动物考古样品采集及实验室操作规范.doc

中华人民共和国文物保护行业标准The Peoples Republic of China Standards for the Protection of Cultural Relics 中华人民共和国国家文物局The Peoples Republic of China National Bureau of Cultural Relics发布XXXX-XX-XX实施?XXXX-XX-XX发布Issue动物考古标本采集及实验室操作规范Operational Standards for the collection and laboratory analysis of archaeological faunal remains（报批稿Draft）WW/T XXXXXXXXWWA16备案号Report Number：Table of ContentsIntroduction1Scope12Standard Reference Manuals13Technical Terminology and Definitions14Operational Standards for the Collection of Zooarchaeological Remains44.1 Recording Information for Collected Specimens54.2 Methods for Collecting Specimens54.3 Standards for Collecting Specimens54.4 动物标本分装5Laboratory Standards for Sorting Faunal Specimens65.1 Washing Specimens, Mending and Numbering65.2 Identification of Specimens75.3 Measurement of Specimens75.4 Weighing Specimens75.5 Observations of Surface Modifications85.6 Building a Database8 IntroductionThis protocol was put forward by the Peoples Republic of China National Bureau of Cultural Relics.It falls under the jurisdiction of the National Committee on Technology and Standards for the Protection of Cultural Relics (SAC/TC289).Responsible Institution: Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Institute of Archaeology。Main Authors of this Draft：袁靖 Yuan Jing、罗运兵 Luo Yunbing、李志鹏 Li Zhipeng、吕鹏 L Peng、杨梦菲 Yang Mengfei。Operational Standards for the Collection and Laboratory Sorting of Zooarchaeological Specimens1 ScopeThis protocol sets operational standards for the collection of zooarchaeological specimens in the field and for sorting in the laboratory.The standards apply to the complete process related to the collection of zooarchaeological specimens in the field and for sorting in the laboratory.2 Standard Reference ManualsThe following documents are cited in this protocol and are those to be used in the processes described. All future changes (including errors in content) or revised editions dont apply to this protocol, although if newer versions are available they should be used. A Guide to the Measurement of Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites by Angela von den Driesch, Ma Xiaolin, translated by Hou Yanfeng, Science Press, 2007, Beijing.3 Technical Terminology and Definitions The terminology and definitions below apply to their use in this protocol.3.1 Zooarchaeological specimens Specimens include shell, animal bones, and teeth excavated from archaeological sites and burials, as well as animal fur and skin that survive in special taphonomic contexts. 3.2 Complete CollectionIn this collection method, all faunal specimens that can be seen by the excavator during archaeological excavations should be collected by hand.3.3 Sampling CollectionIn this collection method, during archaeological excavation all or some excavated units should have their soil screened to collect faunal specimens.3.4 Collection of Complete SpecimensIn this collection method, during archaeological excavation of complete or partially complete zooarchaeological specimens, the faunal remains should be collected along with soil as a complete unit. 3.5Collection by ScreeningIn this collection method, excavated soil is screened to obtain faunal specimens. This includes dry screening and wet screening.3.6 Dry Screening In this collection method, excavated soil is directly sieved to obtain faunal specimens.3.7 Wet Screening In this collection method, excavated soil is put into a sieve and rinsed with water or is washed in a basket to obtain faunal specimens. 4 Standards for the Collection of Zooarchaeological Remains4.1 Recording Information for Collected Specimensa ) Basic recording information: the locus for the specimen, identification number, collection method, collector, and date should be recorded on a label.b ) Recording with text and images: well preserved faunal specimens should be photographed and drawn before collection. Where conditions permit, other potentially useful video recording can be used. Detailed written records should also be kept about particular taphonomic conditions, special marks, arrangement/posture, position, contextual relationships, accompanying artifacts, and related phenomena. If complete faunal specimens are to be left preserved on site and reburied, before reburial make sure that a zooarchaeologist first extracts all related research information.c ) The information recorded for specimens should be input into a computer in a timely manner.4.2 Methods for Collecting SpecimensThe method of collection for faunal specimens (complete collection, sampling collection, or collection of complete specimens) should be selected with consideration for the nature of the excavation and its specific conditions.4.3 Standards for Collecting Specimens4.3.1 Standards for Complete Collection Faunal specimens from every locus should be collected according to their context. When collecting, the contextual integrity of the faunal specimens should be maintained. Fragile specimens should be suitably reinforced and placed alone in a cloth bag. Fragments of the same specimen broken during the excavation should all be put into the same bag.4.3.2 Standards for Sampling Collection4.3.2.1 Collecting SoilSampling collection consists of soils gathered from contexts such as pits, houses, and related features. When taking soil from pits, first excavate half of the pit. Next, excavate the second half according to the stratigraphy of the profile.When collecting soil from house sites, collect total or partial soil samples from residential contexts and contexts related to the ancient peoples living activities. When collecting soil from shell midden sites, gullies, or other similar features, select a 25X25cm or 50X50cm area to keep as a sample column for comparison. After the results of the excavation, excavate within cultural layers in 5cm increments and divide the soil samples according to these groups (see figure 1).注：此图出自胶东半岛贝丘遗址环境考古，中国社会科学院考古研究所编著，社会科学文献出版社，1999年，北京。Note: Figure taken from Environmental Archaeology at Shell Midden Sites on the Jiaodong Peninsula, by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Institute of Archaeology, Social Science Document Publishers, 1999, Beijing. Figure 1: Example of the sample column excavation at a shell midden site.4.3.2.2 CollectionScreening should be used to collect specimen. This includes dry and wet sieving. Generally for sites with sandy soil use dry screening and for sites with sticky soil use wet screening. The specific method depends on the nature of the soil at the site. Many different sized mesh screens can be used to sieve, but the smallest must not be larger than 2mm.4.3.3 Standards for Collection of Complete Specimens Determine the volume of soil to be removed along with the faunal specimen. Dig a trough into the soil at least 50cm in front, in back, to the left, to the right, and below the faunal specimen. The width of the trough will depend on the work being done. Generally the bottom trench should be made first. After digging the trenches, insert a wooden plank on one side of the block of soil in which the faunal specimen is housed. The thickness of each plank generally should not exceed 10cm and the width should not exceed 50cm. The length depends on the volume and size of the block of soil. Use nails to connect blocks of wood together as needed. The wood planks in front, to the left, and to the right of the faunal specimen should extend at least 20cm higher than the specimen and soil surface. After putting the wood planks on all 5 sides, use at least 3mm diameter wire to tie all of the blocks together to create a “#” shape. Finally extract the animal specimen and block of soil together as a complete unit. 4.4 Bagging Faunal Specimensa) Every faunal specimen should be put into its own sealed bag as appropriate.b) Fragile faunal specimens can be put into containers filled with cotton, foam plastics, shredded paper etc.c) Faunal specimens should be labeled in two ways. Labels should be put inside of each bag and also written on the outside of the same bag.5 Laboratory Standards for Sorting Faunal Specimens5.1 Washing Specimens, Mending and Numbering5.1.1 WashingPut the faunal specimens in water and use a soft-hair brush to wash the surface.For faunal specimens with calcification on the surface, special handling should be carried out under the instruction of an expert. 5.1.2 MendingAfter washing the specimens, broken specimens should be mended. In the process of mending, be careful not to confuse different loci. Bones with modern breaks due to excavation should be glued back together. Ancient breaks should not be glued back together. 5.1.3 Laboratory Identification NumbersAccording to the standards of numbering used in field archaeology, every specimen that can be identified to species or skeletal part should be given a laboratory identification number. 5.2 Identification of Specimens5.2.1 Species, Element and Skeletal PartThe identification of taxon, skeletal element and skeletal part for faunal specimens should be made with reference to comparative collections and atlases. a ) Comparative collections include the following two types:1) Using modern shell, fish, reptile, bird, and mammal comparative specimens. 2) Using archaeological specimens that already have the taxon and skeletal part identified as comparative specimens.b）Reference atlases should be official publications with reputable authors, titles, publishing locations, publishers, and dates of publishing.5.2.2 AgingFor mammals, age can be determined according to the tooth eruption patterns and the level of wear on lower teeth, the sutures in the skull, and the state of epiphyseal fusion of long bones.The basis for the types of identifications listed above should be clearly indicated.5.2.3 SexingSex can be determined according to the canine teeth in pigs, the morphology of the pelvis in equids, large bovids, and medium bovids, the presence or absence of antlers in cervids, and the presence or absence of the protrusion on the tarsometatarsus in chickens and pheasants.5.2.4 Fragmentary BoneFor bone fragments that are hard to identify to taxon and skeletal part, the fragments can be divided into groups and weighed as long as the method of division is clearly indicated.5.2.5 Bone and Antler ToolsFor tools made of bone, antler, shell, and teeth, the taxon, element, and skeletal part should be identified and the raw materials and processing marks should be studied. 5.3 Measurement of Specimens5.3.1 Measuring ShellFor bivalves, measure the length and height according to taxon. For gastropods, measure the height and width according to taxon.5.3.2 Measuring the Bones of Fish, Reptiles, Birds, and MammalsBird and mammal skulls, mandibles, teeth, and limb bones should be measured according to A Guide to the Measurement of Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites. If using other measurement methods, they should be thoroughly described.If using official published methods for the measurement of fish and reptile bones, be sure to use proper citations, indicating the author, title, publishing house, publisher, and date of publication.5.4 Weighing SpecimensEvery specimen that is identified to taxon or skeletal part should be individually weighed. Fragmentary bone can be weighed according to excavation locus.5.5 Observations of Surface Modifications5.5.1 PathologiesPathologies visible on animal bones including changes in bone morphology, unusual growths, and wounds should have detailed notes and images recorded.5.5.2 Human ModificationsThe main types of human modifications made to bones include the following:a）Butchery marks: chopping marks, pounding marks, and cutting marks.b）Food processing marks: burn marks and roasting marks.c）Marks related to the production of tools made from bone, antler