研究生英语阅读教程Unit12.ppt

Unit 12,2019/7/14,2,Contents,Introduction Text (A) analysis Some comments on writing Text (B) analysis Further reading Exercises,2019/7/14,3,Introduction,Both Text A and Text B are excerpts from his book What to Listen for in Music (1939), in which Copland tries to give some suggestions on intelligently listening to music and achieving a deeper understanding of the most rewarding of all art forms.,2019/7/14,4,Aaron Copland (亚伦柯普兰),(1) An American composer of film scores, opera, piano, chamber music, and other forms. Copland is best known for his ballet music (“Appalachian Spring,“ 1944; “Rodeo,“ 1942) and his orchestral works (“Lincoln Portrait,“ 1942; “Fanfare for the Common Man,“ 1942).,2019/7/14,5,(2) Sincerely concerned about relating to a wide public without compromising his music, Copland succeeded brilliantly both with more complex works like the “Piano Variations“ and “Twelve Poems of Emily Dickinson“ (1949-1950) and the subtle simplicity of his highly popular ballet music suites. He was the quintessential American nationalist composer. Blue Gene Tyranny, Rovi,2019/7/14,6,Chamber music,(1)室内乐(Chamber music)，原意是指在房间内演奏的“家庭式”的音乐，后引伸为在比较小的场所演奏的音乐。现在指由一件或几件乐器演奏的小型器乐曲，主要指重奏曲和小型器乐合奏曲，区别于大型管弦乐。,2019/7/14,7,(2) 顾名思义，室内乐(Chamber music)，是在室内演奏或演唱的音乐。但是，这“室”原指欧洲贵族城堡中的音乐室，常是金碧辉煌而且宽敞的大“厅”。由此而言，只有编制庞大，不得不在大戏院、大音乐厅或大教堂作公共演出的(例如：华格纳、威尔第的歌剧)，才不能算是室内乐。如此，几乎所有的巴洛克的器乐曲(甚至早期的歌剧)都可以算作室内乐。,2019/7/14,8,Text analysis,Text A From Composer to Interpreter to Listener,2019/7/14,9,Text Structure,Part I (para 13) A composer gives us himself. Questions 1. What of himself does a composer express in his music? 2. What results in the formation of a composers style?,2019/7/14,10,Part II (para 47) The role of the interpreter is to assimilate and recreate the composers “message”. The interpreter must be faithful to every composition. Questions 3. How do you understand the “poor” and “tender mercies” in the sentence “the poor composer”? 4. How can interpreters solve the problem presented by the notes themselves?,2019/7/14,11,Part III (para 810) The listeners responsibility is to try hard to make our understanding of the art more profound. The future of music is in the listeners hands. Questions 5. What kind of listener can be important to music and the makers of music? 6. How should we listen to music for the furtherance of an art?,2019/7/14,12,Jean Baptiste Lully (1632-1687): French court and operatic composer who once controlled court music and whose style of writing was widely imitated throughout Europe. He was known to be shrewd and unscrupulous, a man of insatiable ambition; his rise from violinist in Louis XIVs court band was meteoric and was accomplished by brazen and merciless intrigue.,Point 1,2019/7/14,13,吕利（Jean-Baptiste Lully，16321687年），原名乔万尼巴蒂斯塔吕利（GiovanniBattista Lulli），意大利籍法国作曲家。1632年11月28日生于佛罗伦萨，1687年3月22日卒于巴黎。吕利于1661年加入法国籍，因一个偶然的机会青云直上，从宫廷芭蕾舞团的演员成长为皇家音乐舞蹈学校的首任校长。他与大剧作家莫里哀（Molire）相识，又受到卢梭思想的影响，创作了许多用法语演唱的歌剧，成为法国歌剧的创始者。代表作有阿尔西斯特、爱神与酒神的节日等。,2019/7/14,14,Artistic achievements,（1） 创造出一种被称为“抒情悲剧”（Tragedie lyrique）的法国歌剧形式。 （2） 在歌剧中采用了与意大利歌剧序曲相反的“慢快慢”法国式序曲。 （3） 在歌剧中大量运用芭蕾，服装华丽。 （4）歌剧采用法语，以有伴奏的宣叙调代替意大利式的干念宣叙调，使宣叙调具有歌唱性；歌剧中大部分用宣叙调，很少用咏叹调。,2019/7/14,15,Richard Wagner (1813-1883): leading German composer of the late 19th century who was not simply a composer but a musical dramatist whose state works have a far-reaching significance; He lived wildly. In spite of his princely salary, he had to flee from Vienna to avoid imprisonment for debt because he had the inveterate habits of borrowing and living on others.,Point 2,2019/7/14,16,Point 3,Musical notation: consists of symbols which deal mostly with two of the seven parameters-pitch and duration. These are the two most important parameters in music notation and, probably not coincidentally, the first ones to evolve.,2019/7/14,17,Point 4,(1) Musical intelligence: the ability to enjoy, perform or compose a musical piece. Musical/Rhythmic Intelligence includes sensitivity to pitch, timbre rhythm of sounds, as well as responsiveness to the emotional implications of these elements. Numerous computer programs have been written that use a very simple notation for pitch and duration the vertical position (up or down) represents the pitch.,2019/7/14,18,(2) The length of the note is symbolized by the length of the line anywhere from a sixteenth of an inch to five or six inches or more. A functional piece of music can be notated using just these two parameters. Most of the other ones, such as loudness, instrumentation, or tempo, are usually written in English or Italian somewhere outside of the main musical framework.,2019/7/14,19,Point 5,Virgil Thomson (1896-1989) : a many-faceted American composer of great originality and a music critic of singular brilliance. He composed in almost every genre of music.,2019/7/14,20,Point 6,Always remember that when you listen to a composers creation you are listening to a man, to a particular individual, with his own special personality. How do you understand the saying?,2019/7/14,21,Point 7,The poor composer, having finished his composition, must turn it over to the tender mercies of an interpretive artist who, it must always be remembered, is a being with his own musical nature and his own personality. How do you understand the “poor” and “tender mercies” in the sentence?,2019/7/14,22,Point 8,The combined efforts of composer and interpreter have meaning only in so far as they go out to an intelligent body of hearers. That bespeaks a responsibility on the part of the hearer. How important is the responsibility of the listener compared with the composer and interpreter ?,2019/7/14,23,Point 9,Discussion How necessary is the knowledge of music with a graduate student?,2019/7/14,24,Its important to find what music form works best for your situation. Please write an essay of 300 words on the music form that strikes you most and focus on its characteristics or your feelings derived from it.,Writing,2019/7/14,25,According to the text, what are the three planes on which we listen to music? Does the value of music have much to do with its sensuous appeal? Why or why not? What does the author think about the meaning of music? What is the popular idea of musics meaning stimulated by musical commentator?,Text B,How We Listen to Music,2019/7/14,26,5. Laymen often associate music with different moods. Please give some examples. 6. How could a person listen to music on the sheerly musical plane? 7. What do you think makes an active and acute listener of music?,2019/7/14,27,(1) the sensuous plane, (2) the expressive plane, (3) the sheerly musical plane,No. 1,2019/7/14,28,Yes. It does. It is on the sensuous plane that we hear music without thinking, without considering it in any way. One turns on the radio while doing something else and absent-mindedly bathes in the sound. A kind of brainless but attractive state of mind is engendered by the mere sound appeal of the music.,No. 2,2019/7/14,29,It is difficult enough to say precisely what it is that a piece of music means. My own belief is that all music has an expressive power, some more and some less, but that all music has a certain meaning behind the notes and that that meaning behind the notes constitutes, after all, what the piece is saying, what the piece is about.,No. 3,2019/7/14,30,The more the music reminds them of a train, a storm, a funeral, or any other familiar conception, the more expressive it appears to be to them.,No. 4,2019/7/14,31,(1) Music expresses, at different moments, serenity or exuberance, regret or triumph, fury or delight. It expresses each of these moods, and many others, in a numberless variety of subtle shadings and differences.,No. 5,2019/7/14,32,(2) Laymen often associate music with different moods. For example, If you can Listen to the forty-eight fugue themes of Bachs Well Tempered Clavichord. You will soon realize that each theme mirrors a different world of feeling. Now study the sad one a little closer. Try to pin down the exact quality of its sadness, youll find that it is hard to distinguish whether it is pessimistically sad; fatefully sad or smilingly sad.,2019/7/14,33,(3) Take such a theme as the first main one of the Ninth Symphony, for another example. It is clearly made up of different elements. It does not say only one thing. Yet anyone hearing it immediately gets a feeling of strength, a feeling of power. The extraordinary strength and vigor of the theme results in the listeners receiving an impression that a forceful statement has been made.,2019/7/14,34,An actual musical material is being used. The intelligent listener must be prepared to increase his awareness of the musical material and what happens to it. He must hear the melodies, the rhythms, the harmonies, the tone colors in a more conscious fashion. But above all he must, in order to follow the line of the composers thought, know something of the principles of musical form.,No. 6,2019/7/14,35,No. 7,(1) He should be able to listen to music on the three planes at the same time. In a sense, the ideal listener is both inside and outside the music at the same moment, judging it and enjoying it, wishing it would go one way and watching it go another almost like the composer at the moment he composes it; because in order to write his music, the composer must also be inside and outside his music, carried away by it and yet coldly critical of it.,2019/7/14,36,(2) What the listener should strive for, then, is a more active kind of listening. Whether you listen to Mozart or Duke Ellington, you can deepen your understanding of music only by being a more conscious and aware listener not someone who is just listening, but someone who is listening for something.,2019/7/14,37,heroic exploited Vienna, court organist accepted rules and conventions social status establishing humiliation great, composer,Further reading,2019/7/14,38,无论是小说或是音乐，最基础的东西在于韵律。你的风格需要有优良、自然且持续的律动，否则人们不会持续地想要阅读你的作品。我从音乐主要是爵士乐中认识韵律的重要性。接下来的旋律-在文学上的形式代表着将我们的语言加以适当的组织实现韵律的契合。如果文字与韵律的契合平滑而优美，你将别无所求。接下来的和声-心灵内部的声响，作为支持语言的效用。接下来就是我最喜欢的部分：自由即兴创作。通过一些特别的途径，一个故事可以从内在无拘地延展。,E-C,2019/7/14,39,所有我写作的小说均依照这种流程发展。最终这项可能是最重要的事情：你所完成一项作品的经验-在于你的“表现“，以及可以感受到当你实现此等创作高度的历程是崭新且有意义的。假如这一切发展良好，你有机会与你的读者(你的听众)分享这等高度下的自我认知。这是一种唯有这种方式可以满足的非凡顶点。,E-C,2019/7/14,40,The turning point of my life was my decision to give up a promising business career and study music. My parents, although sympathetic, and sharing my love of music, disapproved of it a