《英语专题复习分词》PPT课件.ppt

名词,专有名词(Proper Nouns),普通名词 (Common Nouns),个体名词(Individual Nouns),集体名词(Collective Nouns),物质名词(Material Nouns),抽象名词(Abstract Nouns),不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns),可数名词(Countable Nouns),Proper Nouns: 指人名、地名及某些人和事物专有的名称,Eg:Diana; Beijing; Americans;English; May; New Years Day,注意：专有名词的第一个字母要大写,Common Nouns： 专有名词以外的名词都是普通名词,1。Individual Nouns: 指作为个体而存在的人或东西。,可以指具体的人或物。Eg: aunts; a panda; apartments,也可指抽象东西。Eg: a year; fairy tales; a dream,2. Collective Nouns: 表示由个体组成的集体。,Eg: army; audience; crew; family; team; police; government; public,集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看。一般来说，视为整体时作单数看，突出它的成员时作复数看。,Eg: His family isnt large.,Cf: His family are all music lovers.,在不少情况下，集体名词后单复数动词都可以用，没什么差别。,Eg: The audience was (were) excited by the show.,有少数集体名词通常用作单数。,Eg: The gang is being hunted by the police.,Our company is sending him to work in Berlin.,个别集体名词则多作复数看待。,Eg: The police are looking for him.,3. Material Nouns: 指无法分为个体的东西。,Eg: beer; cake; cloth; cotton; detergent; fur; ice; paint; paper; soil,一般来说，物质名词是不可数的，因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况：,1)有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一份”、“一杯”、“一种”,Eg: Two strong black coffees, please. ( 两份）,Three beers, please. (三杯）,It was a special tea. (一种）,2)个别物质名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义。,Eg: rains （雨季）snows (积雪）waters(海域) （see note paper),4.Abstract Nouns: 表示一些抽象的概念。,Eg: education; love; policy; trust; nature; fashion; relief; silence; truth,etc.,多数情况下，这种名词常用于单数形式，不加任何冠词。,Eg: Hes learning French for fun.,I wish you good luck.,有时也可以加冠词。,He works hard for the welfare of the poor.,After a brief peace, war broke out again.,有些名词可以兼作可数名词和不可数名词。,glass ( 玻璃 ) copper ( 铜 ) tin ( 锡 ) paper ( 纸 ) iron (铁 ) wood ( 木头 ) gold (金子 ) youth (青春 ) power ( 力量 ) beauty ( 美 ) pleasure( 愉快 ) relation(关系）,a glass ( 玻璃杯 ) a copper ( 铜币板 ) a tin ( 罐头，听头 ) a paper ( 报纸，证件，论文 ) an iron (熨斗 ) a wood ( 树林 ) a gold (金牌 ) a youth (年青人 ) a power ( 大国 ) a beauty ( 美人，美的东西 ) a pleasure( 使人感到愉快的事 ) a relation(亲戚）,英语中有许多对词，一个可数，一个不可数。,a poem(一首诗 ) a machine(一台机器 ) a job(一件工作 ) a laugh(一个笑声 ) a permit(许可证 ) a garment (一件衣裳 ) a bag(case) (一件行李 ) a loaf (一只面包 ) a hair(一根头发 ),poetry(诗歌总称 ) machinery(机器总称 ) work(工作 ) laughter(笑声 ) permission(允许 ) clothing(衣裳总称 ) luggage, baggage(行李 ) bread(面包 ) hair( 头发),名词复数,情况,加法,例词,一般情况,以s,x,ch,sh,结尾的词,以辅音y结尾的词,以辅音+o 结尾的词,以f或fe结尾的词,加-s,加-es,去y加-ies,多数加-es,把f/fe改成ves,Brothers;schools,Buses;watches;dishes*1,Ladies;countries;*2,Heroes; tomatoes*3,Halves; leaves;*4,Notes:,*1:stomach,stomachs,*2:以元音+y或以专有名词+y结尾的名词，直接在词尾加-s. Eg:boys; toys; Germanys; Henrys,*3: 以元音+o eg: videos; studios 以oo结尾 eg: zoos; bamboos;kangaroos 一些外来词(特别是音乐方面的词)eg:pianos 一些缩写词 eg: kilos; photos; memos 一些专有名词 eg: Eskimos; Filipinos,直接在词尾加-s.,*4:以f/fe结尾只加-s的词： proofs;gulfs; cliffs; roofs;serfs; beliefs;chiefs,不规则复数：,1.man,men,Eg: woman women; chairman-chairmen,2.oo,ee,Eg:foot-feet; tooth-teeth; goose-geese,3.+en,Eg:child-children; ox-oxen,4.ouse,ice,Eg: mouse-mice; louse-lice（虱子）,有些外来词的不规则复数形式：,Eg: analysis-analyses; basis-bases; thesis-theses; crisis-crises,criterion-criteria; phenomenon-phenomena; medium-media,单复数相同的情况：,sheep; deer; means; fish; works; species; Chinese;Japanese 以及由汉语音译表示度量衡、货币等单位的名词。 Eg: yuan,jiao,fen, jin, mu,复合名词的复数形式：,1.词末+-s eg:film-goers ; forget-me-nots 2.主体名词变为复数形式：lookers-on; editors-in-chief;sons-in-law 3.两个组成部分皆变为复数：women doctors; men cooks* 这种形式的第一个名词必须是man或woman,名词所有格(The Possessive Case of Nouns),some patterns:,Ill take the risk for friendships sake. She was at her wits end. Now they could sing at their hearts content. We should get the children out of harms way. We had best keep them at arms length. For goodness sake,stop arguing. Jane got the moneys worth out of the coat.,(为了友谊）,（黔驴技穷）,（尽情地）,（不受损害）,（保持距离）,（看在上帝的份上）,（很合算）,主谓一致,。语法形式上的一致（主单谓单；主复谓复）,。意义上的一致（主语形单意复，谓语用复数。Eg:people;police) （主语形复意单，谓语用单数。Eg: news;economics),3.就近原则： eitheror; neithernor; not onlybut also,4. 单复数视情况而定。 ）集体名词作主语：强调整体，用单数；强调个体，用复数,）单复数同形名词作主语，按意义一致原则。Eg:means,species,）中心词是all, most, half, rest时，按意义一致原则。即主语单数意义，谓语用单数；主语复数意义，谓语用复数。,）主语是and连接两个名词时，指一样东西，谓语单数；指两样东西，谓语复数。Eg: A knife and fork is on the table.,5)代词作主语，取决于它代替的是单数还是复数。意义一致原则。Eg: ours, yours; such, the same; who, that, which; any, either, neither,(单独作主语，谓语单数） none, all, some, more,）分数，量词，half of, part of 作主语，于中心词保持一致。,）what 引导的主语从句。通常用单数；所指的具体内容为复数时，谓语用复数。,）主谓倒装，谓语与其后主语一致。,。 谓语用单数的情况。,）名词所有格之后的名词被省略。（指商店，工场，住宅等）作主语。Eg: The doctors, my uncles, the bakers,2) 中心词是时间、距离、金额、度量、书名等复数名词。Eg: three years; The selected poems of Li Bai;,3) each, every, no 所修饰名词，即使以and 或逗号连接。 Eg: each boy and each girl ; every man and woman,4) 主语有more than one; many a,5) a kind of; a pair of; a series of,6) This kind of,7) The number of,8) A great deal of; a large amount of +un,9) One and a half +可数名词复数 eg: One and a half bananas is left on the table.,10) The departed (死者）意义上指个体,11) the only one of +可数名词复数定语从句。从句中的谓语用单数。,。谓语用复数的情况。,）police,;people;cattle; militia(民兵）作主语。,）有两个部分构成的名词。（表示衣物或工具）eg: glasses; chopsticks,3)these kind of men（口语); men of this kind 作主语,） bothand. 修饰主语,5) A number of; large quantities of; large amounts of修饰主语,） the+ 形容词作主语，一般情况下,） one of the+可数名词复数定语从句，从句中谓语动词用复数。,Assignment:,1. Try to learn these words by heart: (通常用于复数形式的词）,scissors剪刀; pants裤子; contents目录 compasses两脚规; cords灯心絨裤; arms武器 earphones耳机; pyjamas睡衣裤; ashes灰烬 scal