二外习得UNIT3SLA.ppt

Unit 3 Contrastive Analysis,CA: the comparison of the linguistic systems of two languages, eg. the sound system or the grammatical system. It was developed and practiced in the 1950s and 1960s, as an application of structual linguistics to language teaching.,Language Typology,Isolating Language (analytic language): a language in which word forms do not change, and in which grammatical functions are shown by word order and the use of function words. Language which are highly isolated include Chinese and Vietnamese. Synthetic Languages Inflecting Language( also fusional language): a language in which the form of a word changes to show a change in meaning or grammatical function. Agglutinating language: a language in which various affixes may be added to the stem of a word to add to its meaning or to show its grammatical function.,It is based on the following:,the main difficulties in learning a new language are caused by interference from the first language these difficulties can be predicted by ca teaching materials can make use of CA to reduce effects of interference.,Language Transfer,the effect of one language on the learning of another. Negative transfer(interference) is the use of a native language pattern or rule which leads to an ERROR or inappropriate form in the Target Language. Positive transfer is transfer which makes learning easier, and may occur when both the native language and the target language have the same form.,Procedures by CA,description selection comparison prediction,The comparison might reveal:,No difference between a feature of L1 and L2 Convergent phenomena An item in the L1 is absent in the target language An item in L1 has a different distribution from the equivalent item in the target language No similarity between L1 feature and that of L2 Divergent phenomena.,1. He went to Beijing. He will go to Beijing. 2. 他去了北京。 他昨天去了北京。 他刚去了北京。 他明天去了北京再说。,3. 他结了婚。 他结过婚。 他结了婚了。 他结过婚了。,4. 那时候他们过了牛马不如的生活。 5. 她昨天不高兴了。,6. Forget what is behind, and I struggle for what is ahead. 7. 前天 后天 上个月 下个月,8. 喜欢苹果吗？ 很喜欢。 English :,9,National economy is being further regulated. 国民经济正在进一步调整。 国民经济正在进一步被调整。 相关部门正在进一步调整国民经济。,10,I am fine, and you? 我很好，,11,This book was written by my father. 这本书比我父亲写了。 这本书是我父亲写的。,12,他是昨天来的。 It was yesterday that he came. 他是昨天来的那个人。 He is the man that came yesterday.,13,他说汉语说得很好。 他汉语说得很好。 他的汉语说得很好。,Aspects of Language,1. words 2. syntax 3. discourse,Words,high/高 high mountain/高山；high speed/高速 tall building/高楼；tall glass/高脚杯 tall person-高人？,old/老,旧 How are you? How old are you? old professor: 老教授 old chair: 旧椅子 新生- 新手- 新人-,快来看这栋老房子，很漂亮呢。 旧房子有什么好看的。,Syntax,中国广东省广州市广园东路377号,汗流浃背 玩物丧志 他跳在马背上。 我每天坐班车去学校。 我们今天玩得很愉快。,He opened the bottle and poured himself a glass of wine. He poured himself a glass of wine and opened the bottle. *,He came to BJ from the US via Japan by plane last month. He came from the US to BJ via Japan by plane last month. He came by plane from the US via Japan to BJ last month. He came last month from the US via Japan by plane to BJ. He came via Japan to BJ from the US by plane last month. 他上个月从美国坐飞机经过日本来到了北京。,I write with a pen. 我用笔写字。,Discourse,I am painting my living room blue. 我有一本朋友送的英汉词典。,It was yesterday that he came./ 他是昨天来的。 It was in the shop that I met her./我是在店里遇见她的。 It is very beautiful that she is./ 她是很漂亮的。 It is very quickly that she writes. /她写字是很快的。 It was driven home that I did. / 我是开车回家的。,this/that,这是我的，那才是你的。 This one is mine; that one is yours. 隔壁住了对夫妇。那对夫妇并不是很友善。 隔壁住了对夫妇。这对夫妇人可好得很，今天还请我过去坐呢。 A couple live next door, and that couple are not very friendly.,Development,CA was more successful in phonology than in other areas of language, and declined in 1970s as interference was replaced by other explanations of learning difficulties.,Assignment 1,Read the ariticle: Why Chinese is so damn hard?,Error Analysis,the study and analysis of the errors made by second language learners. In order to: a. to identify strategies which learner use in language learning b. try to identify the causes of learner errors c. obtain information on common difficulties in language learning, as an aid to teaching or in the preparation of teaching materials.,Procedure of EA,a corpus of language is selected the errors in the corpus are identified and classified the errors are explained the errors are evaluated,Two Major Error Types,interlingual: an error which results from Language Transfer, which is caused by the learners native language. intralingual: one which results from faculty or partial learning of the Target Language, rather than from language transfer. It may be caused by the influence of one target language item upon another.,Mistakes and Errors,Error: the use of a linguistic item in a way which a fluent or native speaker of the language regards as showing faulty or incomplete learning. Mistake: made by a learner when writing or speaking and which is caused by lack of attention, fatigue, carelessness, or some other aspect of performance.,1. 我们美国人开玩笑这样的人. 2. 陶岚是大方和活泼. 3. 明天我要请她跳舞一次. 4. 他们父子俩在驴上骑. 5. 她没有照相了. 6. 家庭成员用彩灯把圣诞树装饰。,Other Errors,1. context of learning 2. communication strategies avoidance prefabricated patterns cognitve and personalities appeal to authority language switch 3. cultural transfer,Interlanguage,the type of language produced by second and foreign language learners who are in the process of learning a language. (Selinker, 1972) In language learning, learners errors are caused by several different processes. These include: a. borrowing patterns from the mother tongue b. extending patterns from the target language ( by analogy, “overgenralization“) c. expressing meanings using the words and grammar which are already know( communication strategy) Since the language which the learner produces using these processes differs from both the native langauge and the target language, it is called interlanguage or approximative system.,Basic Ideas,at any given time the approximative system is distinct from the L1 and L2. the approximative systems form an evolving ser