《英汉翻译教程》PPT课件.ppt

1,中国翻译协会 /tran/index.htm 中国科技翻译 /2002/magazine/index.asp?MagID=1917 译路网 /html/e/2006-11/10/12_47_12_734.html 译商网 /Resourcehtml/Resource413.html 译龙翻译网/transtudy.asp 词汇术语网 /news/a1/1.htm 英语之声 /englishstudy/ch/jgmc/index2.html 舍生取译网 /,2,1. What is translation?(翻译的定义),The Oxford English Dictionary: to turn from one language into another(从一种语言转换成另一种语言); Websters third New International Dictionary of the English Language: to turn into ones own or another language(转换成本族语或另一种语言)。 翻译是一种“语言转换”活动。,3,The definition is:,Translation is a rendering from one language into another, i.e., the faithful representation in one language of what is written or said in another language. To be more exact, in Nidas & Tytlers words,4,美国翻译理论家Eugene A. Nida：,Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. （所谓翻译，是指在译语中用最切近而又自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先在语义上，其次在文体上。),5,综合各家之长:,翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出来，以达到沟通思想情感、传播文化知识、促进社会文明，特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。 Translation is an activity of reproducing in one language the ideas which have been expressed in another language.,6,3. Criteria in China,A. Yan Fus (严复) “three character guide”, which was first proposed in 1898, is the principle of “faithfulness, expressiveness, and elegance” (信、达、雅). “译事三难：信、达、雅” B. Some revisions such as faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness (信、达、切); faithfulness, expressiveness and fitness (信、达、贴),7,C. Fu Leis (傅雷) spiritual conformity/resemblance in spirit （神似) D. Qian Zhongshu (钱钟书) transmigration (化境) E. 鲁迅：翻译：一当然力求其易解,一则保存原作的丰姿。反对牛头不对马嘴，提出“宁信而不顺”之原则。 林语堂的“忠实、通顺、美” 梁实秋的“宁错务顺” 瞿秋白的“信顺统一” 许渊冲的“音美、形美、意美（三美）”,Criteria for beginners: Faithfulness Smoothness,8,“泰特勒三原则” 奈达（美）的“动态对等”和“功能对等” 纽马克（英）的“文本中心”论,Criteria in the West (reading after class),9,十八世纪末的英国学者亚历山大泰特勒(Alexander Fraser Tytler, 1747-1814)。他在论翻译的原则(Essay on the Principles of Translation)一书中提出了著名的翻译三原则： （1）译文应完全复写出原作的思想（A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.） （2）译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同(The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original.) （3）译文应和原作同样流畅(A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.）,Three Principles of Translation:,10,美国翻译理论家Eugene A. Nida：,把翻译中的“意义”概括成“语义”和“语体”: Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. （所谓翻译，是指在译语中用最切近而又自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先在语义上，其次在文体上。),A. Preparation: basic knowledge about both languages as well as the background knowledge; basic skills in translation are necessary; B. Comprehension: understanding accurately the meaning of the source language; How? C. Expression/Representation: try to express the meaning in idiomatic Chinese; D. Revision /proofreading: check again and again to polish the language.,The Process of Translation,12,但在下面例句中，like又分属其他几个不同词类： 1) He likes mathematics more than physics. 他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理学。（动词） 2) In the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine grains of dust shining like gold. 在射入窗内的阳光里，细微的尘埃象金子一般在闪闪发光。（介词） 3) Like knows like. 英雄识英雄。（名词）,12345,13,4). 启事： 信 招领启事 推荐信 鸣谢启事 证明信 征稿启事 口 信 更正启事 表 病历表 履历表 时间表 日程表,Case History Form,Acknowledgements,Certificate,Corrections,Letter of Recommendation,Contributions Wanted,Found,Timetable,Resume,Schedule,An Oral Message,14,2. 根据上下文联系以及词在句子中的搭配关系来选择和确定词义 英语中同一个词，同一词类，在不同场合往往也有不同的含义，必须根据上下文的联系以及词的搭配关系或句型来判断和确定某个词在特定场合下所应具有的词义。例如“Last”这一形容词： 1) He is the last man to come. 他是最后来的。 (Being, coming, or placed after all others; final) 2) He is the last man to do it. 他绝对不会干那件事。 (Least likely or expected) 3) He is the last person for such a job. 他最不配干这个工作。(The least desirable or suitable),12345,“Each word when used in a new context is a new word.” J.R. Firth,15,再如“take （off）这一动词： 1) To take off her boots or to put them on was an agony to her, but it had been an agony for years. 脱鞋或穿鞋对她是一种痛苦，但这已经是多年以来的痛苦了。 The flyers practiced taking off time after time from this restricted space. 飞行 人员反复地在一块有限空地上练习起飞。,12345,3）took the brake off， took 20 percent off. 松开刹车 优惠百分之二十,16,Case 1,The factors which are likely to influence investment spending do not stop here. 译：可能影响投资开支的因素并不止这些。 析：do not stop here 由“不停留在这里”转译为“并不止这些”。,17,Case 2,Whether you like it or not, globalization is here to stay. We are not going to reverse the trend. 译：不管你对它的态度如何，经济全球化已成为我们生活的一部分，这个趋势不可逆转。 析：若把它死译为“呆在这里”，不通顺。但引申为“已成为我们生活的一部分”，把原文的信息充分地传达出来，且易于读者理解。,18,Case 3,Our products, if maintained properly and regularly, can at least see twenty years service. 译：我们的产品如果适当地定期检修，至少可以使用20年。 析：see twenty years service 由“看见20年的服务”转译为“使用20年”。,19,Case 4,Thats a tall story about the towns high street. 原译：这就是有关镇上高处街道的大故事。 改译: 有关这城主街的说法是在令人难以置信。 high street: the main street of a town or a city; tall: a. hard to believe, exaggerated,20,Case 1,There is more to their life than political and social and economic problem, more than transient everydayness. 译：他们的生活远不止那些政治的、社会的和经济的问题，远不止一时的柴米油盐问题。 析：everydayness 由“日常性”具体引申为日常生活所必需的“柴米油盐”。,21,Case 2,The factory is famous for its arsenal of technical geniuses. 译：这家工厂以拥有众多技术精英而著称。 析：arsenal 由“军火库”具体引申为“众多”。,22,Case 1,The interest rates have see-sawed between 10 and 15 percent. 译：利率一直在10到15之间不断波动。 析：see-saw 由 “跷跷板一上一下的交替摆动”抽象化为“波动”。,23,Case 2,Brain drain has been Kangdings No.1 concern; as a matter of fact, it has been an epidemic in this area. 译：人才外流一直是康定的头号问题，实际上，它已经成为那一地区带普遍性的严峻问题。 析：brain 由“头脑”抽象化为“人才”，concern 由“关心的事情”抽象化为“问题”，epidemic 由“流行病”抽象化为“带普遍性的严峻问题”。,24,Case 3,There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists. 译：帝国主义者的性格既 残暴，又狡猾。 析：这里把tiger和ape这两个具体形象引申为这两个形象所代表的的属性：“残暴”和“狡猾”。,25,Case 4,Every life has its roses and thorns. 译：每个人的生活都有甜和苦。 析： 这里把roses（玫瑰）和thorns（刺）这两个具体形象引伸为这两个形象所代表的属性：“甜”和“苦”。,26,词义的褒贬,语言本身虽没有阶级性，但在具体使用时不可能不为一定的阶级服务。为了忠实于原文的思想内容，翻译时必须正确理解原作者的基本政治立场和观点，然后选用适当的语言手段来加以表达。 1. 英语中有些词本身就有褒贬意义，汉译时就应相应地表达出来，如： 1) He was a man of high renown (fame). 他是位有名望的人。（褒）,27,2) As a demanding boss, he excepted total loyalty and dedication from his employees. 他是个苛刻的老板，要求手下的人对他忠心耿耿，鞠躬尽瘁。（贬） 3) Those who do not remember the past are condemned to relive it. 凡是忘掉过去的人注定要重蹈覆辙。（贬） 4）“He was polite and always gave advice willingly,“ she recalled. 她回忆说，“他彬彬有礼，总是诲人不倦。”（褒）,28,2. 根据上下文来确定其褒贬意义,5）The adoption of new policies will surely lead to some striking results. 采取各项新政策必将带来显著成果。 6) There would have been more painful result but for the drastic measures. 若不是采取了严厉措施，那将会出现的更痛苦的后果。,29,This is the last place where I expected to meet you. Thats a tall story about the towns high street. She told me that her 18-year-old son was the baby. He is unhappy now, because he had a blue with his friend just now. a broken man a broken soldier broken money We should settle the disputes in the context of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. He once again imparted to us his great knowledge, experience and wisdom. Mr. Smith has stepped into the vintage years. Version,30,我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你。 有关这城主街的说法是在令人难以置信。 她对我说她那18岁的儿子是她子女中最小的。 他正闷闷不乐，因他刚才和朋友吵了架。 一个绝望的人，一个残废兵，零钱 我们应本着和平共处五项原则的精神解决争端。 我们又一次领受了他渊博的知识、丰富的经验和无穷的智慧。 史密斯先生已步入成熟之年。（即老年） Original,n,31,1、增加动词,1). Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.,读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,笔记（写作）使人准确。,第四讲：翻译技巧（上）增译法 ,2) . We dont regret, we never have and never will.,我们不会后悔，我们从来没有后悔过，我们将来也不会后悔。,3). After the basketball, he still has an important conference.,看完篮球比赛之后，他还有一个重要会议要参加。,32,2. 增加形容词或副词,1). With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building socialism!,中国人民正以多么高的热情建设社会主义啊！,人群渐渐散开了。,2). The crowds melted away.,他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝地讲个没完。,3). As he sat down and began talking, words poured out.,第四讲：翻译技巧（上）增译法 ,33,4). She lingered long over his letter.,5). In the films of those days, all too often it was the same one: boy tractor driver meets girl tractor driver; they fall in love and drive tractor together.,在那时候的电影里，总是老一套：男拖拉机手和女拖拉机手始而相遇，继而相爱，终而并肩开拖拉机了。,她反反复复地回味着他的来信。,第四讲：翻译技巧（上）增译法 ,34,玛丽的丈夫癌症去世后，就靠洗衣服维持生活。,2). Mary washed for a living after her husband died of cancer.,3). He ate and drank, for he was exhausted.,他吃了 点东西，喝了点酒，因为他疲惫不堪了。,3. 增加名词,1). First you borrow, then you beg.,头一遭借钱，下一遭就讨饭。,35,4). That black jacket is indeed cheap and fine.,那件黑夹克真是价廉物美。,5). He was wrinkled and black, with scant gray hair.,他满脸皱纹，皮肤黝黑，头发灰白稀疏。,6). A new kind of carsmall, cheapis attracting increasing attention.,一种新型轿车正越来越引起人们的注意这种轿车体积小，价钱便宜。,由例、可见，均在形容词前增加名词，从而使译文更具体，更符合译语习惯。,36,8). His arrogance made everyone dislike him.,他的傲慢态度使谁也不喜欢他。,9). After all preparations were made, the planes were flown across the U.S. to San Francisco.,一切准备工作就绪以后， 飞机就飞越美国去了旧金山。,由例8 、9可以看出， 某些动词或形容词派生来的抽象名词，翻译时可以根据上下文在其后面增添适当的名词，使译文更符合规范。 又如：,37,to persuade 说服 persuasion说服工作 to prepare 准备 preparation准备工作 backward 落后 backwardness落后状态 tense 紧张 tension紧张局势 arrogant 自满 arrogance自满情绪 mad 疯狂 madness 疯狂行为 antagonistic敌对 antagonism 敌对态度,38,4. 增加代词,1). 小不忍则乱大谋。,If one is not patient in small thing, one will never be able to control great ventures.,2). 交出翻译之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改的地方，这样你才能把工作做好。（钟述孔英汉翻译手册）,Before handing in your translation, you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected or improved. Only thus can you do your work well. (Zhong Shukong, A Handbook of Translation),39,He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak.,3). 没有调查就没有发言权。,当然了，例还可以认为是增补主语“he”。 又如：“又要马儿跑得快, 又要马儿不吃草, 简直可笑。”,You want the horse to run fast and yet you dont let it graze. Isnt it ridiculous!,Dont put your hands in your pockets.,4). 别把手搁在口袋里。,40,5). 一天天冷起来了。,It is getting colder day by day.,6) 尝试而失败还是比不尝试好。,It is better to try and fail than never try at all.,7). 你三星期完成这项设计不容易。,It was not easy for you to finish this design in three weeks.,8). 把钟拆开比把它装起来容易。 It is easier to take a clock apart than to put it together again.,41,5、增加语气词或量词,汉语有许多语气助词，如“的”、“吧”、“呢”、“啊”、“呀”、“嘛”、“吗”、“啦”、“了”不同的语气词可以发挥不同的作用，英汉互译时需用心体验，以期译出从意义和修辞色彩等都符合的译文。同时，英语中的数词（包括不定冠词a）与可数名词直接连用，它们之间并无量词，而汉语往往要借助量词。因此英译汉时，应根据实际情况恰当地增加表示其形状、特征或材料的名量词。,不要生气嘛！我不过开开玩笑罢了。,1). Dont get angry. Im just making fun of you.,42,3). They (the eyes) were the same colour as the sea, cheerful and undefeated.,2). As for me, I didnt agree from the very beginning.,我呢，从一开始就不赞成。,那双眼睛啊，像海水一样的蓝，令人愉快，毫不沮丧,4). A red sun is rising slowly on the horizon.,一轮红日正从地平线上冉冉升起。,43,5). A stream was winding its way through the valley in into the Dadu river.,一弯溪水蜿蜒流过山谷，汇合到大渡河去了。,6）This too was a complicate lie.,这也纯粹是一派胡言。,7). Once, they had a quarrel.,有一次，他们争吵了一番。,44,从例7、8、9可见，英语中有些动词或动作名词，译成汉语时常需增加一些表示行为、动作的动量词。又如：have a rest 休息一下; make a stop停一下.,8). Seeing is believing.,百闻不如一见。,9). The essence remains its identity while appearances may vary.,万变不离其宗。,45,Opposite to the principle of amplification, omission is however not contradictory to it. On contrary, omission supplementary to amplification, omits what is considered necessary and indispensable in English may be deemed useless, superfluous and even encumbrance. This principal makes the version brief, concise and clear. For example, 1). A book is useful. 书（是）有用（的）。 2). The earth goes around the sun. 地球绕太阳转。 3). On Sundays we have no school. 礼拜天我们不上课。,Omission (省译法),46,1. 省略代词 英语中通常每句都有主语。但根据汉语习惯，但前句出现一个主语且后句仍为同一主语时，后句主语一般省掉。如： 1).He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable. 他消瘦而憔悴，看上去一副可怜相。 2). We live and learn. 活到老，学到老。,47,3). Everywhere you can find new types of men and objects in new Campus. 新校区处处可以看到新人、新事物。 4). If you give him an inch, he will take a mile. 得寸进尺。 5). I have received your letter and read it with delight. 我收到了你的信，愉快地读了。 6)有条件要上；没有条件，创造条件也要上。 When conditions exist, go ahead; when they dont, create them and go ahead.,例2、3英语句子的主语都是泛指的，在译成汉语时，多省掉。又如: “You can never tell.”译为：“很难说”。,48,解说：例4、5、6汉译时常把英语中作宾语的代词省掉。尤其是例4，省略了做主语的代词，宾语的代词，连句中的连词 “if” 也省略了，但思想内容却丝毫未变，可谓形神皆备。而下面的例子（7、8）却恰当地省略了物主代词。,7). I wash my face in the morning. 我早上洗脸。 8). He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing. 他耸耸肩，摇摇头，两眼看天，一句话不说。,思考：it 的两种特殊用法非人称用和强调用。汉译时往往省略或不译,49,2. 省略连词 我们在讨论增译法时，提到“汉语语言精炼，并列连词较少使用，其上下逻辑关系常常是暗含的，由词语顺序来表示。但译为英语时，需要增补。证实了英语是形合语言，汉语是意合语言的命题。”相反，把英语译成汉语时，很多情况则需省略连词。如： 1). He looked gloomy and troubled. （表并列） 他看上去有些忧愁不安。 2). As the temperature increase, the volume of water becomes greater. （表原因） 温度升高，水的体积就增大。,50,3). We knew winter vocation was coming as (because) we had seen the big stone in the River. （表原因） （我们）看见了河里大石头，就知道寒假要来了。 4). If winter comes, can spring be far behind? （表条件） 冬天来了，春天还会远吗？ 5). When it is dark in the east, it is light in the west; when things are dark in the south there is still light in the north. （表时间） 东方不亮西方亮，黑了南方有北方。,51,3. 省略前置词（介词） 一般说来， 表示时间和地点的英语前置词，译成汉语如出现在句首，大都可以省略，出现在句尾时大都不省。如： 1). The Peoples Republic of China was founded in 1949. 一九四九年中华人民共和国成立。 比较：中华人民共和国成立于一九四九年。,52,2). In July, 1956, Egypt had seized the Suez Canal. 一九五六年七月，埃及占领了苏伊士运河。 比较：埃及占领苏伊士运河是在一九五六年。 3). And on July 1st, 1999, I graduated from university. 一九九九年七月一日，我大学毕业了。 4). Smoking is prohibited in public places. 公共场所不准吸烟。,53,4. 省略冠词 英语有冠词，汉语没有冠词；因此，英译汉时往往要将冠词省略。相反，汉译英时，多要增加冠词，也就是增译法中的增加冠词。如： 1). A book is useful. （是）有用（的）。 2). The earth goes around the sun. 地球绕太阳转。 （省略表示独一无二的事物的定冠词 the）又如：The moon was slowly rising above the sea.）,54,3). A teacher should have patience in his work. 当教员的应当有耐心。（省略表示类别的不定冠词A） 4). The girl standing at the window is his girlfriend. 站在窗口的（那个）女孩是他女朋友。 此句中girl后有定语，汉译时定冠词The 可省也可保留。） 5). Milk is sold by the pound. 牛奶按磅计价。（牛奶是 论磅卖。）,55,当然，有些场合，冠词是不能省略的。比如不定冠词a 或an 表示数量“一”时，定冠词the 表示“这”或“那”时，均不能省略。 6). He left without a word. 他一句话不说就走了。 7). The children are of an age. 这些孩子都是同岁的。,56,We can not see sound waves as they travel through air. The dog is stretching itself. It was a cold, dark day, the sky overcast. I can do it, and so can you. Smoking is not allowed in the store-house. Where there is a will, there is a way. A wise man will not marry a woman who has attainment but no virtue. 他们开始研究敌情，分析敌情。 礼拜天我们不上学。 孩子就是孩子。,57,声波通过空气传播， 是看不见的。（省人称代词） 这条狗在伸懒腰。(省反身代词） 寒冷阴沉的一天，乌云密布。（省略非人称代词 it) 我能做， 你也能做。（省略并列连词） 仓库重地，严禁吸烟。（省略介词） 有志者事竟成。（省从属连词） 聪明的人是不会娶有才无德的女子为妻的。（省关系代词） They began to study and analyze the situation of the enemies. （增加并列连词） On Sundays we have no school.（增加介词） A boy is always a boy. (增加冠词）,58,教学要求 本讲通过大量的讨论、讲解，旨在帮助学生了解并熟悉词类转换法（Conversion）的翻译技巧；在此基础上了解英汉语常见的差异。 教学内容 转译为动词 转译为名词 转译为形容词 转译为副词,59,In terms of conversion we mean that in translation a word in one language belonging to a certain part of speech is not necessary to be turned into one of the same part of speech in another language. As a matter of fact, conversion in the English language is very common. Lets take the word “round” for example: This is the first round. There is a round table in the room. Round the corner slowly. He walked round the table.,60,So, conversion is one of the important techniques and is needed primarily by the differences in syntactic structure and idiomatical way in the two languages. Conversion occurs on many occasions. But the most commonly seen are as follow:,1. 转译成动词 英语和汉语相比较，汉语中动词用得比较多，这是一个特点。 往往在英语句子中只用一个谓语动词，而在汉语中却可以几个动词或动词性结构连用。如：He admires the Presidents stated decision to fight for the job. ( 他对总统声明为保持其职位而决心奋斗表示钦佩。)仅这一个句子，就可领悟到英汉互译中词类转译的必要性。,61,A. 由动词的派生词名词（或含有动作意义的名词）转译为动词,2. His very appearance at any affair proclaims it a triumph.,无论什么事情，只要他一露面，就算是成功了。,3. An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of translation.,读一点世界史，对学习翻译是有帮助的。,4. A view of Mt. E-mei can be obtained from here.,从这儿可以看到峨嵋山。,62,5. He is no smoker, but his father is a chain-smoker.,6. He was a regular visitor.,他倒是不抽烟，但他的爸爸却一支接一支地抽（是个老烟枪）。,他经常来。,B. 英语中加后缀-er, -or 的名词，在句中并不表身份和职业，而是含有较强的动作意义。,7. What kind of sailor are you? (a bad sailor or a good sailor?),你晕不晕船？,63,8. “Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.,“来啊!” 她转身蹦着跳着地跑了, 越过草地, 跑上小径,跨上台阶, 穿过凉台,进了门廊。,C. 前置词转换为动词,那天她在日出前就起来了.,琼斯把窗子打开,让新鲜空气进来.,10. That day she was up before sunrise.,9. Jones opened the windows to let fresh air in.,64,2. 转译成名词 A. Verbs-Nouns 英语中有许多由名词派生的动词，以及由名词转用的动词，在汉语中往往不易找到相应的动词，这时可将其转译成汉语的名词。如： 1. She behaves as if she were a child. 她的举止跟一个孩子一样。 2. A well-dressed man, who looked and talked like an American, got into the car. 一个衣着讲究的人上了车，他的言谈举止酷似美国人。,65,B. Adjectives-Nouns 一种情况，英语中有些形容词加上定冠词表示一类的人，汉译时常译成名词（例1、2、3）。另外，有些英语中的形容词根据情况，也可译成名词。如例4： 1.They did their best to help the sick and the wounded. 他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。 2. Robin Hood and his merry men hated the rich and loved and protected the poor. 罗宾汉和他的同伴们痛恨阔人，热爱并保护穷人。,66,3. Stevenson was eloquent and elegantbut soft. 史蒂文森有口才、有风度，但很软弱。 4. This problem is no less important than that one. 这个问题的重要性不亚于那个问题。 5. Glass is more transparent than plastic cloth. 玻璃的透明度比塑料布要好。,no less than “同 一样”，“不亚于”,67,C. AdverbsNouns 1. It is editorially said that 社论说 2. He is strong physically, but weak mentally. 他体力很强，可智力很弱。 3. The new type of machine is shown schematically in Figure 1. 图一所示是这种新型机器的简图。,68,3. 转译成形容词 A. NounsAdjectives I can note the grace of her gesture. 我可以看到她优雅的举止。 2. We have seen the beauty of Mt. Tai. 我们看到了美丽的泰山。 3. Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study. 独立思考是学习所绝对必要的。,69,B. AdverbsAdjectives 4. The English language has changed subtly and pervasively. 英语的变化很敏感，很普遍。 5. She looked at me expectantly. 她用期待的眼光看着我。 6. Hopefully, it will be done early next month. 下月初完成这项工作是大有希望的。,70,7. 他慢条斯理地点了一两下头说：“是的。” “Yes,” he said with a slow nod or two. 8. 他们热忱地欢迎他。 They give him a hearty welcome. 9. 他会立即答复。 He will give an im