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JX14-116】CQ610复点机夹钞机构设计CAD+论文
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哈尔滨理工大学学士学位论文CQ610复点机夹钞机构设计摘要CQ610型钞票计数机是快速清点纸币的精密机具,主要用于复点。最适合银行及商业部门清点钞票,也可以清点类似纸币的证券和纸张的数量。夹钞机构的功能是将装入的钞票送至计数位置,夹住钞票使其在计数过程中保持整齐不松散。本文主要对复点机的国内外发展现状进行了论述,对复点机夹钞机构进行了总体设计,并且对给夹钞机构提供动力的夹钞电机进行了设计,对夹钞机构中最重要的夹钞轴进行了材料选择,最小直径估算,并对夹钞轴的各轴段的长度及直径进行了计算,对强度、刚度进行了设计分析和计算,使夹钞轴在结构上更合理,并降低了材料和能源消耗,提高了生产率。设计中主要使用了CAD软件进行工程制图,并最终用SolidWorks Professional绘制了连杆的组成、夹钞板的组成及各零件的三维图,最后组成了夹钞机构的三维图。关键词复点机;夹钞机构;夹钞轴;三维结构设计Design of CQ610 Bank-note Counting Machine Clip Note MechanismAbstractCQ610 money counting machine is one type of rapid counting notes precision machinery, mainly used for complex points.The most suitable bank and the commercial sector counting money, also can be counted number of similar paper stock and paper.Clip is the function of such institutions will load the money to send to count position, hold the money in the process of counting neat and not loose. This article mainly discusses the development of complex point machine on, the complex point machine printing mechanism has carried on the overall design, and to give money institutions powered clip to printing machine has carried on the design, printing to the clamp body clip money the most important thing in shaft has carried on the selection of materials, and money to the clamp shaft structure, strength and stiffness has carried on the analysis and calculation of the design, make the clip chao axis on the structure more reasonable, and reduce the material and energy consumption, improve the productivity.Mainly used in the design of the CAD software for engineering drawings, and eventually use SolidWorks drawing the composition of the connecting rod, clip the composition and the various components of the three-dimensional printing plate figure, finally formed a three-dimensional figure of such institutions.Keywords Bank-note counting machine ;Clip note mechanism; Clip note shaft ;Three-dimension Design不要删除行尾的分节符,此行不会被打印- II -目录摘要IAbstractII第1章 绪论11.1 课题研究的意义11.2 国内外复点机夹钞机构研究状况11.2.1 国外研究现状11.2.2 国内研究现状11.3 复点机的特点21.4 本文研究的主要内容3第2章 夹钞机构总体设计42.1 复点机夹钞机构总体设计的基本要求42.2 夹钞机构的方案设计52.2.1 总体结构布局原则52.2.2 夹钞电机组的设计62.2.3 数钞机构简介72.2.4 方案选择82.3 总体结构及工作原理9第3章 夹钞轴结构设计113.1 夹钞轴的分类及材料选择113.2 夹钞轴的最小直径估算113.3 夹钞轴的结构设计123.3.1 各轴段直径的确定123.3.2 各段轴的长度确定123.3.3 细部结构设计123.4 夹钞轴的校核123.4.1 轴上作用力分析123.4.2 计算轴上的作用力133.4.3 计算支反力143.4.4 绘转矩,弯矩图143.4.5 弯扭合成强度校核153.5 键的选择与校核153.6 滚动轴承的选择与校核163.6.1 滚动轴承的选择163.6.2 滚动轴承的校核163.7 润滑的设计17第4章 夹钞机构三维结构设计184.1 夹钞机构零件三维图184.1.1 连杆的组成184.1.2 夹钞板组成194.1.3 各零件三维图214.2 零件的装配234.3 装配体的操作244.4 夹钞机构的三维组成254.5 夹钞机构控制原理26结论28致谢29参考文献30附录I32附录II42- 47 -第1章 绪论1.1 课题研究的意义目前市场上点钞机的夹钞机构多数通过摩擦来通过纸币,速度及精度均略有欠缺,而本文设计的复点机是通过气泵产生的气压差吸入纸币,点钞速度非常快,对夹钞机构的损耗也很低,对于提高产品性能,缩短开发周期,提升产品的创新和竞争能力,具有十分重要的意义。1.2 国内外复点机夹钞机构研究状况1.2.1 国外研究现状国外对复点机等金融机具的研究工作十分重视,研究机构较多,为了提高夹钞稳定性,提高工作效率,改进结构是最好方式,因此国外复点机夹钞机构的设计相比国内要复杂,国外就夹钞机构的设计主要有二种类型,一种是集中模式,由中央制造设计研究院进行金融行业的技术归口管理,负责全行业的规划编制、新产品设计、标准化、系列化、通用化、产品与新工艺的试验研究等各项工作,另一种是以本公司的产品和发展为对象进行开发研究。这些机构着重于点钞机的设计与基础理论、新材料、新工艺、产品性能、可靠性及标准化的研究工作。在重视技术上的交流和学术活动的同时,也十分注意课题与机构的保密性。研究机构具有为提高产品质量和性能的试验检测装置,并采用先进的测试手段,设计采用有限元分析法和计算机辅助设计等。目前国外点钞机夹钞机构的科研特点,概括起来说有如下几项:试验研究与新产品开发密切结合;内部研究课题与引进国外技术密切结合;重视高新技术的应用研究,重视高参数和特殊工况的试验研究,重视基础理论的研究工作,重视现场试验与改进工作在强度计算与优化设计方面,国外学者做了大量的工作。1.2.2 国内研究现状自我国研制生产出第一台鉴伪点钞机以来,经过十几年的风雨历程,我国的点钞机行业取得了迅猛发展。产品由最初单一的人民币伪钞鉴别仪发展目前可以的美元、欧元、韩元、越南币等币种鉴伪点钞机,且很多企业的产品打入欧、美、中东、东南亚等40多个国家和地区,涌现了多个在国内外具有一定知名度的点钞机品牌,如古鳌、中钞信达等,这些产品得到各大银行和普通消费者的普遍认可和接受。然而,近年来由于市场竞争日趋激烈,一些点钞机企业采取了以降低产品质量为代价的低价营销竞争手段,导致点钞机市场的无序恶性竞争局面愈演愈烈,低质低价点钞机充斥市场,严重影响了行业的正常经营秩序。与四大银行中标点钞机相比,这类低价点钞机的电子元件、各种传感器、大电机、变压器以及机械五金件等主要原材料的性能、质量和价格均存在相当大的差别,价格相差最大可达五倍。因此,这类点钞机很自然地在防伪效果、稳定性、温升、机器寿命等性能指标上大打折扣。由于普通消费者对这类点钞机存在的问题认识不足,全凭价格因素选择了它,使它占据了目前国内市场很大的一部分份额,同时也给一些大的品牌点钞机厂家及其高质高价点钞机造成极大的冲击,迫使这些厂家不得不效仿推出低价点钞机参与竞争。由于价格越来越低,利润越来越小,造成大多数的点钞机厂家不愿意投资开发新的技术,也造成目前点钞机技术落后于假币升级的速度,这对整个点钞机行业的发展极为不利。以上是目前我国点钞机行业存在的主要问题。 要改变这一无序竞争的局面,各个厂家必须加强行业自律意识,规范市场竞争行为,产品质量必须完全符合国家相关标准的要求。希望质量监督管理部门结合点钞机工业产品生产许可证的核发和年审的工作,严把行业准入关,取消不符合相关要求厂家的生产资格。同时加强对市场上点钞机产品质量的监督检查,对不合格产品的生产厂家采取严厉的处罚措施,杜绝不合格产品流入市场,在保护消费者切身利益的同时也保护了守法经营的生产厂家的合法权益。这几年来,点钞机在技术上还是运用前几年研发成功的技术,在鉴伪技术上没有太大的突破,加之低质低价点钞机对市场的冲击,也造成大多数的点钞机厂家不愿意加大投入开发新的技术和传感器,大家都不愿冒太大的风险,也造成这几年在变造币和带磁性假币的鉴伪技术上没有太大的突破。并不是说假币进步得快,而是点钞机在原地踏步。其实在变造币的研究上,不是所有的点钞机厂家都停止了研究,只要我们做出不懈的努力,就一定可以在技术上有所突破。点钞机未来的发展趋势是:在短期内,国内点钞机市场群雄并起的局面仍然存在,但真正有实力的厂家,必将会通过自身的技术创新,研发生产出鉴伪能力更强、性能更稳定、寿命更长、款式更新、价格适宜的高端点钞机产品。随着消费者的成熟必将引起其消费观念的变化,物有所值的名牌高品质产品也必将赢得消费者青睐。该复点机多销售于国内的各大中小银行,因为点钞速度较普通点钞机提升很多,可以大量点钞,故多用于银行库房内。1.3 复点机的特点CQ600型钞票计数机是快速清点纸币的精密机具,主要用于复点。最适合银行及商业部门清点钞票,也可以清点类似纸币的证券和纸张的数量。使用该机可以显著提高工作效率、减轻劳动强度、改善工作环境、提高工作质量。该机设有多种动作模式可满足用户的多种点算要求。除了清点、复点、分批,还可选分批累加、复点累加、自由累加模式等,另外还可选配光检伪功能、印章功能及外部显示功能。该机采用小型真空泵,运转平稳、噪声低,同时采用电子定位、气压计数及大屏幕液晶显示屏等新技术。整机造型美观、新颖。此复点机所拥有的特点为:速度快:计数速度100张/4s。不用拆把:可在不拆捆扎纸带的情况下点钞。操作简单:钞票放入票夹后自动开始点钞,点完后自动复位。防尘:具有防尘自动门及内部吸尘装置,可有效地保持清洁的工作环境。提示:当核实钞票数有误时,机器指示灯闪亮并伴有蜂鸣器示警,票夹不打开。高度可靠性:该机采用单片机控制电路及先进的机电一体化技术,具有高度可靠性。1.4 本文研究的主要内容本文主要对复点机中的重要组成机构夹钞机构的结构进行了总体设计,对夹钞板,支撑柱,挡柱,垫板,座板等部件进行了结构设计及材料选择,并对其中重要的部件夹钞板,座板的结构、强度、刚度进行了设计分析和计算,使夹钞板和座板在结构上更合理,并降低了材料和能源消耗,提高了生产率。设计中主要使用了CAD软件进行工程制图,并最终用SolidWorks软件进行夹钞机构的演示。第2章 夹钞机构总体设计2.1 复点机夹钞机构总体设计的基本要求纸币复点机是一种带传动和齿轮传动相结合的精密机电一体化设备,一般由原动机、传动装置、工作机和控制装置组成,他可以极大的提高生产效率,将人们从繁琐的劳动中解脱出来。新的纸币复点机从着手设计到产品定型,要经过反复的论证,而前期的方案设计、理论计算是保证产品可靠运行的根本。图2-1为立式纸币复点机样机。图2-1 立式纸币复点机CQ610复点机特点:速度快,不用拆把,操作简单,防尘,高度可靠性。纸币复点机应遵循的技术指标如下(1) 回转体转速:复点机要求在4秒内完成100张纸币的复点工作所以回转体的转速必须满足5r/s。因为回转体上安装了5个吸钞头每转一周可数5张纸币,100张需要转20周,也就需要满足4秒内转20周,故回转体要达到5r/s。(2) 吸钞头的位置确定:纸币放入复点机内部之后被夹钞机构夹紧,为完成复点动作,需要5个吸钞头到达夹钞机构同一特定位置时吸钞头的方向是一致的,也是固定的,这样一来才可以完成吸钞头的吸钞动作。这样就需要在内啮合(3) 小齿轮的特定位置做出标记,以保证安装时的精度。(4) 工作空间:因为复点机的体积有限,要满足150张纸币的空间上限。为方便用户应尽可能地把它的体积做小,所以鉴于体积的局限,应在满足技术要求的前提下,尽可能的使其结构设计紧凑。(5) 试用纸张尺寸:宽45-100mm,长100-240mm。(6) 具体结构设计尺寸详见零件图及装配图2.2 夹钞机构的方案设计2.2.1 总体结构布局原则夹钞机构的总体布局设计是指按技术要求决定夹钞机构所需的运动,确定夹钞机构的组成部件,以及各个部件的相对运动和位置关系。同时也要确定夹钞机构在纸币复点机中的位置。合理的总体布局的基本要求是:(1)保证回转体、吸钞头和夹钞机构的特定位置关系。(2)便于操作、调整、维修,便于输送、装卸。(3)经济、效果好,节省材料,减少复点机的占地面积等。(4)造型美观。图2-2为夹钞机构实体。图2-2夹钞机构2.2.2 夹钞电机组的设计夹钞电机组的主要功能是驱动夹钞机构。夹钞电机的三维设计图如图2-3所示图2-3夹钞电机三维图 夹钞电机组由电机、减速器、定位凸轮(图2-4)、拉杆小轴和定位开关等组成。图2-4凸轮电机经过减速器变速后,出轴转速为60转/分,上面套装着凸轮固定座紧定螺钉必须顶在轴扁上,在紧定螺钉后面加装有防松动螺钉,凸轮机拉杆小轴固定在凸轮座上,凸轮的正确位置要在调机时校准,定位开关必须达到在凸轮高区开关常闭接点接通,在凸轮低区常开接点接通。夹钞机构的运动依靠夹钞电机来提供动力,通过电机带动夹钞机构。2.2.3 数钞机构简介数钞机构的总体布局设计是指按技术要求决定数钞机构所需的运动,确定数钞机构的组成部件,以及各个部件的相对运动和位置关系。同时也要确定数钞机构在纸币复点机中的位置。图2-5为数钞机构实体:图2-5数钞机构数钞头主要由五个吸钞头、回转体、感应块、主轴、行星轮、内齿轮、支架等组成。计数头的运动主要依靠微型电机来为回转体提供动力,通过电机带动回转体,逆时针转动时,装在回转体上的五个吸钞头也是逆时针公转的,每个吸钞杆下面都装有小齿轮,由于小齿轮与内齿轮的啮合使得吸钞头又产生了一个顺时针的自转运动。公转使得每个吸钞头依次进入工作位置,而自转的作用是将纸币掀翻过去,从而达到计数的效果。这样一来电机与回转体的动力传动方案就有了两种不同的方案,一种是齿轮传动,另一种就是皮带传动,下面对两种传动方案进行简单比较分析。 1齿轮传动 电机与小齿轮固定,回转体与一大齿轮固定,设计机构使得小齿轮与大齿轮做外啮合。但在实际应用中,回转体转速极快,如运动卡阻极易发生危险,而且增加了产品的生产成本,齿轮传动精度高不便于配合其他机构的安装和运行,导致工作效率下降,且不利于工件的吊装和加工。齿轮传动噪声大影响工作环境。2V形带传动 电机与小带轮固定,回转体与大带轮固定,选取V形带使得小带轮与大带轮传动。带传动可以满足回转体的高速转动,但遇到卡阻时带传动可以打滑不会发生危险,加工方便,成本低,带传动无需润滑,维护简单,无啮合噪声。带传动方案如图2-6所示。 图2-6 带传动方案该方案由于在满足技术要求的基础上,降低了放生危险的可能性增加了它的可靠性,同时降低了生产精度减少了生产成本,而且带传动无需润滑、操作简单,无啮合噪声。数钞机构的总体设计机构包含了内齿轮、行星轮、回转体、中轴和吸引头等主要零件。这一机构的主要目的是为了通过真空压来掀翻纸币,使得纸币接近开关产生计数信号。吸钞头的运动是靠计数电机通过带传动,当计数电机带动回转体逆时针转动时,装在回转体上的五个吸钞头也逆时针公转,每个吸钞杆下面都装有小齿轮,由于小齿轮与内齿轮的啮合使吸钞头又产生了一个顺时针的自传运动。公转使每个吸钞头依次进入工作位置,而自转的作用是要保证每个吸钞头吸起一张纸币后拨转过去。数钞头各个转动部分的配合非常严密,滚动轴承全部为双密封型,为了保证气路的密封性,轴与孔的配合间隙很小。在正常工作时回转体与吸钞头的转动都十分灵活。但是,由于使用时间很长以后可能有灰进入轴孔,这样可能会出现研住现象,也就是其中的某个轴旋转不灵活或干脆转不动,这时应卸下数钞头对其进行灰尘清理。2.2.4 方案选择齿轮传动和V型带传动方案的选择:1、满足预定的功能要求。纸币复点机因处理的对象为纸币,质量较小,所以需要传动输出功率较小;因定位为高速清分,且本身体积不大,结构紧凑,所以转动速度相对较高。带传动完全满足以上两点要求。2、经济性要求。因转速较高,如使用齿轮传动,则应选择高精齿轮,不但增加材料成本,也提高了安装精度要求,降低了安装效率,提高生产成本。而带传动则可以规避以上问题,有效降低成本,提高经济性。3、安全性要求。纸币复点机在工作时高速运转,运行易造成粘连、卡阻。一旦发生卡阻,因带传动可以打滑,在被动情况下对电机及其他传动机构进行保护,防止电机因过热造成烧毁、短路现象。4、可靠性要求。简单的讲,可靠性就是机器在使用中性能的稳定性,是机器的一个重要的质量指标。可靠性水平高,说明机器在使用过程中发生的故障概率小,能正常工作的时间长。用齿轮传动,因转速较高,容易出现啮合不准,容易磨损等问题,而带传动则不会。5、操作使用方便的要求。机器的工作和人的操作密切相关。在设计机器时必须注意操作要轻便省力;操作机构要适应人的生理条件;机器的噪声要小;有害介质的泄漏要少等。与齿轮传动相比,带传动有无需润滑,维护简单,无啮合噪声的优点。带传动具有结构简单、传动平稳、能缓冲吸振、可以在大的轴间距和多轴间传递动力,且其造价低廉、不需润滑、维护容易等特点,在近代机械传动中应用十分广泛。摩擦型带传动能过载打滑、运转噪声低,但传动比不准确(滑动率在2%以下);同步带传动可保证传动同步,但对载荷变动的吸收能力稍差,高速运转有噪声。 所以电机与回转体的传动选择V形带传动。2.3 总体结构及工作原理夹钞机构的总体设计机构如图2-7所示,它包含了夹钞板、夹钞杆、缓冲摆臂、拉杆、座板、轴座、扭簧和定位调节支柱等组成。夹钞机构功能是将装入的钞票送至计数位置,夹住钞票使其在计数过程中保持齐整不松散。图2-7夹钞机构组成缓冲摆臂与夹钞板都是用螺钉将其固定在转轴上的,夹钞杆固定在夹钞摆臂上,摆臂套装在转轴上,在扭簧的作用下使夹钞杆压紧在夹钞板上,其初始位置可通过调节钉调节。拆卸重装时要注意:缓冲摆臂紧定螺钉必须顶在轴的扁平面上。固定夹钞板时,必须使机构处于票夹合拢状态时,将夹钞板靠紧吸钞头,然后紧住螺丝,否则不能夹紧钞票。复点机的基本工作原理:工作原理如图2-8。把纸币放入夹钞机构后,纸币触动启动开关,通过微处理器自行清除计数器,并下达指令使得真空泵电机与夹钞机构电机开始动作,夹钞机构电机带动凸轮,凸轮驱动连杆,使得夹钞机构夹紧,这是纸币被压在吸钞头上,堵住了吸钞头上的小孔,使真空压系统从开放状态变为封闭状态。此时管路中的负压急剧上升,当装在管路中的压力开关,测得压力达到设定值时开关接通,便把信号送到微处理器,使其下达命令,使数钞头电机开始运转,将纸币一一吸引过去,吸钞头座外侧设置了五个计数感应块,一一对应每个吸钞头。计数感应块随吸引头旋转,没经过接近开关一次,就感应出一个脉冲信号,此信号经处理后送入微处理器,作为计数依据,经处理后在计数显示屏上显示出来。1运转电机 2真空管路 3接近开关 4计数电机 5皮带 6数钞头7票夹 8驱动连杆 9凸轮 10行路开关 11票夹电机12气压开关 13真空泵图2-8 复点机工作原理图第3章 夹钞轴结构设计3.1 夹钞轴的分类及材料选择根据夹钞机构的总体设计,夹钞轴的轴线形状为直轴,夹钞轴只承受弯矩不传递转矩,故夹钞轴由轴的承载情况分为心轴。夹钞轴的基本参数为轴长110mm,轴直径为10mm。查表3-1可得夹钞轴采用45号钢,正火处理。表3-1 各材料参数材料及热处理毛坯直径/mm硬度/HB强度极限b屈服极限弯曲疲劳极限-1备注N/mm2QT400-10-156197400300145QT600-2-197269600420215Q23540-440225200用于不重要的轴35正火100149189520270250有好的塑性和适当的强度,做一般轴45正火100170217600300275用于较重要的轴,应用最为广泛45调质20021725565036030040Cr调质100241286750550350用于载荷较大而无很大冲击的重要轴20024126670055034040MnB调质25-1000800485性能接近于40Cr,用于重要的轴20024128675050033535CrMo调质100207269750550390用于重要的轴20Cr渗碳淬火回火15表面HRC5662850550375用于要求强度、韧性及耐磨性均较高的轴606504002803.2 夹钞轴的最小直径估算根据工作条件,初选夹钞轴的材料为45钢,正火处理。按扭转强度法进行最小直径估算,即:。初算轴径时,若最小直径轴段开有键槽,还要考虑键槽对轴强度的影响。当该轴段键槽截面上有一个键槽时,轴径增大5%7%;有两个键槽的时,增大10%15%。A0值由表3-2确定:夹钞轴的A0=110。表3-2 轴材料A0取值轴的材料Q235、20354540Cr、35SiMnA01601483512511811210710298夹钞轴:。3.3 夹钞轴的结构设计夹钞轴的结构如图3-1所示图3-1 夹钞轴结构图3.3.1 各轴段直径的确定D1:最小直径,滚动轴承处轴段,d=10mm。深沟球轴承选取6309,其尺寸为:。D3:低速级小齿轮轴段,d=12mm由此决定低速小齿轮和轴是分开式的结构。D3:轴环,根据齿轮的轴向定位要求,d=10mm。D4:高速大齿轮轴段,d=8mm。D5:滚动轴承轴段,D5=6mm。3.3.2 各段轴的长度确定L1:由滚动轴承、挡油环及装配关系等确定,L1=3mm。L2:由低速小齿轮的毂孔宽度B=89mm确定,L2=86mm。L3:轴环的宽度,L3=5.5mm。L4:由高速大齿轮的毂孔宽度B=12mm确定,L4=9mm。L5:由深沟球轴承、挡油环及装配关系等确定,L5=6.5mm。3.3.3 细部结构设计由机械设计课程设计查得高速大齿轮处取A键:低速小齿轮处取A键:齿轮轮毂与轴的配合选为;滚动轴承与轴的配合采用过渡配合,此轴段的直径公差选为;3.4 夹钞轴的校核3.4.1 轴上作用力分析作用力分析图如图3-2,齿轮对轴的力作用点按简化原则应在齿轮宽度的中点,因此可决定中间轴上两齿轮力的作用点位置。轴上安装的6309轴承,可知所以它的负荷作用中心到轴承外端面的距离a=9.5mm,故可计算出致电跨距和轴上各力作用点相互位置尺寸。支点跨距L224mm,低速小齿轮的力作用点C到左支点A距离是L145mm;两齿轮力作用点之间的距离是L247mm;高速大齿轮的力作用点D到右支点B的距离是L334mm。图3-2 轴的应力分析3.4.2 计算轴上的作用力齿轮1: (3-1) (3-2)齿轮2: (3-3) (3-4)3.4.3 计算支反力1.垂直面支反力(XZ平面)由绕支点B的力矩和,得: (3-5) (3-6)方向向下。同理,由绕支点A的力矩和,得: (3-7) (3-8)方向也向下。由轴上的合力,校核: (3-9)计算无误。2.水平面支反力(XY平面) (3-10) (3-11)方向向下。同理,绕支点A的力矩和,得: (3-12)由轴上的合力,校核: (3-13)计算无误。3.A点总支反力 (3-14) B点总支反力 (3-15)3.4.4 绘转矩,弯矩图1垂直面内的弯矩C处弯矩: (3-16) (3-17)D处弯矩: (3-18) (3-19)2水平面内的弯矩C处弯矩: (3-20)D处弯矩: (3-21)3合成弯矩C处: (3-22) (3-23)D处: (3-24) (3-25)4转矩5当量弯矩折算系数 =0.6 (3-26)C处: (3-27)D处: (3-28)3.4.5 弯扭合成强度校核校核危险截面C的强度 (3-29)根据轴选定的材料45钢、正火处理,查得=60Mpa因为,故强度足够。3.5 键的选择与校核由夹钞轴轴的细部结构设计,选定:高速大齿轮处的键为A键:b*H-L=14mm*9mm-18mm(t=5.5mm,r=3.8mm);标记:键14*18GB/T1096-1979;低速小齿轮处取A键:b*H-L=14mm*9mm-40mm(t=5.5mm,r=3.8mm);标记:键14*40GB/T1096-1979;由于是同一轴的键,传递的扭矩相同,所以只需要校核短的键即可。齿轮轴段d=50mm,键的工作长度为l=L-b=50-14=36mm键的接触高度 k=0.5h=0.5*9=4.5mm;传递的转矩为:T2=419.53N/m;查得键静连接时的挤压许用应力 (3-30)键联接强度足够。3.6 滚动轴承的选择与校核3.6.1 滚动轴承的选择根据载荷及速度情况,拟定选用圆锥滚子轴承。由夹钞轴的结构设计, ,滚动轴承选取6309。其基本参数查机械设计课程设计得,。 3.6.2 滚动轴承的校核轴承受力图如图3-3所示图3-3轴承受力图1、 径向载荷根据轴的分析,可知:A点总支反力,B点总支反力。2、 轴向载荷03、 当量动载荷P根据工况(无冲击或轻微冲击)得,。1轴承: (3-31)2轴承: (3-32)4、 验算轴承寿命因,故只需验算1轴承。轴承预期寿命与整机寿命相同,为5(年)300(天)16(小时)=24000h。 (3-33)其中,温度系数(轴承工作温度小于),轴承具有足够寿命。3.7 润滑的设计1.齿轮的润滑采用浸油润滑,由于低速级周向速度为,所以浸油高度约为六分之一大齿轮半径,取为25mm。2.滚动轴承的润滑轴承的润滑采用:润滑脂润滑。为防止箱内润滑油进入轴承,使轴承内润滑脂稀释流出,在箱体轴承座内侧一端安装挡油环。3.润滑油的选择齿轮与轴承用同种润滑油较为便利,考虑到该装置用于小型设备,选用L-AN15润滑油。第4章 夹钞机构三维结构设计Solidworks是参数化技术的先驱,参数化是其最突出特点。是现今主流的CAD/CAM/CAE软件之一,特别是在国内汽车行业、工程机械行业和产品设计领域占据不可替代位置。本论文运用solidworks软件对各零件进行建模,然后进行装配和运动仿真。其中在对标准件的建模时通过solidworks软件的数化设计来输入各零件的参数完成对零件的建模。通过solidworks的建模清楚、形象、直观地表达各部分的特点15。4.1 夹钞机构零件三维图4.1.1 连杆的组成连杆的建模:运行Solidworks软件新建文件单击零件选择基面为前视面草图绘制绘制设计尺寸及轮廓特征拉伸凸台草图2绘制圆特征拉伸切除,给定深度完全贯穿孔的倒角。完成,其三维图如图4-1。如图4-1到4-3所示,将轴套安装在连杆上。图4-1连杆轴套建模:打开Solidworks软件新建文件零件选择前视面为基准面草图1绘制轴套截面尺寸旋转凸台,确定。则轴套零件就自动生成了。其三维图如图4-2。图4-2轴套图4-3连杆组成4.1.2 夹钞板组成如图4-4到4-8所示为夹钞板组成夹钞板1建模:运行Solidworks软件新建文件单击零件选择基面为前视面草图绘制绘制设计尺寸及轮廓特征拉伸凸台草图3绘制轮廓尺寸拉伸草图4绘制异性草图特征拉伸切除,给定深度完全贯穿草图5绘制长槽轮廓尺寸特征拉伸切除,给定深度完全贯穿草图6选择后视面,绘制设计尺寸特征拉伸切除,给定深度,确定。则夹钞板零件就生成了。其三维图如图4-4。图4-4夹钞板1夹钞板2建模:运行Solidworks软件新建文件单击零件选择基面为前视面草图绘制绘制设计尺寸及轮廓特征拉伸凸台草图4绘制异形草图特征拉伸切除,给定深度完全贯穿孔的绘制,单击插入特征孔向导选择孔的规格,标准:ISO,类型:螺纹孔,大小、终止条件给定深度、螺纹线给定深度等按设计尺寸给定选择位置单击“”则孔就自动生成了。则夹钞板2零件就生成了。其三维图如图4-5。图4-5夹钞板2图4-6夹钞板组成图4-7夹钞板组成4.1.3 各零件三维图其余零件的建模步骤可参考前面各零件方法,在此就不一一说明了。最终的三维图如下:图4-8拉杆图4-9橡塑套图4-10挡柱图4-11阻尼扇板4.2 零件的装配零件的装配是在,整个零件设计中很重要的一部在机械设计中,大多数的零件都不是由单一的零件组成,而是需要很多零件装配而成。例如:简单的螺栓与螺母紧固件等。在solidworks中可以生成由许多零件部件组成的复杂装配体。装配体的零件可以包括独立的零件和其他装配体,称为子装配体。对于大多数的操作,两种零部件的绘图方式是相同的。本部分是针对不同类型的零件讲述相应的装配方法。零件的装配也是有难易的区分的,每个零件有它的装配顺序,不是随便的,否则将把整个装配变得更难。数字装配零件虽然是不同的,因为它可以不用把零件分顺序装配,只要你把零件调入装配过程就可以装配,但是我们为了让它与手工的装配一致,所以在装配时零件的调入就有一定的顺序了。在装配时,还要必须考虑一些尺寸的配合,在尺寸标注时就要表现出来。在本设计中遇到销与孔的配合公差,大多的销连接配合是过盈配合,因为销只起连接作用,过盈配合才能更好的起到紧固的作用。因为销是选的标准件所以一般采用基轴制配合。具体的配合尺寸见图纸,若是数字装配就不会考虑任何的配合,因为无论怎样就可以装配。所以在数字装配时它的自由度就不可以完全的限制,否则就不能完成动画。4.3 装配体的操作1. 装配体文件的新建装配体界面的进入与零件的建模是基本是一样的,只不过在出现“新建solidworks文件”对话框时,在模板内是选择“装配体”单击【确定】,进入装配体界面。2. 零部件的插入单击“插入零部件”图标按钮,出现“插入零部件”属性管理器,单击【浏览】按钮,出现“打开”对话框,找到想插入的零部件文件,然后单击【打开】按钮,在图形区域中单击鼠标,确定其插入位置,即可插入零部件。如果所插入的零件是第一个零件,则该零件会被固定。此时指针会变成带有装配体形状的箭头。一般固定零部件放置在原点,将鼠标移到原点单击插入零件。特征管理器中的零件前面自动加有“固定”表明其已定位。3. 配合配合是装配中很重要的一部分。它将确定整个整个装配体是否有效。也就是用它来对零部件自由度的约束。(一)标准配合单击“配合”图标按钮,出现“配合”属性管理器,选择零部件上所需的配合实体。所选三维实体被列在要配合的实体中。有效的配合关系如下表4-1:表4-1 SolidWorks配合的说明配合说明重合会将所选择的面、边线及基准面重合在一条无限长的直线上,或将两个点重合相切所选的项目会保持相切,即至少有一个选择项目必须为圆柱面、或球面、圆锥面平行所选的项目会保持相同的方向,并且互相保持相同的距离角度会将所选的项目以指定的角度配合齿轮所选齿轮产生啮合垂直将所选项目以90相互垂直同轴心将所选项目位于同一中心线距离所选项目之间会保持指定距离对称将所选项目放置到离对称基准面相等距离凸轮所选凸轮和推杆产生配合(二)对齐条件配合关系中的对齐条件为:(1)对齐:以所选面的法向或轴向量,指向相同方向来放置零部件。(2)反向对齐:以所选面的法向或轴向量,指向相反的方向来放置零部件。4. 干涉检查在一个复杂的装配体中,如果想用视觉来检查零部件之间是否有干涉的情况,是件很困难的事。利用干涉体积检查功能和运动碰撞检查功能,可以很方便的地在零部件之间干涉检查,并且能看到所检查到的干涉体积和零部件之间是否发生碰撞。这个特征是用来检查在装配是否正确的一种方法。4.4 夹钞机构的三维组成本次设计的各个零件用该软件的建模、装配其步骤和上诉方法一致。夹钞机构组成如图4-13所示。由挡钞杆、夹钞臂、夹钞板、夹钞轴、挡柱、夹钞电机、拉杆、凸轮等零件组成。图4-13 夹钞机构组成4.5 夹钞机构控制原理钞票沿夹钞板推入触及微动开关,时期成短路状态。未处理机自行清除计数并下指令使真空泵电机和夹票板电机开始工作,钞票在夹钞板的带动下送到计数位置,当钞票到达计数位置时,夹钞电机轴约回转180度,这时夹钞定位凸轮正好到达触及夹钞定位开关的位置,完成动作。当处理机收到此信号时,即下达指令停止运动。当钞票达到计数位置时,吸引孔封闭,气室在真空泵作用下产生一个高态负压,当负压达到一定值时,气压开关开启送出信号。微处理机便下达指令,令计数头开始运转,将钞票吸引过去。在计数头的回转体上设置了五个感应块。在计数头座上与感应块统一高度设置一个计数传感器(接近开关)信号由硬体电路综合后送入微处理机作为计数依据。计数完成,吸引孔开放,使其迅速泄压,压力降到气压传感设定值以下时,微处理机即判断计数结束而下达指令,真空泵和吸钞头停止运转。夹钞板打开时,夹钞板电机再运转180度,使定位凸轮脱离夹钞定位开关,微处理机令夹钞电机停止运转,并令计数电机逆转。此时定位缓冲器经由夹钞机构的带动将缓冲臂拉向夹钞板而使另一端的定位卡头卡入回转体的定位槽,这时卡头的支臂也正好触及定位开关,送出信号给微处理机,令逆转停止,如此便笑成了整个运转过程。当吸钞头进入工作位置时,吸钞头上的吸钞孔正好扣压在钞票上。因此,吸钞头上小齿轮上的标定齿需与内齿轮上的标定齿相对应,以保证吸钞头自转队其工作曲面与钞票平面相吻合。用定位装置来保证右工作前有一个吸钞头已经准确地在工作位置。为了克服由于计数头的运动惯性而产生的五个吸钞头停止陇位置的不确定性,用计数头翻转和定位装置的配合沐校正吸钞头的位置,使其停止在工作位置上以保证下次开始时的准确性。内齿轮装在支座上特定位置,值每个吸钞头转到工作位置时相位相一致。只有在指定位置上吸钞孔才能通过主轴上的横孔与真空管路接通。而处于其他位置的吸钞头的吸钞孔与真空管路轰不通的。结论复点机作为快速清点纸币的精密机具,多用于银行及商业部门清点钞票,也可以清点类似纸币的证券和纸张的数量,主要的特点是计数速度快。而夹钞机构的功能是将装入的钞票送至计数位置,夹住钞票使其在计数过程中保持整齐不松散。自我国研制生产出第一台鉴伪点钞机以来,经过十几年的风雨历程,我国的点钞机行业取得了迅猛发展。然而,近年来由于市场竞争日趋激烈,一些点钞机企业采取了以降低产品质量为代价的低价营销竞争手段,导致点钞机市场的无序恶性竞争局面愈演愈烈,低质低价点钞机充斥市场,严重影响了行业的正常经营秩序。本文设计的CQ610型复点机技术先进,所做主要工作如下:1.对复点机夹钞机构进行了总体设计,绘制了设计图纸。2.主要对夹钞机构中的夹钞轴进行设计,并对其进行校核,使其材料选用合理,结构稳定。3.使用SolidWorks三维制图软件进行了夹钞机构整体的三维设计,并以截图形式呈现。在这次设计中,运用到Solidworks、AutoCAD、Word等软件,让自己更多的学习和了解以前很少学习和运用的新知识。在这次设计学习中遇到了从未经历过的地震,其灾难性让人心痛和后怕,看到悲惨的一幕幕,但是相信能挺住,灾难永远被团结战胜,四川经历如此大的灾难和困难都能挺住,所以在学习中遇到的困难就不是什么困难了都能克服,这也是依次很好的学习和锻炼自我的机会,为即将踏入社会打下一定的基础,在次感谢老师的指导,时时的提醒和鼓励我,感谢帮助我的同学和老师。由于这次设计时间的仓促和自己的经验不足,在设计中有许多的不足和漏洞请老师指出,在以后的学习和工作中自己就少走弯路。毕业设计就这样结束了。那就意味着我马上我就要将学到的东西用到实际生活中了。可是学到的东西是远远不够的,也可以说只是以点皮毛而已,不过幸好在设计过程中,让我知道怎样去查阅各种我想要的资料。所以,以后要不断的努力学习来补充自己。致谢经过近4个月的工作,本次毕业设计已经接近尾声,作为一个工科类本科生的毕业设计,由于经验的匮乏,难免有许多考虑不周全的地方,如果没有导师的督促指导,以及一起同学们的支持,想要完成这个设计是难以想象的。 在这里首先要感谢我的指导老师王武生老师以及提供给我们实习机会的哈尔滨哈影电影机械有限公司。王武生老师在哈尔滨哈影电影机械有限公司里担任要职,平日里工作繁多,但在我做毕业设计的每个阶段,从查阅资料,设计草案的确定和修改,中期检查,后期详细设计,装配草图等整个过程中都给予了我悉心的指导。我的设计较为复杂烦琐,但是王武生老师仍然细心地纠正图纸中的错误。除了敬佩王武生老师的专业水平外,他的治学严谨和科学研究的精神也是我永远学习的榜样,并将积极影响我今后的学习和工作。 其次要感谢卓越工程师班的老师段铁群老师、隋院长、戴野老师,他们在我设计的过程中也同样给了我很多帮助,对我进行了悉心的指导及监督,如果没有他们的帮助,此次设计也必将更加困难。 我还要感谢大学几年来所有的老师,为我们打下机械专业知识的基础;同时还要感谢所有的同学们,正是因为有了你们的支持和鼓励,让我成长了许多,学会了许多,本次毕业设计才会顺利完成。最后,衷心的感谢在百忙中参加答辩的各位老师!参考文献1 王武生.复点机设计手册.哈尔滨电影机械有限公司,20132 M.F.Spotts,T.E.Shoup,Design Of Machine Elements,Bejing:China Machine Press,2002.8. 3 Shaw,M.C.,and E.F. 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Marx has ever said the differences of different economic times, do not lie in what is produced, and lie in how to produce, produce with some means of labor . Manufacturing technology and equipping the most basic means of production that are that the mankind produced the activity, and numerical control technology is nowadays advanced manufacturing technology and equips the most central technology. Nowadays the manufacturing industry all around the world adopts numerical control technology extensively, in order to improve manufacturing capacity and level, improve the adaptive capacity and competitive power to the changeable market of the trends. In addition every industrially developed country in the world also classifies the technology and numerical control equipment of numerical control as the strategic materials of the country, not merely take the great measure to develop ones own numerical control technology and industry, and implement blockading and restrictive policy to our country in view of high-grade, precision and advanced key technology of numerical control and equipping. In a word, develop the advanced manufacturing technology taking numerical control technology as the core and already become every world developed country and accelerate economic development in a more cost-effective manner, important way to improve the overall national strength and national position. Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electromechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry, namely the so-called digitization is equipped, its technological range covers a lot of fields: (1)Mechanical manufacturing technology; (2)Information processing, processing, transmission technology; (3)Automatic control technology; (4)Servo drive technology; (5)Technology of the sensor; (6)Software engineering ,etc. 1 Development trend of a numerical control technologyThe application of numerical control technology has not only brought the revolutionary change to manufacturing industry of the tradition, make the manufacturing industry become the industrialized symbol , and with the constant development of numerical control technology and enlargement of the application, the development of some important trades (IT , automobile , light industry , medical treatment ,etc. ) to the national economy and the peoples livelihood of his plays a more and more important role, because the digitization that these trades needed to equip has already been the main trend of modern development. Numerical control technology in the world at present and equipping the development trend to see, there is the following several respect 1- in its main research focus. 1.1 A high-speed, high finish machining technology and new trend equippedThe efficiency, quality are subjavanufacturing technology. High-speed, high finish machining technology can raise the efficiency greatly , improve the quality and grade of the products, shorten production cycle and improve the market competitive power. Japan carries the technological research association first to classify it as one of the 5 great modern manufacturing technologies for this, learn (CIRP) to confirm it as the centre in the 21st century and study one of the directions in international production engineering. In the field of car industry, produce one second when beat such as production of 300,000 / vehicle per year, and many variety process it is car that equip key problem that must be solved one of; In the fields of aviation and aerospace industry, spare parts of its processing are mostly the thin wall and thin muscle, rigidity is very bad, the material is aluminium or aluminium alloy, only in a situation that cut the speed and cut strength very small high, could process these muscles, walls. Adopt large-scale whole aluminium alloy method that blank pay empty make the wing recently, such large-scale parts as the fuselage ,etc. come to substitute a lot of parts to assemble through numerous rivet , screw and other connection way, make the intensity , rigidity and dependability of the component improved. All these, to processing and equipping the demand which has proposed high-speed, high precise and high flexibility. According to EMO2001 exhibition situation, high-speed machining center is it give speed can reach 80m/min is even high , air transport competent speed can up to 100m/min to be about to enter. A lot of automobile factories in the world at present, including Shanghai General Motors Corporation of our country, have already adopted and substituted and made the lathe up with the production line part that the high-speed machining center makes up. HyperMach lathe of U.S.A. CINCINNATI Company enters to nearly biggest 60m/min of speed, it is 100m/min to be fast, the acceleration reaches 2g, the rotational speed of the main shaft has already reached 60 000r/min. Processing a thin wall of plane parts, spend 30min only, and same part general at a high speed milling machine process and take 3h, the ordinary milling machine is being processed to need 8h; The speed and acceleration of main shaft of dual main shaft lathes of Germany DMG Company are up to 120000r/mm and 1g. In machining accuracy, the past 10 years, ordinary progression accuse of machining accuracy of lathe bring 5m up to from 10m already, accurate grades of machining center from 35m, rise to 11.5m, and ultraprecision machining accuracy is it enter nanometer grade to begin already (0.01m). In dependability, MTBF value of the foreign numerical control device has already reached above 6 000h, MTBF value of the servo system reaches above 30000h, demonstrate very high dependability . In order to realize high-speed, high finish machining, if the part of function related to it is electric main shaft, straight line electrical machinery get fast development, the application is expanded further . 1.2 Link and process and compound to process the fast development of the lathe in 5 axes Adopt 5 axles to link the processing of the three-dimensional curved surface part, can cut with the best geometry form of the cutter , not only highly polished, but also efficiency improves by a large margin . It is generally acknowledged, the efficiency of an 5 axle gear beds can equal 2 3 axle gear beds, is it wait for to use the cubic nitrogen boron the milling cutter of ultra hard material is milled and pared at a high speed while quenching the hard steel part, 5 axles link and process 3 constant axles to link and process and give play to higher benefit. Because such reasons as complicated that 5 axles link the numerical control system , host computer structure that but go over, it is several times higher that its price links the numerical control lathe than 3 axles , in addition the technological degree of difficulty of programming is relatively great, have restricted the development of 5 axle gear beds. At present because of electric appearance of main shaft, is it realize 5 axle complex main shaft hair structure processed to link greatly simplify to make, it makes degree of difficulty and reducing by a large margin of the cost, the price disparity of the numerical control system shrinks. So promoted 5 axle gear beds of head of complex main shaft and compound to process the development of the lathe (process the lathe including 5). At EMO2001 exhibition, new Japanese 5 of worker machine process lathe adopt complex main shaft hair, can realize the processing of 4 vertical planes and processing of the wanton angle, make 5 times process and 5 axles are processed and can be realized on the same lathe, can also realize the inclined plane and pour the processing of the hole of awls. Germany DMG Company exhibits the DMUVoution series machining center, but put and insert and put processing and 5 axles 5 times to link and process in once, can be controlled by CNC system or CAD/CAM is controlled directly or indirectly. 1.3 Become the main trend of systematic development of contemporary numerical control intelligently, openly, networkedly.The numerical control equipment in the 21st century will be sure the intelligent system, the intelligent content includes all respects in the numerical control system: It is intelligent in order to pursue the efficiency of processing and process quality, control such as the self-adaptation of the processing course, the craft parameter is produced automatically; Join the convenient one in order to improve the performance of urging and use intelligently, if feedforward control , adaptive operation , electrical machinery of parameter , discern load select models , since exactly makes etc. automatically; The ones that simplified programming , simplified operating aspect are intelligent, for instance intelligent automatic programming , intelligent man-machine interface ,etc.; There are content of intelligence diagnose , intelligent monitoring , diagnosis convenient to be systematic and maintaining ,etc.Produce the existing problem for the industrialization of solving the traditional numerical control system sealing and numerical control application software. A lot of countries carry on research to the open numerical control system at present, such as NGC of U.S.A. (The Next Generation Work-Station/Machine Control), OSACA of European Community (Open System Architecture for Control within Automation Systems), OSEC (Open System Environment for Controller) of Japan, ONC (Open Numerical Control System) of China, etc. The numerical control system melts to become the future way of the numerical control system open. The so-called open numerical control system is the development of the numerical control system can be on unified operation platform, face the lathe producer and end user, through changing, increasing or cutting out the structure target(numerical control function), form the serration, and can use users specially conveniently and the technical know-how is integrated in the control system, realize the open numerical control system of different variety , different grade fast, form leading brand products with distinct distinction. System structure norm of the open numerical control system at present, communication norm , disposing norm , operation platform , numerical control systematic function storehouse and numerical control systematic function software development ,etc. are the core of present research. The networked numerical control equipment is a new light spot of the fair of the internationally famous lathe in the past two years. Meeting production line , manufacture system , demand for the information integration of manufacturing company networkedly greatly of numerical control equipment, realize new manufacture mode such as quick make , fictitious enterprise , basic Entrance that the whole world make too. Some domestic and international famous numerical control lathes and systematic manufacturing companies of numerical control have all introduced relevant new concepts and protons of a machine in the past two years, if in EMO2001 exhibition, Cyber Production Center that the company exhibits of mountain rugged campstool gram in Japan (Mazak) (intellectual central production control unit, abbreviated as CPC); The lathe company of Japanese big Wei (Okuma ) exhibits IT plaza (the information technology square , is abbreviated as IT square ); Open Manufacturing Environment that the company exhibits of German Siemens (Siemens ) (open the manufacturing environment, abbreviated as OME),etc., have reflected numerical control machine tooling to the development trend of networked direction. 1.4 Pay attention to the new technical standard, normal setting-up1.4.1 Design the norm of developing about the numerical control system As noted previously, there are better common ability, flexibility, adaptability, expanding in the open numerical control system, such countries as U.S.A. ,European Community and Japan ,etc. implement the strategic development plan one after another , carry on the research and formulation of the systematic norm (OMAC , OSACA , OSEC ) of numerical control of the open system structure, 3 biggest economies in the world have carried on the formulation that nearly the same science planned and standardized in a short time, have indicated a new arrival of period of change of numerical control technology. Our country started the research and formulation of standardizing the frame of ONC numerical control system of China too in 2000. 1.4.2 About the numerical control standard The numerical control standard is a kind of trend of information-based development of manufacturing industry. Information exchange among 50 years after numerical control technology was born was all because of ISO6983 standard, namely adopt G, M code describes how processes, its essential characteristic faces the processing course, obviously, he cant meet high-speed development of modern numerical control technologys needs more and more already. For this reason, studying and making a kind of new CNC system standard ISO14649 (STEP-NC) in the world, its purpose is to offer a kind of neutral mechanism not depending on the concrete system, can describe the unified data model in cycle of whole life of the products, thus realize the whole manufacture process, standardization of and even each industrial field product information. The appearance of STEP-NC may be a revolution of the technological field of the numerical control, on the development and even the whole manufacturing industry of numerical control technology, will exert a far-reaching influence. First of all, STEP-NC puts forward a kind of brand-new manufacture idea, in the traditional manufacture idea, NC processes the procedures to all concentrate on individual computer. Under the new standard, NC procedure can be dispersed on Internet, this is exactly a direction of open , networked development of numerical control technology. Secondly, STEP-NC numerical control system can also reduce and process the drawing (about 75%), process the procedure to work out the time (about 35%) and process the time (about 50%) greatly. At present, American-European countries pay much attention to the research of STEP-NC, Europe initiates IMS plan (1999.1.1-2001.12.3) of STEP-NC. 20 CAD/CAM/CAPP/CNC users, manufacturers and academic organizations from Europe and Japan participated in this plan. STEP Tools Company of U.S.A. is a developer of the data interchange software of manufacturing industry in the global range, he has already developed the super model (Super Model ) which accuses of information exchange of machine tooling by counting, its goal is to describe all processing courses with the unified norm. Such new data interchange form has already been verified in allocating the SIEMENS, FIDIA and European OSACA-NC numerical control at present. 2 pairs of basic estimations of technology and industry development of numerical control of our country The technology of numerical control of our country started in 1958, the development course in the past 50 years can roughly be divided into 3 stages: The first stage is from 1958 to 1979, namely closed developing stage. In this stages, because technology of foreign countries blockade and basic restriction of terms of our country, the development of numerical control technology is comparatively slow. During Sixth Five-Year Plan Period , the Seventh Five-Year Plan Period of the country in second stage and earlier stage in the Eighth Five-Year Plan Period , namely introduce technology, digest and assimilate, the stage of establishing the system of production domesticization arisesing tentatively. At this stage , because of reform and opening-up and national attention , and study the improvement of the development environment and international environment, research , development and all making considerable progress in production domesticization of the products of the technology of numerical control of our country. The third stage is and during the Ninth Five-Year Plan Period on the later stage in the Eighth Five-Year Plan Period of the country, namely implement the research of industrialization, enter market competition stage. At this stage, made substantive progress in industrialization of the domestic numerical control equipment of our country. In latter stage for the Ninth Five-Year Plan , the domestic occupation rate of market of the domestic numerical control lathe is up to 50%, it is up to 10% too to mix the domestic numerical control system (popular). Make a general survey of the development course in the past 50 years of technology of numerical control of our country, especially through tackling key problems of 4 Five-Year Plans, all in all has made following achievements. a. Have established the foundation of the technical development of numerical control, has mastered modern numerical control technology basically. Our country has already, the numerical control host computer, basic technology of special plane and fittings grasped and driven from the numerical control system and survey basically now, among them most technology have already possessed and commercialized the foundation developed, some technology has already, industrialization commercialized. b. Have formed the industrial base of numerical control tentatively. In tackling key problems the foundation that the achievement and some technology commercialize, set up the systematic factories of numerical control with production capacity in batches such as numerical control in Central China, numerical control of the spaceflight etc. Electrical machinery plant of Lanzhou, such factory and the first machine tool plant of Beijing , the first machine tool plant of Jinan ,etc. several numerical control host computer factories of a batch of servo systems and servo electrical machineries as the numerical control in Central China, etc. These factories have formed the numerical control industrial base of our country basically. c. Have set up a numerical control research, development, managerial talents basic team. Though has made considerable progress in research and development and industrialization of numerical control technology, but we will realize soberly, the research and development of the technology of advanced numerical control of our country, especially there is greater disparity in current situation and current demand of our country of engineering level in industrialization. Though very fast from watching the development of our country vertically, have disparity horizontally more than (compare foreign countries with) not merely engineering level, there is disparity too in development speed in some aspects, namely the engineering level disparity between some high-grade , precision and advanced numerical control equipment has the tendency to expand . Watch from world, estimate roughly as follows about the engineering level of numerical control of our country and industrialization level. a. On the engineering level, in probably backward 10-1 years with the advanced level in foreign countries, it is bigger in high-quality precision and sophisticated technology. b. On the industrialization level, the occupation rate of market is low, the variety coverage rate is little, have not formed the large-scale production yet; The specialized level of production of function part and ability of forming a complete set are relatively low; Appearance quality is relatively poor; Dependability is not high, the commercialized degree is insufficient; Ones own brand effect that the domestic numerical control system has not been set up yet, users have insufficient confidence. c. On the ability of sustainable development, research and development of numerical control technology, project ability is relatively weak to the competition; It is not strong that the technological application of numerical control expands dynamics; Research, formulation that relevant standards are normal lag behind. It is analyzed that the main reason for having above-mentioned disparity has the following several respect. a. Realize the respect. Know to industrys process arduousness , complexity and long-term characteristic of domestic numerical control insufficiently; It is difficult to underestimate to add strangling, system, etc. to the unstandard, foreign blockade of the market; It is not enough to analyse to the technological application level and ability of numerical control of our country. b. System. Pay close attention to numerical control industrialization many in the issue, consider numerical control industrialization little in the issue synthetically in terms of the systematic one, industry chain in terms of technology; Have not set up related system, perfect training , service network of intact high quality ,etc. and supported the system. c. Mechanism. It causes the brain drain, restraining technology and technological route from innovating again, products innovation that the bad machine is made, and has restricted the effective implementation of planning, has often planned the ideal, implement the difficulty. d. Technology. The autonomous innovation in technology of enterprises is indifferent; the project of key technology is indifferent. The standard of the lathe lags behind, the level is relatively low, it is not enough for new standard of the numerical control system to study. 3 pairs of strategic thinking of technology and industrialized development of numerical control of our country 3.1 Strategic consideration Our country make big country, industry is it is it accept front instead of transformation of back end to try ones best to want in shifting in world, namely should master and make key technology advanced, otherwise in a new round of international industrial structure adjustment, the manufacturing industry of our country will step forward and leave the core spaces . We regard resource, environment , market as the cost, it is only an international machining center in the new economic pattern of the world to exchange the possibility got and assemble the centre , but not master the position of the manufacturing center of key technology , will so influence the development process of the modern manufacturing industry of our country seriously. We should stand in the height of national security strategy paying attention to numerical control technology and industrys question , at first seen from social safety, because manufacturing industry whether our country obtain employment most populous trade, the development of manufacturing industry not only can improve the peoples living standard but also can alleviate the pressure of employment of our country , ensure the stability of the society; Secondly seen from national defense security, the western developed country has classified all the high-grade , precision and advanced numerical control products as the strategic materials of the country, realizing the embargo and restriction to our country, Toshiba incident and Cox Report is the best illustration. 3.2 Development tactics Proceed from the angles of the fundamental realities of the country of our country, regard the strategic demand of the country and market demand of national economy as the direction, regard improving our country and making the comprehensive competitive power of equipping industry and industrialization level as the goal, use the systematic method , be able to choose to make key technology upgraded in development of equipping industry and support technology supporting the development of industrialization in our country in initial stage of 21st century in leading factor, the ability to supply the necessary technology realizes making the jump development of the equipping industry as the content of research and development . Emphasize market demand is a direction, namely take terminal products of numerical control as the core, with the complete machine (Such as the numerical control lathe having a large capacity and a wide range, milling machine, high speed high precise high-performance numerical control lathe, digitized machinery of model, key industry key equipment, etc.) drive the development of the numerical control industry. Solve the numerical control system and relevant functions part especially The dependability that (digitized servo system and electrical machinery, high speed electric main shaft system and new-enclosure that equip, etc.) and production scale question. There are no products that scale will not have high dependability; Will not have cheap and products rich in the competitiveness without scale; Certainly, it is difficult to have day holding up ones head finally that there is no scale Chinese numerical control equipment.In equiping researching and developing high-grade , precision and advancedly , should emphasize the production, learning and research and close combination of the end user, regard drawing, using, selling as the goal, tackle key problems according to the national will, in order to solve the needing badly of the country. Numerical control technology, emphasized innovation, put emphasis on researching and developing the technology and products with independent intellectual property right before the competition, establish the foundation for the industry of numerical control of our country, sustainable development of equipment manufacture and even the whole manufacturing industry. 附录II数控技术和装备发展趋势及对策 装备工业的技术水平和现代化程度决定着整个国民经济的水平和现代化程度,数控技术及装备是发展新兴高新技术产业和尖端工业(如信息技术及其产业、生物技术及其产业、航空、航天等国防工业产业)的使能技术和最基本的装备。马克思曾经说过“各种经济时代的区别,不在于生产什么,而在于怎样生产,用什么劳动资料生产”。制造技术和装备就是人类生产活动的最基本的生产资料,而数控技术又是当今先进制造技术和装备最为核心的技术。当今世界各国制造业广泛采用数控技术,以提高制造能力和水平,提高对动态多变市场的适应能力和竞争能力。此外,世界上各工业发达国家还将数控技术及数控装备列为国家的战略物资,不仅采取重大措施来发展自己的数控技术及其产业,而且在“高精尖”数控关键技术和装备方面对我国实行封锁和限制政策。总之,大力发展以数控技术为核心的先进制造技术已成为世界各发达国家加速经济发展、提高综合国力和国家地位的重要途径。 数控技术是用数字信息对机械运动和工作过程进行控制的技术,数控装备是以数控技术为代表的新技术对传统制造产业和新兴制造业的渗透形成的机电一体化产品,即所谓的数字化装备,其技术范围覆盖很多领域:(1)机械制造技术;(2)信息处理、加工、传输技术;(3)自动控制技术;(4)伺服驱动技术;(5)传感器技术;(6)软件技术等。1 数控技术的发展趋势数控技术的应用不但给传统制造业带来了革命性的变化,使制造业成为工业化的象征,而且随着数控技术的不断发展和应用领域的扩大,他对国计民生的一些重要行业(IT、汽车、轻工、医疗等)的发展起着越来越重要的作用,因为这些行业所需装备的数字化已是现代发展的大趋势。从目前世界上数控技术及其装备发展的趋势来看,其主要研究热点有以下几个方面14。1.1 高速、高精加工技术及装备的新趋势效率、质量是先进制造技术的主体。高速、高精加工技术可极大地提高效率,提高产品的质量和档次,缩短生产周期和提高市场竞争能力。为此日本先端技术研究会将其列为5大现代制造技术之一,国际生产工程学会(CIRP)将其确定为21世纪的中心研究方向之一。在轿车工业领域,年产30万辆的生产节拍是40秒/辆,而且多品种加工是轿车装备必须解决的重点问题之一;在航空和宇航工业领域,其加工的零部件多为薄壁和薄筋,刚度很差,材料为铝或铝合金,只有在高切削速度和切削力很小的情况下,才能对这些筋、壁进行加工。近来采用大型整体铝合金坯料“掏空”的方法来制造机翼、机身等大型零件来替代多个零件通过众多的铆钉、螺钉和其他联结方式拼装,使构件的强度、刚度和可靠性得到提高。这些都对加工装备提出了高速、高精和高柔性的要求。从EMO2001展会情况来看,高速加工中心进给速度可达80m/min,甚至更高,空运行速度可达100m/min左右。目前世界上许多汽车厂,包括我国的上海通用汽车公司,已经采用以高速加工中心组成的生产线部分替代组合机床。美国CINCINNATI公
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