科技英语的特点概述.ppt

1,科技英语的特点,English for Science and Technology,2,课程教学目的 培养学生对科技英语语言的理解能力和应用能力；让学生承担科技英语阅读必需的基本技能和知识，使学生能够以英语为工具获取科技知识及其他有关的信息。,3,科技英语的含义 不同于普通英语； 更不同于文学英语； 也不完全等同于专业英语。 English for Science and Technology 专门服务于理工科专业和各行业的科技人员。,4,科技英语与其它英语的区别,文学英语：需了解美国文化背景，语言漂亮 普通英语：以语法为主线，基础词汇 科技英语：注重翻译技巧，严谨，忠于原文， 但不一定要直译 如:英文中的被动句中文中的主动句。,5,科技英语的重要性,国际间的科技情报和资料交流； 世界上科技杂志有六万多种，一半以上是英文刊物； 各国科技人员学习的需要； 交流的需要；,6,科技英语的学习方法 科技英语阅读与普通英语的快速阅读的方法也有所不同，科技英语阅读要把准确理解放在首位，在准确理解的基础上提高阅读速度。和其他的英语能力一祥，科技英语阅读能力，需要通过长期的实践才能获得，不可能一蹴而就，多读多练是提高科技英语阅读能力的最有效的方法。,7,1 科技英语的特点,1.1 科技英语的特点概述 1学时 1.2 科技英语的特殊语法现象 6学时 1.3 科技英语中的一些常用句型 4学时,8,1.1 科技英语的特点概述,一、科技英语在词汇方面的特点 二、科技英语句法上的特点 三、科技英语修辞上的特点,9,科技英语的基本特点,为了了解科技英语的特点，我们先阅读下面一段关于许用应力的课文。,Despite the tests described in Chapters 1l and 12，materials may still fail in service，sometimes with disastrous results (e.g. when the failure occurs in aircraftbridges，ships，etc.). To try to avoid such disastrous occurring，the designer avoids using materials continuously at their maximum allowable stress. This is done by employing a factor of safety. Unfortunately，increasing the strength of a component in the interests of safety not only increases the initial material costs，but also the operating costs. For example，the stronger and heavier the structure members of an aircraft，the fewer passengers it can carry and the more fuel it consumersTherefore a balance has to be maintained between safety，initial cost and operating costsThe designer is constantly striving to improve the former whilst reducing the latter,10,Allowable working stress is taken as a proportion of the yield or proof stress；that is，the component is only stressed within its elastic range when in serviceFor example, consider the screwed fastening shown in Fig. 1.l. When the nut is tightened normally the bolt is stretched slightly and，providing it is stressed within its elastic range，it will behave like a very powerful spring and will pull the joint faces together very firmly,11,The stress in the bolt is made up of two elements. Firstly, the stress imparted by the initial tightening of the bolt; secondly，the stress imparted by the load on the fastening in serviceThe sum of these stress must not be allowed to approach，let alone exceed，the yield stress for the material of it will cease to act in an elastic mannerTherefore the designer proportions the fastening (another components) so as that there is a factor of safetyUsually the designer assumes an allowable working stress of only half the yield stress for the material.,12,If the fastening shown in Fig. 1.1 is overstressed by applying excess torque to the nut (for example，by extending the length of the spanner with a tube)，the bolt will be stressed beyond its elastic rangeOnce the yield stress for the bolt has been exceeded it exhibits plastic properties and takes a permanent set that is，it becomes permanently lengthened，the “spring back” is seriously reduced and the joint faces are no longer held firmly together. Thus for critical assemblies，the designer will seek to control the stress in the fastening and associated components by specifying the torque to be applied to the nut as it is tightened by the use of a “torque spanner” set to a specific value.,13,在文章结构方面，逻辑严谨，层次分明，复杂长句多； 在用词方面，必然要用到专业术语和专业单词，以及词性变换多； 在语法方面，非谓语动词多，较多地使用被动语态； 另一个重要特点是采用图表等非语言因素表达思想。,可以得出科技英语的特点：,14,词性转换多,英语单词有不少是多性词，如： Above 介词：above all (things) 形容词：for the above reason 副词：as(has been ) indicated above,15,副词： light come, light go,Light 名词：in the light of 由于，根据 high light(s) 强光，精华 safety light 安全指示灯 形容词：light industry light room light blue,16,一、科技英语在词汇方面的特点, 专业词汇出现率低； 词义专一； 多来源于拉丁语和希腊语； 广泛使用缩略语； 前后缀出现率高,17,缩略语Abbreviation,普通英语中的缩略语：i.e.即，etc.等，co.公司； 科技英语中缩略语多为单位名称、设备名称，仪器，方法，药剂等，一般在上下文中有原型。如： 英国电气工程师学会 Institution of Electrical Engineers 简称 IEE 美国科学情报研究所 Institute for Scientific Information 简称 ISI 核磁共振 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance简称 NMR 聚丙烯酰胺 PAM,18,1. 各种组织或机构的缩略词 APEC(Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation)亚太经济合作组织 IOC(International Olympic Committee)国际奥林匹克组织 ISO(International Standard Organization)国际标准化组织 OPEC(Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)欧佩克,石 油输出国组织 WTO(World Trade Organization)世界贸易组织 SOS村(SOS childrens village)一种专门收养孤儿的慈善机构,19,2 各种系统的缩略词 BBS(bulletin board system)电子公告牌系统或(bulletin board service)电子公告服务 GPS(global positioning system)全球定位系统 GSM(global system for mobile communications)全球移动通信系统 CIMS(computer integrated manufacturing system)计算机集成制造系统 DOS(disc operating system)磁盘操作系统 GMDSS(global maritime distress and safety system)全球海上遇险与安全系统 ITS(intelligent transportation system)智能交通系统 NMD(National Missile Defense)国家导弹防御系统 TMD (theatre missile defense)战区导弹防御系统) NASDAQ(national association of securities dealers automated quotation)纳斯达克,(美)全国交易商自动报价系统协会,20,3 有关职务或学位的缩略词 CEO(chief executive officer)首席执行官 CFO(chief finance officer)首席财务官 CGO(chief government officer)首席沟通官 CIO(chief information officer)首席信息官 COO(chief operating officer)首席运营官 CTO(chief technology officer)首席技术官 CPA(certified public accountant)注册会计师 MBA(Master of Business Administration)工商管理硕士 MPA(Master of Public Administration)公共管理硕士,21,4. 金融方面的缩略词 ATM(automated teller machine)自动柜员机 CBD(central business district)中央商务区 GDP(gross domestic product)国内生产总值 GNP(gross national product)国民生产总值,22,5.考试方面的缩略词 CET(college English test)大学英语等级考试 GRE(graduate record examination in USA and other countries)美国等国家研究生入学资格考试 PETS(public English test system)全国英语等级考试 HSK(Hanyushuipingkaoshi; Chinese Standard Test)汉语水平考试,23,6 其他方面的缩略词 AIDS(acquired immune deficiency syndrome) 获得性免疫缺陷综合症,即艾滋病 AM (amplitude modulation) 调幅 APC ( aspirin, phenacetin and caffeine; compound aspirin; heat-relieving and pain-killing medicine consisting of aspirin, phenacetin and caffeine) 复方阿司匹林 API (air pollution index) 空气污染指数 CDMA (code division multiple access) 码分多址,一种最新的无线电发射和接受方式 CD (compact disc) 激光唱盘 CD-ROM (compact disc-read only memory) 只读光盘 CD-RW (compact disc-rewritable) 可擦写光盘,24,CIP (cataloguing in publication) 在版编目;预编目录.在图书出版前,由图书馆编目部门根据出版商提供的校样先行编目, 编目后将著录内容及标准格式交出版机构,将它印于图书的版权页上 DIY (do it yourself) 指自己动手装电脑,缝制衣服,做贺卡 DVD (digital video disc) 数字激光视盘 EMS (express mail service) 邮政特快专递 EQ (emotional quotient) 情商 IQ (intelligence quotient) 智商 ICU (intensive-care unit) 重症病房 IP (internet protocol) 网际协议 IT (imformation technology) 信息技术 OA (office automation) 办公自动化 OEM (original equipment manufacturer) 原始设备制造商,25,PC (personal computer) 个人计算机 PT (particular transfer) 特别转让 SCI (science citation index) 科学引文索引 SOHO (small office home office) 小型家居办公室 SOS (Save Our Souls; radio signal once used universally to appeal for help esp. by a ship or boat; urgent request for help from sb. in trouble) 国际上曾通用的紧急呼救信号,也用于一般的求救或求助 ST (special treatment) 特别处理 VIP (very important person) 要人 VOD (video on demand) 视频点播 WWW (World Wide Web) 万维网,26,前缀,Semi-半，部分的,Micro-小，微,Thermo- 热,Auto- 自，自身,Semi-conductor 半导体 Semicircle 半圆,Microbiology 微生物学 Microchemistry 微量化学 Microelectronics 微电子学 Microfilm 缩微胶卷,Thermodynamic 热力学的 Thermometer 温度计,Autobiographic 自传的 Automat 自动售货机 Automation 自动化,27,后缀,-ance -ity -ment -ness -sion -tion -th(序),-ure -able -ible -ant -al -ic -ive -ous,28,二、科技英语句法上的特点, 长句多； 大量使用被动语态； 常用形容词短语做后置定语； 使用非谓语动词的频率特别高。,29,复杂长句多,语法分析 符合汉语习惯(translation) 以短代长、化难为易,Applied research carries the findings of basic research to a point where they can be exploited to meet a specific need, while the development stage of research and development includes the steps necessary to bring a new or modified product or process into production. In Europe, the United States and Japan the unified concept of research and development has been an integral part of economic planning, both by government and by private industry.,30,World War I produced a dramatic change. Attempts at rapid expansion of the arms industry in the belligerent as well as in most of the neutral countries exposed weaknesses in technology as well as in organization and brought an immediate appreciation of the need for more scientific support. The Department of Scientific and Industrial Research in the United Kingdom was founded in 1915, and the National Research Council in the United States in 1916.,31,These bodies were given the task of stimulating and coordinating the scientific support to the war effort, and one of their most important long-term achievements was to convince industrialists, in their own countries and in others, that adequate and properly conducted research and development were essential to success.,32,被动语态多,科技英语1/3以上用被动句，但译成汉语不一定用被动语态 例句： :In Germany Nazi ideology tended to be hostile to basic scientific research, and effort was concentrated on short-term work. 在德国，纳粹的意识形态对基础科学研究采取的是敌对态度，所以，研究主要是集中在短期项目上。 Automobiles may be manufactured with computer-driven robots or put together almost totally by hand.,33,形容词短语做后置定语,例句： All radiant energy has wavelike characteristics, analogous to those of waves that move though water 所有的辐射都具有波的特征，与水中移动的波的特征相似。 Non-mobile robots, capable of learning to perform a industrial task and then of being left to perform it tirelessly ,are even now in use in industrial plants all over the world. 非移动机器人，因其有能力完成一定的工业任务，而且可以不知疲倦地完成同样的工作，因此早已在世界各地的工厂中得到应用。,34,非谓语动词多,动名词 分词：现在分词和过去分词 不定式,-in spite of the inevitable confusion in the control of activities that were novel to most of the participants, there followed a decade of remarkable technical progress.,35,非谓语后置成份,more examples:,Outside the air, space, and defense fields the amount of effort in different industries follows much the same pattern in different countries, a fact made necessary by the demands of international competition.,36,三、科技英语修辞上的特点, 时态运用有限； 修辞手法简单； 逻辑-语法词使用普遍，如：,表示原因,caused by, as because of, due to owing to, for as a result of, because,表示逻辑顺序,however, but nevertheless otherwise,表示限制,only, if only except besides unless,suppose supposing assuming provided providing,表示假设,2,37,1.2 科技英语的特殊语法现象,五、关于动作主体的问题 六、命令句的用法 七、by, with的用法 八、关于“名词+名词”的问题 九、很少用“s”表示所有 十、定语从句中与which、when连用的介词位置,一、关于be going to 表示未来的问题 二、will, can, may的用法 三、无人称被动句的用法 四、should的用法,38,特殊语法现象,十一、关于if 子句的问题 十二、从句的紧缩式 十三、完成时的用法 十四、as的用法,十五、such that, such as to 的用法 十六、关于抽象名词的用法 十七、动词+后缀当形容词 十八、常用的前缀 十九、多用正规动词，少用“动词+副词”,39,一、be going to 表示未来的问题,科技英语中很少用be going to 表示将来。,The new aircraft is going to fly for the first time on Monday.,The new aircraft will fly for the first time on Monday.,这架新飞机将在礼拜一首次航行。,40,二、will, can, may的用法,In line with this plan, the problem is reduced to a more categorical question that can be clearly stated. (Engineering,p4),Production of the new machine will commence next year.,明年开始生产这种新机器。,为配合这个计划，问题被缩减为更多的分类问题，这样就可以清楚地进行说明。,表示纯粹未来用will,（1）,41,二、will, can, may的用法,These planes will fly,这几架飞机的飞行速度可达到每小时800英里。,表示能力用will, can,capable,和be able to,（2）,can fly are capable of flying are able to fly,at 800 miles per hour.,42,二、will, can, may的用法,This solid will vaporize when we heat it.,Friction will cause the bearings to become heated.,摩擦会使轴承变热。,当我们给它加热时，这种固体会汽化。,表示经常发生的事用will,（3）,43,二、will, can, may的用法,Metal which cools rapidly Unguarded belts or chains The testing of new machines,may can,cause fracture. cause accidents. take a long time.,表示有时发生的事用may, can,（4）,44,Example of may in the material:,Development engineers apply the results of research to useful purposes. Creative application of new knowledge may result in a working model of a new electrical circuit, a chemical process, or an industrial machine.,45,二、will, can, may的用法,We can easily calculate the friction losses.,Work on the new engine can start in a few weeks.,几周后可以开始这种新型发动机的工作。,我们可以很容易的算出摩擦损耗。,表示能够用can,（5）,46,二、will, can, may的用法,This problem Low-speed bearings The steel Thermo-couples,may be can be,approached in several ways. lubricated with grease. Quenched（淬火） in either water or oil. used to measure high temperatures.,表示可能性用may, can,（6）,47,三、无人称被动句的用法,The driver starts the engine.,The engine is started.,（司机）开动发动机。,He welded the plates together.,The plates are welded together.,把钢板焊接在一起。,The furnace smelts the ore.,The ore is smelted in the furnace.,高炉熔化矿石。,48,三、无人称被动句的用法,The man sharpened his tool.,His tool was sharpened.,那人磨尖了它的工具。,We must lubricate bearings.,Bearings must be lubricated.,（我们）必须润滑轴承。,A lathe can cut screws.,Screws can be cut on a lathe.,车床能加工螺丝。,49,或,三、无人称被动句的用法,Attention should be paid not to damage the machine.,（操作者）应当注意不要损坏了机器。,The heat in the center of the earth is being made use of in some countries.,在某些国家，人们利用地球中心的热。,Use is being made of the heat in the center of the earth in some countries.,50,四、should的用法,Safety precautions should be observed at all time.,These machines should be handled with great care.,这些机器应当小心操作。,任何时候都应注意安全措施。,表示“告诫”,（1）,The results of the experiment should be plotted on a graph.,应将实验结果绘在图表上。,51,四、should的用法,Carbon content in steel should not be more than 0.5%.,The steel should not contain more than 0.5% of carbon.,钢里的含炭量不应超过0.5%。,说明某一情况,（2）,The maximum internal diameter should be 40 thousandths of an inch.,最大内径应为40/1000英寸。,或,52,四、should的用法,This building should be completed by the end of next year.,The process of cooling should continue for several hours.,冷却过程要延续好几个小时。,这座大楼应在明年年底前竣工。,表示“期待”,（3）,53,五、关于动作主体的问题, 动作主体是人时，句末不用by短语； 动作主体不是人时，句末应用by 短语； 动作主体为人，但省去影响句子的意思时，应加by短语。,2,54,Agriculture cannot be developed without sufficient water.,Explosion is caused,动作主体,没有足够的水就无法发展农业。,爆炸是由石油燃料与空气中的氧迅速化合而引起的。,动作主体是人，不用by,动作主体不是人，用by,combination of the fuels with the oxygen in the air.,by the rapid,55,Three machines can be controlled,All responsibility for the accident must be accepted,动作主体,一个操作者可以同时控制三台机器。,设计者应承担产生事故的一切责任。,by the designer.,by a single operator.,强调动作 主体，用by,56,六、命令句的用法,表示无人称指令,Allow Let Take 祈使句 动词开头,Should 命令句,e.g. Water should be heated before The bearing should be lubricated before,57,命令句,Let me by! 让我过去！ Let it alone! 别管它！ Let him be! 别打扰他！,日 常 英 语,将轮胎里的气放掉！,科 技 英 语,Let the air out of the type！,把瓶子里的水倒出来。,Let the water out of the bottle.,58,每十分钟测一次温度！,Take the temperature every ten minutes.,假设X等于每分钟的转数。,Let X equal the number of revolutions per minute.,记下水面位置。,Take the water level.,让水冷却十分钟，然后再测温度。,Allow the water to cool for ten minutes and then take the temperature.,计算出将产生的膨胀量。,Calculate the amount of expansion which will take place.,59,Fill a test-tube half full of water and heat it nearly to boiling point. Support the tube on a stand and allow it to cool. Take the temperature every minute. Stir carefully with a glass rod. Record the reading you obtain, and plot them on a graph of temperature against time. Repeat this with a tube half-full of crystals. Allow the solid to melt. Heat the liquid to 100oC, fix the tube on the stand and allow it to cool. Record the results as before and plot them.,60,七、by, with的用法,by,by means of,用耐火砖可以减少热损耗。,Heat losses can be reduced by firebricks.,Heat losses can be reduced by lining 加衬里the furnace with firebricks.,The heat loss reduction can be achieved by means of firebricks.,with,with the help of,用某一工具,用某种材料,61,The necessary heat for the carbon-steam and carbon-carbon dioxide reactions is commonly generated by burning part of the carbon in the gasifier.,碳和蒸汽以及碳和二氧化碳反应所需的热量通常靠在气化炉中燃烧一部分碳来提供.,传动装置上通常有安全销，防止过载。,The drive units are normally equipped with shear pins for overload protection.,62,By和 with,By means of 后面不能跟动名词短语。,Heat losses can be reduced by means of lining the furnace with firebricks.,Heat losses can be reduced by means of firebricks.,63,There by =by means of this由此,That part of the steam nearest to the walls is cooled and condenses as a film of water. The volume of steam in the cylinder is there by considerably reduced.,64,八、关于“名词+名词”的问题,表示原材料 表示典型成分 表示工作介质,an iron pipe = a pipe made of iron,oil product = products made of oil,manganese steel = steel which contains manganese,coal mine,a steam engine = an engine worked by steam,表示工作对象,an air compressor = a device for compressing air,65,表示用途 表示方式 表示所属 表示关于 表示形状,a drive motor,= a motor for driving machines,a foot brake,= a brake operated by foot,= molecules of water,the production cost,water molecules,= the cost concerning production,a star wheel,= a wheel shaped like a star,66,ash content,surface property,mineral matter,rate constant,nitrogen dioxide,experiment results,adsorption mechanism,moisture content,air pressure,diamond insert 菱形插头,看看下面的名词组合是什么类型,satellite communication techniques,卫星通讯技术,67,九、很少用“s”表示所有,s一般表示生命体的所有，如：,Marys watch my uncles house the cats food,科技英语中用“名词+of+名词”或“名词+名词”,the property of minerals the surface of the earth,68,有时，为方法、技术、反应、定律、方程式等命名，需特别注意,欧姆定律 Ohms law 牛顿定律 New-tons Law 波尔曼技术 Bollmans technique,一个人 发现者,华氏温度计 a Fahrenheit thermometer 本生灯 a Bunhrenheit burner,一个人发明者,施特芬-波兹曼定律 the Stofan-Boltzman Law 尤利-汤普森反应 the Joule-Thompson effect,两个或两个以上人 用复合结构,69,十、定语从句中与which、whom连用的介词位置,This is the book which you mentioned about yesterday. This is the book about which you mentioned yesterday.,介词在引导词前,70,十一、从句的紧缩式,当主句与从句是同一主语时，！ 用“连词+过去分词”，介词+抽象名词， 或连词+形容词。,1. 物体放在阳光下时，它会变热。,When an object is placed in the sun, it becomes hot .,An object becomes hot when it is placed in the sun.,An object becomes hot when placed in the sun.,71,2. 安全火柴只有在被擦时才着火。,Safety matches light only when they are stricken.,Safety matches light only when stricken.,3. 当光线聚集在一点时，会产生大量的热。,When light is converged at a point, it would produce large quantity of heat.,When converged at a point, the light would produce large quantity of heat.,72,介词+抽象名词，例：,4. Considerable lateral pressure is exerted by the concrete while it is being compacted.,在压模时，混凝土产生较大的侧压力。,Considerable lateral pressure is exerted by the concrete during compaction.,compact,compaction,5. after it is separated,after separation,73,连词+形容词，例：,6. When necessary,必要时,Once ,If possible,有可能的话,一旦,While ,当时,小结：可用紧缩式的连词或介词有： When, while, once, if, as, after, during等,74,十二、抽象名词的用法,抽象名词的来源：动词、形容词,1. v. n.,consume, separate, emit, produce, apply, communicate, grow, transmit, install .,consumption, separation, emission, prod