英语中考命题的基本理论与实践.ppt

英语中考命题的 基本理论与实践,湘潭市教科院 苏沙平,第一部分 英语测试的基本理论,一、英语测试的类型 1、常模参照考试 将某个学生的成绩与其他学生的成绩进行比较； (不适合用于平时课堂测验，因为课堂测验的目的不是把学生分为三六九等。),2、标准参照考试 将考生的成绩与事先制定的标准进行对比，不受其他考生成绩的影响。即用一个既定标准/尺度来衡量学生的学习结果。,二、试题命制应注意的“四度”,1、难度 题目难度是题目的难易程度，它是题目对被试者知识和能力水平的适合程度的指标。测验难度水平的适当与否取决于考试的目的、性质和题目的形成。对于一般的常模参照考试而言其目的是测量个体差异，其题目的平均难度最好为0.50，各题难度可在0.50+0.20之间。当考试用于选拔时，题目的难度值应更多地接近录取率。,试题的难度通常分为A、B、C、D四个层次： A类试题为容易题，相当于70%以上的考生能够正确回答，难度值处于0.7-1之间。 B类试题为中等偏易题，相当于50%-70%的考生能够正确回答，难度值处于0.5-0.7之间。 C类试题为中等偏难题，相当于30%-50%的考生能够正确回答，难度值处于0.3-0.5之间。 D类试题为难题，相当于30%以下的考生能够正确回答，难度值处于0-0.3之间。,2、区分度,区分度是指考试题目对学业水平不同的考生的区分程度的指标。具有良好区分度的题目，对考生有较强的鉴别能力，水平高的考生得分高，反之则得分低。在常模参照考试中，题目的区分度是一个非常重要的指标，一般依据选拔的目的和选拔率来确定。对于标准参照考试，只有及格线附近的考生对题目的区分度要求较高。,3、信度,信度是指测试的结果是否稳定、可靠。如果让一个考生把同一份试卷做两次，如果两次结果相近，那么测试具有较高的信度。 主观题的信度尤其重要。由于评分者的信度难以保证，主观题的信度也往往难以保证。,4、效度,效度是指测试是否有效地考查了希望考查的内容。 就语言水平测试而言，效度直接关系到测试结果能否准确反映考生的语言能力。 考试内容、考试形式与命题技术都直接关系到测试的效度。,如果通过让学生写单词的音标来考查学生的语音能力，那么测试就缺乏效度。能写音标不等于能正确发音。 现在中考中经常使用的间接口语考试的效度也不高。,如果不讲究命题技术，试题也会缺乏效度： Which of the following does paper burn in? A. CO2 B. N2 C. O2 D. H2,三、命题原则,1.基础性原则 考试内容 ： 基础知识 基本技能 综合运用语言的能力 交际能力 用英语做事,2. 客观性原则,测试理论 分离测试：一般以词、句形式呈现，缺乏语用情景，孤立测试某一知识或能力，信度高，效度相对较低。 综合测试：一般以语篇形式呈现，具有一定的语境，测试某一知识或能力，信度，效度相对平衡。 交际语言测试：以语篇形式呈现，具有较为真实的情景，强调以互动的形式，测试综合运用语言的能力，信度较低，效度高,3. 科学性原则,行文准则 无知识性错误 无文字表达错误 题型设计 知识 知识运用 能力 听力技能等其它部分 主、客观题 (1) 客观性题型：答案唯一的选择题，其整卷权重值不高于0.61。 (2）主观性题型：笔录要点、回答问题、摘录信息、汉英互译、情景作文等答案不唯一的题型，其整卷权重值不低于0.39。,4. 公平性原则,素材选用 面向全体学生 学生的实际生活和身心发展水平 地域以及文化差异 真实、地道、形式多样、内容健康、 典型、当代 评分标准 目的、重点 科学、可行 全面、公正、客观、准确 鉴定和激励，正面反拨作用,5. 友好性原则,卷面设计 为考生服务 认知心理、学习习惯， 题干语有亲和力， 愉悦的心情 考出实际水平,第二部分 英语试卷的命题技术,一、试题编写基本规则 (1)语言正确、地道、得体、简洁； (2)避免偏颇性，注意中西文化背景的差异； (3)考点明确，且通常只考一个考点； (4)试题设计要具有严密的科学性和严谨性,要保证试题的答案没有争议； (5)题干与备选项之间在逻辑关系或词语使用上应避免有所暗示或包含；,(6)同一套试卷中不能有互为答案的试题； (7)备选项的长度、结构、语言表达要尽量一致； (8)单选题通常只包含阐明问题所需要的条件，没有空白的句子对选项起限制作用，一般没有冗余信息； (9) 备选项要求同质，干扰项要有较大的似真性，应与正确选项在逻辑上和语法上跟题干保持一致，不应拼凑明显不合理的选项； (10)试题具有时效性，避免超出时效范围的题目； (11)正确选项出现在各个位置(A、B、C、D) 的次数应大致相等。,二、各种题型编制的具体要求,1、听力题 （1）选材 a)应该为口头英语材料，听起来自然、真实； b)材料应该创设一个较为明确的语境； c)应该是一段完整的语言材料； d)谈话双方的身份应该明确，应尽量选差异较大的两个人进行的一段对话；,e)材料应该有足够的信息量，以供试题设 计之用； f)材料中不应该存在生词； g)材料内容应该尽量符合考生的年龄层 次，不应该使考生这一年龄层次的人感 到过于生疏； h)材料不应该过长或过短。,（2）试题命制的基本原则,a)考查的必须是关键信息，而且必须是只有通过听才能获得的信息。 b) 题目应按材料中有关内容的先后顺序排列； c)考点对材料内容的覆盖应尽可能全面；,d)试题应测试考生对对话内容、场景等的理解情况，数学运算和一般生活常识类的试题不应该在听力部分出现； e)各选项的长度、难度、句子结构应该基本一致； f)应避免各选项相互牵连与包容。,（3）试题设问技巧, 问谈话本身的意思 W: Excuse me, would you mind if I used your phone? M: Help yourself. Its on the table over there. Q: What does the man tell the woman to do? A. Bring some food to the table. B. Help herself to some food. C. Use the phone on the table.,问从谈话可以推断的情况 W：I was at the bus stop at 1:00. Why didnt I see you there? M: I got there at a quarter to 12 and waited a while. But I guess I left before you got there. When did the man probably leave the bus stop? A. 11:00. B. 12:00. C. 1:00.,问谈话的情景或语境 W: Sorry, you can only borrow three books at a time. M: OK. But must I put these two books back to the book shelves or I can leave them here? W: Of course you must put them back yourself. Where did this conversation probably take place? In a book store. B. In a library. C. In a laboratory.,2、单项选择题,侧重考查学生在一定的语境中灵活运用语法、词汇等语言知识的能力。单项填空题要注意加大考点的覆盖面，力求题干语境真实、语义丰富、表达地道。 由于近年来单选题数量有逐步减少的趋势，因此该题型考查范围尽可能局限于语法项目。 （实例略）,3、完形填空题,a)所选短文应该主旨明确，大意清楚，有较好的连贯性； b)语言难度适当，题材是学生比较熟悉的内容； c)所选短文的长度要适当。太短的材料不利于挖空，可能使删词过于密集；太长的材料则会增加学生的阅读负担和考试时间； d)不宜在短文的首句和末句中挖空；,e)空白之间的间距要适当。一般间距为7至9个单词为宜。间距过小会增加试题的难度；间距太大则会降低难度，同时增加材料的篇幅和阅读的时间； f)要注意所删词语在文段中确实有上下文线索，使学生能够依据这些线索进行推断。 g)不宜把语言知识以外的其他知识作为考查的重点，如一般不把专有名词等挖空。 h)完形填空属于阅读理解的范畴，不要考纯语法的项目。,One day, a young man called Tom came 1 see the great artist, Da Vinci（达 芬奇）. He wanted 2 drawing. Da Vinci gave him 3 egg and told him 4 it. The young man worked quickly and 5 . “ Draw it again, ” said Da Vinci. 1. A. in B. at C. to 2. A. study B. to study C. to learn 3. A. a B. an C. the 4. A. to eat B. draw C. to draw 5. A. show the artist it B. show it to the artist C. showed it to the artist,The young man drew 6 egg, but Da Vinci made him 7 it again. The young man was very angry. “I can draw an egg 8 two minutes. Why do you keep me 9 ?Please teach me how to draw.” Da Vinci smiled and said, “ Yes, you can. But it 10 you several years to learn to draw a perfect egg.” 6. A. another B. the other C. other 7. A. draw B. drawing C. drawn 8. A. in B. with C. after 9. A. to wait B. waiting C. waiting for 10. A. will spend B. take C. will take,Once upon a time a poor farmer 1 a bag of wheat to the mill did not know 2 to do when it slipped from his horse and fell into the road. The bag was too heavy 3 him to lift, and his only hope was that presently someone 4 come by and 5 a hand. 1. A. bringing B. carrying C. taking 2. A. how B. what C. which 3. A. about B. for C. of 4. A. shall B. should C. would 5. A. borrow B. lend C. help,Once upon a time a poor farmer was taking a bag of wheat to the mill. When the bag slipped from his 1 and fell to the ground, he didnt know what to do. It was too 2 for him to lift, and his only hope was that 3 someone would come by and 4 a hand. 1. A. hand B. shoulder C. horse 2. A. wet B. heavy C. loose 3. A. presently B. at present C. quickly 4. A. borrow B. lend C. help,It was not 6 a rider appeared, but the farmers heart 7 when he recognized him, 8 it was the great man who lived in a castle nearby. The farmer would dare to ask another farmer to help, or any poor man 9 might have come along the road, but he could not beg a favor of 10 . However, as soon as the great man came up he got 11 his horse, saying, “I see youve had bad luck, friend. How good it is 12 Im here just at the right time.” Then he took one end of the bag, the farmer 13 and between them they lifted it on the horse. 6. A. after long B. before long C. long before 7. A. sank B. sanked C. sink 8. A. because B. for C. owing to 9. A. he B. one C. who 10. A. a great so man B. a so great man C. so great a man 11. A. away B. off C. down 12. A. if B. that C. when 13. A. another B. other C. the other,It was not 5 a rider appeared, but the farmers heart 6 when the man came nearer, 7 it was the wealthy lord from a nearby town. The farmer would not have hesitated to stop another farmer or any 8 for help. But how could he stop this great lord and ask him to 9 a bag of wheat. 10 , as soon as the great lord came up he got off his horse without being asked to. “I see youve had bad 11 , friend,” he said to the farmer. “What a 12 thing that I came just at the right moment.” Then 5. A. before long B. long before C. after long 6. A. sank B. broke C. stopped 7. A. and B. for C. since 8. A. poor man B. rich man C. rider 9. A. lift B. take C. carry 10. A. Otherwise B. On the contrary C. However 11. A. luck B. horse C. time 12. A. funny B. good C. strange,4、阅读理解题,A选材原则 a)短文的主题应该得当，应该对各类考生均公平合理； b)短文应该语言地道、条理清晰、结构紧凑； c)语言难易适度；文章内容恰当；内容不要过于专业； d)文章长短适宜，要有新信息； e)材料里信息的呈现，要符合不同的阅读方式的要求； f)文章应该自成一体，有头有尾。,B.试题命制,a)考查的应该是只有通过阅读才能获得的信息。 b)考点对材料内容的覆盖应尽可能全面； c)避免将阅读题出成语法或翻译题； d)各选项的形式、长度、结构应基本一致； e)各选项不应相互牵连或包容； f)正确答案一般不应是材料中的原句。,C、阅读新题型命制举例,(1)任务型阅读 A)图片 B)广告 C)表格 D)告示与海报 E)文章标题 F)图书目录,Look at the poster and choose the right one. A. All the students can go to the club on Friday morning. B. It costs you 2.5 a month if you go to the club every weekend. C. A 15-year-old student can go to the club at 21:00 on Saturday.,（2）阅读填空,主要考查学生的阅读策略。它要求学生通读全文，在全面理解文章的意思和结构的基础上，进行仔细的推敲，通过上下文把摘出来的句子还原到文章中。此题型十分有利于考查学生把握文章结构及上下文逻辑推理的能力。,（3）阅读归纳,本题是一道阅读匹配题，它给学生提供五段简短的段落和六个备选的段落标题或中心意思，要求考生阅读每一个段落后进行概括，并找出与之匹配的中心短语或中心句。要求学生读懂原文，了解原文大意，对每一段短文做一个精炼的概括，找到相应的答案。,5、写作技能题,考查学生根据提示，以书面的形式进行信息沟通，再现生活经历，描述周围的人、物的能力，以及表达意见、观点的能力，特别是考查学生表达个人经历的能力。因此，命题必须围绕是否可以有效表述自己的思想进行。 初中阶段的书面表达不是真正意义上的作文，命题时必须考虑题材和体裁均是学生熟悉的东西，不要设计新颖的意境和优美的文字，要能激励学生动笔。,（1）单词拼写,命题立意是在阅读理解的基础上考识记。 所有的单词都必须根据上下文来确定，首字母和汉语既是提示又是限制。必须注意词形的变化，包括名词的单复数、动词的时态、形容词和副词的比较级（最高级）等。,Dear grandma, Hows it going? I hope that grandpa is well now. I was sorry to hear that he had a cold last week. I hope you are in good (1)健康 . Things are fine here. I finished my end-of-year (2)e last week, and got my report card today. I (3)总是 get nervous when I see the envelope from school in the mail, but Im (4) 幸运的 that I did OK this time. I had a really hard time with science this semester, and I wasnt surprised to find that my (5)最差的 report was from my science teacher.,She said I was (6) 懒惰 , which isnt true. Its just that I find science really (7) d . Another disappointing result was in history. My history teacher said I could do (8) b . The good news is that my (9) m teacher said I was hard-working. And my Spanish teacher said my listening was good. Well, thats about all the news I have for now. Mom and (10) D send their love. Love, Alan,（2）摘录要点,A)命题选文时必须考虑是否有足够的信息量； B)表格的设计必须脉络清楚，是文章最主要信息或观点的图表体现 C)考点应涉及语言归纳与重组能力； D)考点与答案均不要过于直白。,Courses of American High Schools,（3）完成对话,A)选择材料时应考虑对话的长度适中，信息点充分； B)挖空以问句为主的试题，以利于调控答案的基本一致； C)挖空以答句为主的试题，以利于学生因人而异自由作答，更接近本题型的初衷； D)考点以句而不是以单词或词组为单位； E)所填句子必须受上下文或全篇控制，而不是以常识为依据。,A: Hi, can I help you? B: Yes, please. I want to join a club. A: Good. May I have your name? B: Zhang Yang. A: How old are you? B: 1 . A: What club do you want to join? B: 2 . A: Why? B: 3 . A: How long have you learned it? B: 4 . A: Do you have an e-mail address? B: 5 . A: Great. Thanks a lot. B: Thank you!,（4）情景作文,A)体裁应多样化，考生应熟悉命题作文、看图（表）写话、书信、电子邮件、日记等 B)书写至少以句为单位； C)评分以达意为基本准则，不宜求全责备，要求过高。,三、题型和素材选取的导向性,体现新课标倡导的教育理念 纠正普遍存在的教学误区 引导学生掌握正确的学习方法 素材尽可能具有正面的、积极的教育意义 将考试变成学习,四、试题命题的流程,（1）选定命题教师,（2）确定考试性质,（3）制定双向细目表,（4）选择语言材料,A）题材广泛、体裁多样,B）有强烈的时代感,C）贴近学生生活实际,（5）命题、审题、校对、制定评分标准,Thanks for your attention！,2010.4.,Thanks for your attention!,2010-4-19,_, I would like take an umbrella with me. Had I been you B. I were you C. Were I you D. I had been you,It was ordered that no smoking_ in the library. A. is allowed B. be allowed C. will be allowed,The family ate dinner at the restaurant. caf B. tea house C. hospital D. clinic,I broke my legs and_ in bed for weeks. A. lied B. lain C. lay D. laid 2. If my legs had not been broken, I should not_ in bed for weeks. lie B. lay C. have lain D. have laid 3. If my legs had not been broken, I_ in bed for weeks. should have lied B. should not have lain C. should have lay D. should not have laid,The boy is very thirsty. Would you _ him some _, please? A. take, bread B. bring, drink C. get, eggs D. help, cakes,He gained his _ by printing_ of famous writers. A. wealth; work B. wealths; works C. wealths; work D. wealth; works,Youre going to the movies, _? arent you B. dont we C. arent they D. arent I Youre going to the movies, _you? A. arent B. dont C. are D. do,The three months of spring in China are _. A. December, January and February B. March, April and May C. January, February and March D. February, March and April,By the time we got home, I_ all about it. had forgot B. had forgotten C. forgot D. was forgetting You look hungry. Dont you want _ to eat? A. something B. anything C. nothing D. everything,My father_ me to become a doctor.(78年高考） thinks B. says C. hopes Great men never give up_ difficulty. (85MET) in face of B. in face of the C. in the face of D. in the face of the,He _ before seven oclock. ate, dressed and washed B. washed, ate and dressed C. washed, dressed and ate D. ate, washed and dressed,This arrangement suits me down to the ground. is exactly as I wanted is the last thing I wanted is against my wishes is not what I want is a burden to me,The frown on the mans face showed that he was displeased. look of fear B. look of anger C. look of delight D. look of surprise He thought it was lawful to buy a gun without a permit. allowed by law B. against the society C. a pleasure D. necessary,23. He didnt attend the meeting. If he had, you_ him. would see B. had seen C. would have seen 28. If you_ here yesterday, you would have seen his mother. A. were B. had been C. came,That man was dead to all sense of shame. quite dead dead, and could not feel shame any more too ashamed shameless,How long did the meeting_ yesterday afternoon? Not more than two hours. We went home at about 5 oclock. A. stay B. last C. live D. do,He hasnt slept at all for three days. _he is tired out. AI dont think BIt is impossible CIt is no wonder DIt is no way,_! Things are not so bad as they seem. A. Happy up B. Get up C. Cheer up D. Sit up Marie_ to the store; youve missed her. A. is just going B. had just been C. has just went D. has just gone Such an error _this can be avoided, if you are more careful. A. like B. as C. with D. that,Its too windy to go for a walk. A. swim B. sail C. drive D. stroll,Text (omitted) Questions: Why do so many people become addicted to cigarettes? A. Because they liked the taste of tar. B. Because smoking makes them relaxed. C. Because smoking cures them of cancer. 2. What is the substance in cigarettes that causes cancer? A. Cigarette ashes. B. Nicotine. C. Tar. 3. Health experts are trying to persuade people to_. A. buy cigarettes with less tar B. smoke only a few cigarettes a day C. give up smoking entirely 4. Smokers welcome low-tar cigarettes because _. A. they are less harmful B. they cost less C. they taste better,听短文，填写文中所缺的单词。将该词填入答题卡。 It is 1 to find your way from the station to the school. When you come 2 of the station, turn left and walk until you 3 the traffic lights. Turn left 4 . You will be 5 Flower Street. Keep 6 until you come to the cinema.,Listen to me, boys and girls, Were going to see a film in the Red Moon Cinema this afternoon. The name of the film is My brothers and Sisters. It starts at 2:30. Please get to school bef