2019高考英语语法突破四大篇第三部分专题1代词讲义.docx

代词代词、冠词、介词和数词在语法填空中的考查1.代词在语法填空中考查指示代词、不定代词以及it的用法时，无提示词；而考查人称代词、物主代词与反身代词的词形变换时，则常给出提示词。应对策略(1)当句子缺主语或宾语时，填代词。要根据语境，看该空格是指人还是指物，是指男性还是女性，是单数还是复数。为了避免重复，it，one(s)，that，those都可以用来替代上文出现的名词，要注意它们的不同用法。it可以用来代替不定式、动名词短语或从句作形式主语或形式宾语。还要注意不定代词one，both，neither，all，none，either，another等的用法。(2)如果是物主代词(表示某人的)，作主语、宾语或表语用名词性物主代词；在名词前作定语只能用形容词性物主代词。反身代词反指谁，它通常作主语和宾语的同位语，这时人称上应与主语或宾语保持一致；也可作某些动词或介词的宾语，这时人称上需与主语保持一致。2.冠词是位于名词之前，说明名词所表示的人或事物的一种虚词，它不能离开名词而单独存在。语法填空中，重点考查冠词的基本用法。另外冠词活用及习惯搭配是考查难点。应对策略在名词或“形容词名词”前缺少限定词时，要考虑冠词。不定冠词a/an表示泛指，可译作“一个/件/本/座/”等；定冠词the表示特指，相当于“这，这些，那，那些”。另外要注意：特指上文出现的或谈话双方都知道的人或事物用the；在序数词前、最高级前、独一无二的事物名词之前，一般用the。3.介词在语法填空中，常考表示方位、时间、地点、方式、原因、计量、材料等，以及习惯用语中的介词。应对策略如果句子中不缺少主语或表语，动词后又不缺少宾语，则在名词或代词前一定是填介词。其次，还要注意短语搭配中介词的正确使用。4.数词在语法填空中主要考查基数词和序数词的构成。应对策略数词与不定代词很相似，其用法相当于名词或形容词。通过数词的复习，需要掌握：(1)正确使用基数词、序数词、分数、小数、百分数以及表达倍数等；(2)日期、时刻、年代、年龄等的表达法；(3)表数目的名词的相关用法。代词、冠词、介词和数词在短文改错中的考查1.高考短文改错中，对于代词的考查常会涉及人称不一致、代词混用或漏掉代词等方面的错误。应对策略对于代词的考查，要注意以下几点：(1)顺藤摸瓜，理清短文中代词的指代关系，注意联系上下文，还要注意人称一致、单复数一致以及性别的一致等；(2)注意人称代词格的误用，以及物主代词、反身代词或疑问代词等的错用；(3)系统掌握it的各种用法；(4)准确把握不定代词在文中的正确使用。2.短文改错中对于冠词的考查常涉及漏掉冠词、冠词错用与冠词多余这三种情况。应对策略判定冠词的方法：(1)根据泛指和特指。若泛指“一个”，再根据单词的第一个音素来判定用a还是an；若特指，用the；(2)根据固定搭配。注意固定搭配中不能多用或少用冠词。3.短文改错中对于介词的考查常会涉及介词误用、漏掉介词或介词多余的情况。应对策略(1)如果句子中不缺少主语或表语，动词后又不缺少宾语，则在名词或代词前一定是缺少介词；(2)注意短语搭配中介词的正确使用；(3)不该用介词的短语中用了介词，如 next year常写成in next year；(4)某些及物动词短语中介词缺失，如look (at)，listen (to)，take care (of)等；(5)有些及物动词多加了介词，如 enter the room常写成enter into the room，return my book常写成return back/to my book等；(6)注意分清连词、副词和介词之间的区别和句法功能。4.数词在短文改错中主要考查基数词与序数词的混用以及结构和搭配中的错误。应对策略考查数词主要从以下几个角度入手：(1)表示不定数量的词或者短语与名词的搭配问题以及该结构作主语时产生的主谓一致问题；(2)一些特殊的表数量的词如hundreds/thousands/millions of，dozen，score等的用法；(3)倍数表达法。专题1代词代词的分类单数复数第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称人称代词主格Iyouhe，she，itweyouthey宾格meyouhim，her，itusyouthem物主代词形容词性myyourhis，her，itsouryourtheir名词性mineyourshis，hers，itsoursyourstheirs反身代词myselfyourselfhimself，herself，itselfourselvesyourselvesthemselves指示代词this，that，these，those，such，the same疑问代词连接代词who，whom，whose，what，which关系代词who，whom，whose，which，that不定代词some，any，every，each，many，much，a few，a little，all，none，both，either，neither，other，another相互代词each other，one another代词分为九类，大多数代词具有名词和形容词的作用。代词的核心考点1.人称代词(1)人称代词作主语用主格，作宾语、表语用宾格，但应注意以下五种情况：作主语的人称代词如果孤立地使用于无谓语动词的句子中，或在这种句子中与动词不定式连用，常用宾格。Susan，go and join your sister cleaning the yard.Why me？John is sitting there doing nothing.句子中代词作宾语或宾语补足语时，与所替代的名词在人称、数、格以及意义上一般要保持前后一致。This is our new car.I bought it yesterday.(用it代替our new car)作表语的人称代词一般用宾格，但在强调句型中，被强调部分代词的格不变。I met her in the hospital.It was her who I met in the hospital.在比较级的句子中than，as后用主格、宾格都可以。如：He is taller than me (I).但在下列句子中有区别：I like Jack as much as her.I like both Jack and her.I like Jack as much as she.I like Jack and she likes him，too.用来表示感叹时，用代词的宾格代替主格形式。Dear me!(2)两个以上的人称代词并列，其次序排列原则：在并列主语中，“I”总是放在最后，排列顺序为：二 三 一(人称)。宾格me也一样。You，she and I will be in charge of the case.Mr Zhang asked Li Hua and me to help him.2.物主代词(1)注意名词性和形容词性物主代词各自的语法功能。(2)ones own.of ones own的转换。(3)某些固定结构中常用定冠词代替物主代词。take sb.by the arm，be wounded in the leg3.反身代词(1)反身代词的语法功能：宾语、表语及主语或宾语的同位语。(2)反身代词和某些动词连用，构成固定短语。devote oneself to致力于dress oneself自己穿衣enjoy oneself过得快乐feel oneself觉得身体正常(3)反身代词还可和某些介词连用。for oneself为自己；独立地of oneself自然地；自动地by oneself独自地in oneself本身4.相互代词(each other，one another)相互代词无人称、数和格的区别，在句中作宾语。其所有格分别为each others，one anothers，用作定语。一般来说，each other指两者之间，one another指三者或三者以上之间，但现在区分已不明显。5.指示代词(this，that，these，those，such，the same)指示代词具有形容词和代词两种词性，在句子中可以作主语、宾语、定语或表语等。(1)指示代词this(these)和that(those)的区别。this(these)一般指时间或空间上较近的人或物；that(those)常指时间或空间上较远的人或物。This is my desk and that is yours.In those days women could not go to school.this常指后面要讲到的事物，有启下的作用；that则指前面讲到过的事物，有承上的作用。I want to tell you this：the English party will be held on Saturday afternoon.He hurt his leg yesterday.Thats why he didnt come.为了避免重复，常用that或those代替前面已提过的名词。The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Nanjing.The ears of a rabbit are longer than those of a fox.this在电话用语中用于作自我介绍；that用于询问对方；this和that还可以当副词用，意思相当于副词so。Hello.This is Lily speaking.Whos that?Can hard work change a person that much?(2)such和same的用法。such指“这样的”人或事，在句中作主语和定语。Such was the story.We have never seen such a tall building.the same指“同样的”人或事，在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语。The same can be said of the other article.Whether he can do it or not，it is all the same to me.6.疑问代词(who，whom，which，what，whose)疑问代词在句中作主语、宾语、定语或表语。(1)who/what询问姓名或关系。Who is he?He is my brother./He is Henry.询问职业或地位。What is he?He is a lawyer/teacher.what/who 作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于说话人的视点，可单数也可复数。What is/are on the table?Who is/are in the library?(2)which与who，whatwhich表示在一定范围内，而who，what则无此限制。I found two books on the desk.Which is yours?7.连接代词和关系代词连接代词与疑问代词的形式相同，主要有who，whom，whose，what，which以及它们与-ever合成的代词whoever，whomever，whatever，whichever等。它们用来引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句，即连接复合句中的主句和从句，并在从句中担任一定的句子成分，由连接代词引起的名词性从句前不能再加that。关系代词是用来引导定语从句的代词，它们包括who，whom，whose，which，that等。这两类代词的用法详见“名词性从句”和“定语从句”部分。8.不定代词不定代词主要有：all，each，every，both，either，neither，one，none，little，few，many，much，other，another，some，any，no等。还有由some，any，no和every构成的合成代词。不定代词具有名词和形容词的性质，并有可数和不可数之分，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语等(every，no只能作定语)。下面介绍几组主要不定代词的用法与区别：(1)some与any一般用法：some，any可与单、复数可数名词及不可数名词连用。some一般用于肯定句，any多用于疑问、否定或条件句。特殊用法：any用于肯定句表示“任何”。Any child can do that.(定语)You may take any of them.(宾语)some用于单数可数名词前表示“某一”。Smith went to some place in England.(定语)在期待对方回答yes 时，some用在表示请求或邀请的问句中。Mum，could you give me some money？(请求)Would you like some bananas？(邀请)some 用于否定句表示部分否定。I dont know some of the students.(宾语)some和any还有副词的词性，在句中可作状语。some意为“大约”，相当于about；而any则表示程度，意为“稍微，丝毫”。There are some 300 workers on strike.Do you feel any better today?(2)one，both，allone作定语、表语、主语或宾语，可以指人或物，表示“一个”，其复数为ones；指人时，其所有格是ones，反身代词是oneself。One should try ones best to serve the people.(主语、定语)This is not the one I want.(表语)one，ones可以代替上文提到过的名词，以免重复。one，ones前面分别可以用：this，that；these，those或the，which等词修饰。Here are three pens.Which one is yours，this one or that one or the one in the pencil case?These books are more interesting than those ones.both用作定语、宾语、主语和同位语，可以指人或指物，表示“两者都”。注意：both用于否定句，表示部分否定；表示完全否定时，用neither。Both of us are not teachers.我们俩并不都是教师。Neither of us is a teacher.我们俩都不是教师。both不能放在the，these，those，my等之后，而应放在它们的前面。如：Both my parents like this film.Both the boys are tall.all用作主语、表语、宾语、定语或同位语，指“全部的；整个的”，可与可数或不可数名词连用；除少数情况外，一般不与单数可数名词连用；与复数名词连用时，表示“所有的，全部的”，指三个或三个以上的人或物。注意：all 用于否定句，表示部分否定；表示完全否定用none。Not all the ants go out for food.(or：All the ants dont go out for food.)并不是所有的蚂蚁都出去觅食。None of the money is mine.这钱没有一分是我的。(3)many和muchmany和much都表示“许多”，但many修饰或代替复数可数名词，much修饰或代替不可数名词。它们在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。much有时用作状语。(4)few，little，a few，a littlefew和little表示“没有多少”，含否定意义；而a few 和a little表示“有一些，有几个”，含肯定意义。另外，few，a few 修饰可数名词；little，a little修饰不可数名词。它们在句中常用作定语、主语和宾语。(5)no和nonenonot any，表示“没有”，用来修饰可数名词或不可数名词，通常作定语。none代替不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；代替可数名词作主语时，谓语动词可用单数也可用复数形式。none还可以在句中作宾语。注意：none既可以指人又可以指物；no one只能指人。(6)each和everyeach(各个)，指两个或两个以上的人或物，侧重个体，在句中作主语、宾语、定语和同位语；every(每个)，指三个或三个以上的人或物，侧重整体，在句中只能作定语。Each of them has been there.(主语)The teacher gave each of the students a new textbook.(宾语)We each got a ticket.(同位语)Each student in our class has a dictionary.(定语，强调各个个体)Every student in our class has a dictionary.(定语，强调班上“所有的人”)(7)either和neithereither是“两者中任何一个”的意思，可修饰或代替单数可数名词；neither是“两者中没有一个”的意思，可以修饰或代替单数可数名词，它们可在句中作主语、宾语或定语。Here are two pens.You may take either of them.(宾语)Neither boy knows French.(定语)注意：either用作副词，意为“也”，用于否定句的句末。He doesnt like tea，and I dont either.(状语)either与or连用构成连词，意为“不是就是”或“要么要么”。He is either Japanese or Chinese.neither用作副词，意为“也不”，即“not.either”。He cant do it，neither can I.neither可与nor连用构成连词，意为“既不也不”。Neither he nor you are a student.(8)the other和another，the others 和othersthe other表示“两者中的另一个”；“the other复数可数名词”及the others表示“其他的全部人或物”。others及“other复数名词”泛指“其他的(别的)人或物”。这些词语在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。He got two books；one is a textbook，and the other is a novel.Five of the pencils are red；the others (the other pens) are yellow.Some are singing；others are dancing.another修饰或代替单数可数名词，意为“(三者或三者以上的)另一个”，不能指两者中的另一个，在句中可作宾语和定语。This coat is too dark.Please show me another.(宾语)Please give me another book.(定语)注意：another修饰复数名词时，意为“再，又”。Please give me another ten minutes.Please give me ten more minutes.1.主格、宾格混乱(误)You and us should join hands to do it.(正)You and we should join hands to do it.2.语序错误(误)Iandmyfamily all like playing golf.(正)MyfamilyandI all like playing golf.3.称谓指代混乱(误)Everyone should take an umbrella with yourself.(正)Everyone should take an umbrella with himselforherself.考向1人称、物主与反身代词.单句语法填空1.When the gorillas and I frightened each other，I was just glad to find them(they) alive.(2018全国)解析此处作find 的宾语，所以用宾格them。2.Pahlsson screamed so loudly that her daughter came running from the house.“She thought I had hurt myself(I)，” says Pahlsson.(2017浙江)解析句意为：她原本以为我伤到了自己。根据句意可知用I的反身代词myself。3.On my recent visit，I held a lively three-month-old twin that had been rejected by its(it) mother.(2016全国)解析根据空格后的名词及前面的a lively three-month-old twin可知要用形容词性物主代词。4.Now it occurred to him(he) that his farm had much potential and that the death of the cow was a bit of luck.(2015广东)解析It occurred to sb.that.某人突然想到，固定句型，此句型中sb.为宾语，应用宾格形式，故填him。.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.I loved to watch cartoons，but no matter how many times I asked to watch them，my parents would not let me.They would say to that playing card games would help my brain.(2018全国)解析句意为：他们会对我说玩纸牌有助于大脑。根据行文逻辑可知，此处是对“我”说，前面提到了I，而不是we。故把us改为me。2.I had done homework，but I was shy.(2018全国)解析句意为：我已经完成了(我的)家庭作业。do ones/the homework为固定搭配，意为“做家庭作业”。反身代词不能用来修饰名词。3.If we go on a trip abroad，we can broaden view and gain knowledge we cannot get from books.(2016全国)解析根据前面的主语we可知，此处要用our，表示“我们能够开阔我们的视野”。4.At first，I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by .(2016全国)解析考查反身代词。根据句意，此处指“我自己”。5.When he came back，I found a bunch of flowers in hand.(2016四川)解析由前面的When he came back可知，这束花是在“他的(his)”手里。6.We must find ways to protect environment.If we fail to do so，well live to regret it.(2015全国)解析依据前后句的语境及逻辑关系可知，your与上下文相悖，结合句意应当改为our/the才能使句意通顺。7.As I told you last time，I made three new friends here.but Im afraid Ill lose their friendship.What do you think I should do？If you were me，would you talk to ？(2015四川)解析根据上文可知，此处指作者交的三个新朋友，故用them。句意为：你会和他们谈吗？8.A woman saw him crying and told him to wait outside the shop.Five minutes later，Tony saw parents.(2015全国)解析根据句意及英语表达习惯，应当在parents前加上与主语Tony相一致的形容词性物主代词his。考向2替代词及不定代词.单句语法填空1.Running is cheap.If you are time poor，you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports，so perhaps we should all give it/running a try.(2018全国)解析此处号召我们都应该试试跑步。give sth.a try尝试一下某事。此处可填running，也可用it指代。2.However，the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months，more than 25,000 people were using it every day.(2017全国)解析use是及物动词，其后接宾语，此处很明显缺少代词。分析句意可知，此处用it指代上文提到的the railway。.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.The first time I went there，they were living in a small house with dogs，ducks，and animals.(2018全国)解析句意为：我第一次去那里时，他们住在一个小房子里，院子里有狗、鸭子和其他动物。根据句意及词法可知，此处表示“其他的”动物，故将another改成other。2.Mr and Mrs Zhang 或all work in our school.(2017全国)解析Mr and Mrs Zhang是两个人，故用both。因both在此作同位语，也可以去掉。all指的是三者或三者以上。3.Close to the school there was a beautiful park with many trees around .(2015浙江)解析由句意可知，此处代替前面的单数名词a beautiful park，故用it。4.I wanted to do special for him at his retirement party.(2015陕西)解析考查不定代词。something一般用在肯定句中，表示“一些事”；anything一般用在疑问句和否定句中，表示“任何事”。5.Its been three Saturdays now and it really costs me .(2015四川)解析根据句意可知，此处指的是花费很多钱，代指不可数名词，故用much而非many。.单句语法填空1.Its a tiring job.I have to work whenever there are dogs at home，and no time to enjoy myself(I).2.Jack and Tom are good friends and they are in the same class.3.When living overseas in a place where people speak a different language，it can be difficult to make yourself understood.4.The cost of renting a house in central Xian is higher than that in any other area of the city.5.Larry asks Bill and Peter to go on a picnic with him，but neither of them wants to，because they have work to do.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.Yesterday afternoon，I paid a visit to Mr Johnson.I was eager to see him，but outside room I stopped.2.Dad lost his job，and as Mom explained，“He was lucky to find one.”3.Mothers Day is coming.Im sorry that I am abroad and cant send flowers，so Im writing to you.4.It is such a great hotel that I would recommen