better更好；B. healthier更健康的；C. safer更安全的；D. harder更困难的；根据后面一句“The knee had not been oppressively swollen in a while.”可知我的膝盖不再肿胀了，腿部感觉更好一些了，我也感觉到了希望。故A项正确。【29题详解】考查名词辨析。A. power权利；B. hope希望；C. belief信念；D. confidence信心；因为我的膝盖不再肿胀，让我感觉到了希望。故B项正确。【30题详解】考查上下文串联。根据12空前Years later, I tried to play Ping-Pong and limped(跛行) for a week.可知我努力打乒乓球进行康复，现在我感觉更好了，要实现我的乒乓梦想。故D项正确。【31题详解】考查上下文串联。根据文章第一段. My husband asked me how my evening was.可知我是一位女性，因为膝盖问题接受治疗，现在来到当地乒乓球俱乐部和一群男人打乒乓球。故A项正确。【32题详解】考查动词辨析。A. asked请求；B. allowed允许；C. invited邀请；D. persuaded说服；我来到当地乒乓球俱乐部和一群男人打乒乓球，一个面色和善的人邀请我和他一起打球。第一次见面的陌生人通常都会比较客气，ABD与语境不符。故C项正确。【33题详解】考查连词。A. so于是；B. till直到才；C. or或者；D. but但是；打了20分钟以后，我有点累了，但是回家的时候我很开心，我的膝盖没有出现问题。根据句意可知上下文是转折关系，故D项正确。【34题详解】考查动词辨析及上下文串联。A. formed形成；B. improved提高，改善；C. continued继续；D. settled解决；根据前面“miraculously”可知我的情况有了奇迹般的好转，我的耐力也改善了。四项里只有B项表示由坏变好，符合语境。故B项正确。【35题详解】考查动词辨析及上下文串联。A. learn学习；B. correct纠正；C. save节约；挽救；D. praise表扬；根据前句可知我的耐力有了改善，一起打球的人都在表扬我的击球。故D项正确。【点睛】本文小题8考查动词辨析及生活常识。通常医生会给病人一些康复方面的具体建议。本句中医生给我做手术来修复这些软骨，并建议我不要出去购物、跑和跳了。故选择“advise”。完形填空题所选的文章多是具有一定故事情节和教育意义的记叙文或叙议结合、富有哲理的论说文，这些语篇很贴近学生生活。考生在解题时，可以根据生活常识或结合常识充分地想象当时的情景，从而达到去“伪”存“真”的目的。例：.thegirlwasabletoleadherbirdstorunacrossthegrass,butshecouldnotteachthemto_45_.（全国卷I）45.A.flyB.raceC.swimD.sing析：根据常识，人类可以race、swim或sing，但是不会直接像鸟一样振翅飞翔，因此小女孩不能教给鸟儿“飞翔”，故答案为A。第二部分 阅读理解（共20小题；每小题2.5分，满分50分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项同。AHeres a list of books Im looking forward to this fall season. Not all of them will rise to the level of the advertisement, but its an abundant crop.“Home After Dark” by David Small( Liveright, Sept.11)In 2017, Small published a celebrated graphic memoir(回忆录) called “Stitches”. Now the Caldecott Medal winner is back with a graphic novel about a motherless 13-year-old boy brought up in an unhappy home in California. This is a tale told in few words and many striking images. On Sept. 11 at 3p.m, Small will be at Amazonbooks at Union Market. More information at www. amazon. com/graph-tale.“Waiting for Eden” by Elliot Ackerman(Knopf, Sept.25)This brief novel is related by a dead soldier who is watching over a horribly burned partner in a Texas hospital. That sounds embarrassingly emotional, but Ackerman, who served in a Navy in lraq and Afghanistan, is one of the best soldier-writers of his generation. More information at www. amazon. com/military-essay.“All You Can Ever Know” by Nicole Chung(Catapult, Oct.2)Chung, the editor of the literary magazine Catapult, was adopted as a baby by a white family in Oregon. In this memoir, she writes about her childhood, her Asian American identity and her search for the Korean parents who gave her up. More information at www. amazon. com/politics-prose.“Unsheltered” by Barbara Kingsolver(Harper, Oct. 16)Alternating between past and present, this novel tells the story of a woman investigating a late-19th-century science teacher who was caught up in the controversy over Darwinism. Like her other novels, this one promises to explore social and scientific problems. Visit www. amazon. com/tech-science for more information.36. If you hope for a signature of the author, you will probably buy a copy of _.A. All You Can Ever KnowB. Waiting for EdenC. Home After DarkD. Unsheltered37. Who joined the army and was sent to the Middle East?A. Elliot Ackerman.B. David Small.C. Barbara Kingsolver.D. Nicole Chung.38. If you want to read a book about seeking roots, you can surf _.A. www. amazon. com/graph-taleB. www. amazon. com/politics-proseC. www. amazon. com/military-essayD. www. amazon. com/tech-science39. Which of the statements is true about “Unsheltered”?A. It interprets the past and present of Darwinism.B. It is set in the late nineteenth century only.C. It is contradictory to the authors other novels in themes.D. The science teacher in it was involved in the argument about Darwinism.40. In which section of the newspaper can we read this passage?A. Social issues.B. LiteratureC. RecreationD. Education【答案】36. C 37. A 38. B 39. D 40. B【解析】本文是一篇广告类短文，主要介绍了今年秋天会出版的四本新书“Home After Dark” 、“Waiting for Eden” 、“All You Can Ever Know” 和“Unsheltered” 的大概内容。【36题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段第二句“Now the Caldecott Medal winner is back with a graphic novel about a motherless 13-year-old boy brought up in an unhappy home in California.”可知 Home After Dark是一本有很多插图的书，很可能会有作者的签名。其余三本书的描述中都没有提及与图片签名相关的内容，所以Home After Dark最可能有作者的签名。故C项正确。【37题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“That sounds embarrassingly emotional, but Ackerman, who served in a Navy in lraq and Afghanistan, is one of