lecture1专业英语的特点.ppt

Lecture 1 Features of Specialized English,专业英语的特点,1.1 什么是专业英语,是结合各自专业的科技英语 有很强的专业性，涉及的面更加狭窄，与专业内容配合更为密切。,隶属于科技英语 是科技英语的一部分，以表达科技概念、理论与事实为主要目的。遵守科技英语的语法体系和翻译方法;特别注重客观事实和真理，表达准确、精练和正式。,专业英语的学习需要有一个良好的科技英语基础，同时要注意其自身的词汇特点、语法特点、修辞特点和翻译特点等等。,1.2 学习专业英语的重要性,(1) 科研信息获取,(2) 研究成果展示,(3) 国际交流合作,当前大部分资料都可以通过互联网传播，而这些资料中90以上都是英语。,世界上科技情报资料的交流主要靠使用英语,对于材料科学与工程等专业来说，绝大部分专业资料和信息都是以英语形式出观。,专业英语阅读能力,申报国家奖项 申请专利 发表学术论文：,85以上的科技资料都是以英语形式出版的,专业英语写作能力,专业英语表达、听说、应变能力,1.3 Grammar Features,客观性（objective）准确性（accuracy）精练性(conciseness),(1) 广泛使用被动语态,(2) 广泛使用非谓语形式,(3) 省略句使用频繁,(4) It句型和祈使句使用频繁,(5) 复杂长句使用频繁,(6) 后置形容词短语作定语多,语法特点,(1) 广泛使用被动语态,1.3 Grammar Features,主体多为客观的事物、现象和过程，在叙述推理过程中切忌加进作者个人的主观臆断；,中心是客观现象及事物本身，而非动作的发出者，把论证说明的对象置于句子主语的位置，既能突出中心，又能吸引读者的注意。,(客观性),1) Work hardening can be removed by annealing treatment.,加工硬化可以通过退火处理去除。,2)Nanocrystalline materials are prepared by means of various techniques.,纳米晶材料可以由很多方法制备。,1.3 Grammar Features,3) If the load were removed the material will return to its initial condition.,如果去掉载荷，材料将回到其初始状态。,4) The start of dislocation is determined by relative orientations of external force axis with respect to slip plane and slip direction.,位错的启动取决于外加应力轴与滑移面和滑移方向的相对取向。,5) Materials that are utilized in high-technology applications are sometimes termed advanced materials.,用于高科技领域的材料有时被称为先进材料。,1.3 Grammar Features,(2)广泛使用非谓语形式,非谓语动词在句子中可以起到名词，形容词或副词作用，动词的非谓语形式分为动名词,分词,动词不定式。, 动名词,用动名词短语取代时间从句或简化时间陈述句,The beaker should be cleaned before it is used.,2) The metal becomes hot. It is placed in the furnace.,Once being placed in the furnace, the metal becomes hot.,金属放置在炉中会变热。,The beaker should be cleaned before being used.,烧杯在使用前应先清洁。,(精炼),1.3 Grammar Features,3) We must do various experiments before a new alloy is designed.,Before designing a new alloy we must do various experiments.,在设计一个新的合金之前，我们必须做各种实验,用动名词短语做主语,4) Changing the percentage of each component is a method for designing a new alloy.,改变每种成分的百分比是设计新合金的一种方法,1.3 Grammar Features, 分词,过去分词短语替代从句中的被动语态 现在分词短语替代从句中的主动语态,The cross section of a jet engine, which is shown in Fig.1, illustrates the use of metallic materials for a number of critical applications.,The cross section of a jet engine shown in Fig.1 illustrates the use of metallic materials for a number of critical applications.,图1所示喷气发动机横截面举例说明了金属材料在大量严苛条件下的应用。,1.3 Grammar Features,2) The term “structure”, as it was pointed out above, means the arrangement of a materials atoms.,The term “structure”, as pointed out above, means the arrangement of a materials atoms.,正如上面所指出的那样，“结构”这个术语指材料的原子排布。,3) A micrograph of a stainless steel sample, which is showing grains and grain boundaries, is shown in fig. 1.,A micrograph of a stainless steel sample showing grains and grain boundaries is shown in fig. 1.,展示晶粒与晶界的不锈钢样品微观形貌图如图1所示。,1.3 Grammar Features, 不定式,用不定式短语来替代表示目的和功能的从句或语句,(1) The strength of the structural material is higher and higher so that the increasing demand of modern industry is satisfied.,The strength of the structural material is higher and higher to satisfy the increasing demand of modern industry.,结构材料的强度越来越高，目的就是满足不断增长的现代工业需求。,(2) What does a furnace do? It heat-up a material.,The function of a furnace is to heat-up a material.,炉子的作用就是加热材料。,1.3 Grammar Features,(3) 省略句使用频繁,省略成分：状语从句中的主语、全部或部分谓语；定语从句中的关系代词which和that、从句中的助词等；还常用介词短语替代从句。,1) If it is possible, the system should work under ultra-high pressure.,If possible, the system should work under ultra-high pressure.,2) As illustrated in Fig.1, there is a crack on the surface of the metal.,As in Fig.1, there is a crack on the surface of the metal.,就像图1所示的那样，金属表面有一个裂纹。,可能的话，这个系统应该在超高压下工作。,(精炼),1.3 Grammar Features,As already discussed 前已讨论 As explained before 前已解释 As described above 如上所示 If possible (necessary)如果可能（必要）,常用的省略形式：,If so 倘若如此 As previously mentioned 前已提到 When needed (necessary, feasible)必要时 Where feasible 在实际可行的场合 Where possible 在可能的情况下,1.3 Grammar Features,(4) It句型和祈使句使用频繁,It句型：it 充当形式主语，避免句子“头重脚轻”,It is very important (possible, necessary, natural, inevitable) to,It takes very much time learning,It is clear (possible, necessary, natural, inevitable) that,It happened that ,It must be admitted that,祈使句: 无主语，精炼。,Let A be equal to B.设A等于B。,Consider a high-pressure chamber. 假如有一个高压室。,（准确、精炼）,1.3 Grammar Features,(5) 复杂长句使用频繁,It has been mentioned above that the electrons in a metal are able to move freely through the metal, that their motion constitutes an electric current in the metal and that they play an important part in conduction of heat.,前面已经提到：金属中电子能自由地通过金属，电子的移动在金属中形成了电流，电子在热传导中起着重要的作用。,（准确、精炼）,为了完整、准确地表达事物内在联系，使用大量从句,1.3 Grammar Features,(6) 后置形容词短语作定语多,代替定语从句作后置定语，使句子简洁、紧凑，不至于累赘。,1) Samples treated by SMAT have surface characteristics, which are analogous to those of samples treated by shot peening.,Samples treated by SMAT have surface characteristics analogous to those of samples treated by shot peening.,2) The instruments present include some precise ones which are relative to micro-analysis.,The instruments present include some precise ones relative to micro-analysis.,经表面机械研磨处理的样品具有表面特性，与经喷丸处理的样品表面特性相似。,现有的仪器中有一些与显微分析有关的精密仪器,（精炼）,1.4 Rhetoric Features,注重科学技术方面的观察、试验和客观规律、事物特征,涉及的内容(如概念、原理、定理或定律、规则、方法等)大多没有特定的时间关系和时效性,(1) 广泛使用一般现在时,(2)较多地使用图、表和公式,常使用数据、图、表和公式等非语言因素来表明科技概念、原理、定理或定律、规则、方法等。,(3) 逻辑语法使用多,修辞特点,进行条件论述、理论分析和公式推导时，多使用逻辑语法，即表示条件、原因、语气转折、限制、假设和逻辑顺序等词汇,although, because, but, if, once, only, suppose, as a result, because of, due to, so, therefore, thus, without等。,1.5 Vocabulary Features,(1) 词汇分类,专业或技术词汇,次技术词汇,austenite（奥氏体) martensite (马氏体）augite（辉石） diffraction (衍射） superconductivity （超导特性）,很多专业和学科所共有的词汇,不同专业和学科往往具有不同词义,某个专业所特有的词汇，其专业性强，词义狭窄和单一。,dislocation :,散开，解散,脱臼，脱位,断层，断错,phase:,周相，阶段，时期,物相,twins：,双胞胎,孪晶,aging:,年老的，衰老的,时效,：专业或技术词汇，次技术词汇，非技术词汇,词汇特点,位错,1.5 Vocabulary Features,非技术词汇,在普通英语或非专业英语中使用较少，但实际却属于非专业英语的词汇,take in - absorb,Look into - examine,find out - discover,turn round - rotate,make good use of - utilize,change - convert,1.5 Vocabulary Features,(2) 词汇构成,1) 合成法,由相互独立的两个或更多的词合成得到新词,名词+名词（n.+n.）n. :,grain boundary, grain size, point defect,名词+形容词(n+adj.) adj.：,ice-cold, network-wide,名词+副词(n+adv.)n.，adj.:,feedback,形容词名词（adj+n）n.，adj.：,high-speed, newtype,形容词+名词+ed (adj.+n.+ed)adj.:,forward-directed，small-sized,介词+名词(prep.+n.)adj., n.：,overhead, on-line,1.5 Vocabulary Features,2)派生法,通过对词根加上各种前缀或后缀来构成新词,专业英语词汇大部分都是用派生法构成的， semi-构成的词有230个以上: semiconductor thermo-130 个以上：thermo-chemical micro- 300个以上: microstructure auto- 260个以上: automobile,前缀（prefix）：词义变化，词类不变 后缀（suffix）：词义可能变化可能不变，词类一定会变,常用的前缀和后缀却多达百个，可见派生法的构词能力是非常强的。作为一个专业技术人员，至少应掌握50个常用前缀和后缀。,名词前缀,名词后缀,形容词后缀,副词后缀,动词后缀,词根,3) 词汇缩略,1.5 Vocabulary Features,只由词汇中的部分字母或由词组中每个词汇的首字母。,节略词，缩略词，首字词和缩写词,节略词：只取词汇前面几个字母或只由后面词根组成,ad,del,exam,deg,lab,di(a),dir,dep,advertisement;,delete,examination,degree,laboratory,diameter,directory,department,1.5 Vocabulary Features,缩略词：由词组中某些词的词头字母（有时多于一个）所组成，作为一个词按照正常的规则发音,SMAT,surface mechanical attrition treatment 表面机械研磨处理,首字词：与缩略词类似，区别在于每个实词只取第一个字母，且必须逐字母念出,TEM SEM XRD EBSD,Transmission Electron Microscope 透射电子显微镜,Scanning Electron Microscope 扫描电子显微镜,X-ray Diffraction X射线衍射,Electron Backscattered Diffraction 背散射电子衍射,缩写词：并不一定由某个词组的首字母组成。有些缩写词仅由一个单词变化而来，且大多数缩写词每个字母后都附有一个句点。,1.5 Vocabulary Features,appx.appendix 附录 fig.figure 图 sq.square 平方 tab. table 表,混合法:由两个词汇的第一个词汇的前面几个字母和第二个词汇的后面几个字母结合在一起构成。,positron negatron,positive electron正电子, negative electron负电子,1.5 Vocabulary Features,字母外形法 :对一些形状与字母外形相似的物体，可以利用连字符把字母和名词连接在一起组成新词汇。,X-ray X 射线 Y-direction Y轴方向,人名法:对一些科学家、发明家所发现或发明的理论、方法、定理或定律、东西和物品等，用他们的名字组成新词。,Mole摩尔,Volt伏特,Watt瓦特,Ampere安培,Hertz赫兹,Kelvin开尔文,Coulomb-库仑,2.4 Symbol and Formula,(1) 国际单位制中的前缀,(2)小数，分数，百分数,1.6 Symbol and Formula,0.1: zero point one, point one, o point one, one tenth, decimal one 0.01: point zero one, 10.35: ten point three five,1/2: a (one) half 1/3: a third 1/4: one quarter 1/8: a eighth 2/3: two-thirds, two over three, two divided by three 3/4: three-fourths, three quarters 3%: three percent 0.2% : point two percent 5: five per mille,(3)幂（power）根（root）,x to the second power,1.6 Symbol and Formula,: x square,x squared ,the square of x,the second power of x,y to the third power,:y cube,y cubed,the cube of y,the third power of y,:the nth power of a , a to the n power,: the square root o f three,: the cube (third ) root of a,:the nth root of a,1.6 Symbol and Formula,(4)几何形状 三角形 triangle 四边形 tetragon 长方形 rectangle 五边形 pentagon 六边形 hexagon 圆形 circle 梯形 trapezoid 菱形 rhombus 平行四边形 parallelogram 卵形 oval 椭圆形 ellipse 锥形 pyramid 圆锥形 cone 圆柱体 cylinder 球形 sphere,2.4 Symbol and Formula,(5) 数学运算符号,1.7 Useful Expression,(1) To indicate the relationship 相关性 relative to 相对于 be related to in relation to in relation about related be in connection with something relevant与相应的某物有关联 the relevance of 与有关 with a similar pattern to 与相同 be in accord with the results,1.7 Useful Expression,(1) To indicate the relationship 与相反 on the contrary in contrary but quite on the contrary in sharp contrast contrary to what would be expected contrary to the expectation that contrary to previous beliefs/observations contrary to the hypothesis/predictions contrary to current popular truisms (众所周知） contrary to current cognitive theories (认知的理论）,1.7 Useful Expression,(2) To indicate cause and effect accordingly as a result consequently for this reason hence in short otherwise(否则，另外） then therefore thus,1.7 Useful Expression,(3) To Indicate Addition additionally again as can be easily understood also and then besides equally important especially for the same reason finally first further furthermore in addition last likewise moreover next second third too evidently obviously roughly speaking broadly speaking,1.7 Useful Expression,(4) To indicate concession (退让） after all although this may be true at the same time even though even so naturally of course,1.7 Useful Expression,(5) To indicate Comparison in a like manner likewise s