语法专攻10定语从句.ppt

什么是定语和定语从句？ 定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的单词、短语或句子，汉语中常用“的”表示。单词作定语一般前置,句子或短语作定语则必须后置.句子作定语则叫定语从句. a blue sea a handsome boy,定语从句的位置: 1.紧跟在先行词的后面: You must do everything that I do. I have found the book which I lost. I visited the school where I studied.,2.定语从句后移/分隔式定语从句,He laughs best who laughs last. He is the only one of the teachers who comes from Qingdao.,3.as引导的定语从句可前移 As you all know,the earth is round.,定语从句,Join the following sentences: 1. A plane is a machine. The machine can fly. A plane is can fly. A plane is can fly.,a machine,the machine,a machine,that /which,关系代词实际上是先行词的复指,that/which代指先行词machine。,2. The girl is Mary. We saw her yesterday. The girl is Mary. The girl is Mary.,we saw her yesterday,who/that we saw yesterday,关系代词实际上是先行词的复指，who/that代指先行词the girl。,1. The car which my uncle had just bought was destroyed in the earthquake. 2. This is the city where I was born. 定义：修饰名词或代词的从句。 先行词：被定语从句修饰的词。 关系词/连接词：连接主句和定语从句的连词。引导定语从句的连接词，一定要在从句中充当成分。,定语从句:,关系代词(作主语/宾语/表语): 1.who/whom(that) 2.which(that) 3that不能放在介词的后面 4.whose=of which 或 of whom 5.as 关系副词(作状语) : 1.where=介词+ which 2.when=介词+ which 3.why=for+which,4.way的特殊用法 the way,he lives. that he lives. in which he lives.,关系词的作用: 1)连接； 2)代替先行词；3)在定从中作成分。,一、关系代词,1. The number of people _ lost homes reached as many as 250,000. A. who B. which C. where D. when,A,1. who,作定从的主语/宾语 指人 作主语时不可省略 指代先行词,2. The boy _ we saw yesterday was Johns brother. A. whom B. / C. which D. when,AB,2. whom,作定从的宾语 指人 可省略 指代先行词,3. Spielberg won a prize for a short film _ he made. A. which B. who C. / D. where,AC,3. which,作定从的主语或宾语 指物 作宾语可省略 指代先行词,4. Its about a big shark_ attacks swimmers _ are spending their holidays in a small village. A. where B. who C. that D. which E./,4. that,作定从的主语或宾语 指物或人 作宾语可省略 指代先行词,CD,BC,5. Spielberg, _ mother was a music teacher, was born in 1946. A. who B. which C. whose D. that,C,5. whose,作定从的定语 指物或人 不可省略 指代先行词=sbs/sths,I once lived in a house _ was broken. A. whose roof B. which roof C. of which the roof D. the roof of which,ACD,5. whosenof which/whom the +n =the +n+of which/whom,她父母不想把女儿嫁给一个家境贫穷的男人。,Her parents dont want to marry their daughter to a man_ is poor.,whose family,=the family of whom,=of whom the family,the roof of the house,关系副词和定语从句,I still remember the day. .,=when,(1),(2),on the day,I came here,=on which,我仍然记得（我来到这里的）那天。,(1)我仍然记得这天。 (2)在这天我来到这里。,1. Do you know the date _ Lincoln was born? A. which B. on which C. when D. where,1. when,BC,作定从的时间状语 指时间,在从句中表示“在.时间“=in/on.+which 先行词为时间名词,This is the house . last year.,=in which = where,I lived,in the house,(1),(2),就是这所（我去年住过的）房子。,(1)就是这所房子。 (2)我去年在这所房子住过。,2. The farm _ we picked cotton was 90 kilometers away. A. when B. where C. why D. on which,BD,2. where,作定从的地点状语 指地点,在从句中表示“在.地点“=in/on.+which 先行词为地点名词(situation, business, case, point, surroundings,environment,scene等为地点概念的名词),He gave a reason.,=for which =why,(1),(2),for the reason.,people like music,(1)他给了一个原因 (2)因为这个原因人们喜欢音乐。,他给了一个（人们喜欢音乐的）原因。,3. I dont know the reason _ he looks unhappy. A. that B. why C. for which D. /,BC,3. why,作定从的原因状语 指原因,在从句中表示“因为.原因“=for which 先行词为reason,I disapprove the reasons _ he came up with. A. that B. why C. for which D. /,AD,因此先行词虽然为reason,但如果连接词在从句中作主语或者宾语,则只能用that/which,4.以way为先行词的定语从句问题。 I dont like the way _ he talked to his mother. I dont like the way _ he chose to do it. A. that B. in which C. / D. how,ABC,AC,way 方式， 方法,1.连接词如果在从句中作状语时,用that或者in which且可以略。 2.连接词如果在从句作主语或宾语，用that或which,关系代词的用法,关系代词在从句中可以：,何时可以省略？,何时可以省略？,做宾语时可以省略,解题方法和技巧,1.首先是确定关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中作什么成分。若是作主语、宾语，则在关系代词中选择。若是作状语，则在关系副词中选择。 2.其次是看先行词是人还是物；是时间、地点还是reason,way。,1. She looked at Jeff_ was waving his arms. 2. The girl _ leg was broken in the earthquake was taken to hospital. 3. And there she saw a wall of water _ was quickly advancing towards her. A. who B. that C. whose D. which,1、判断关系词在定从中的成分是关键； 2、再看先行词。,AB,C,BD,定语从句使用中的特殊情况,一、只能用that的情况： 1. 先行词既有物又有人时。 He spoke of the persons and things that he had seen abroad. 2.先行词是something, anything, all, nothing等不定代词时。 Is there anything that I can do for you? 3.当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时或者被,all,the very,the only,the just修饰时。 This is the best film that I have ever seen.,二、不用that的情况： 1.介词后禁用关系词that。 I heard of the man, about whom he talked. 2. 非限制性定语从句。 She was late again, which made me unhappy.,定语从句使用中的特殊情况,about that(X),that(X),三,介词关系代词的问题。,介词+关系代词的情况 1,The man who/whom you spoke was a scientist. The city that/which she lives is far away.,to,in,Are these two sentences right?,介词+关系代词的情况 1,The man who/whom you spoke was a scientist. The city that/which she lives is far away.,to,in,Are these two sentences right?,介词+关系代词的情况 1,The man who/whom you spoke was a scientist. The city that/which she lives is far away.,to,in,Are these two sentences right?,介词+关系代词的情况 1,The man who/whom you spoke was a scientist. The city that/which she lives is far away.,to,in,Are these two sentences right?,介词+关系代词的情况 1,The man who/whom you spoke was a scientist. The city that/which she lives is far away.,to,in,Are these two sentences right?,介词+关系代词的情况 1,The man who/whom you spoke was a scientist. The city that/which she lives is far away.,to,in,Are these two sentences right?,可见,who、that 不能用与介词之后,介词+关系代词的情况 2,The man whom you spoke was a scientist. The city which she lives is far away.,to,in,介词+关系代词的情况 3,He lives in a lonely village. At the back of it is a hill.,He lives in a lovely village, at the back of _ is a hill.,He has three sisters. All of them are abroad.,He has three sisters,all of _ are abroad.,which,whom,Join the following sentences:,介词+关系代词的情况,Is this the watch that you are looking for? The old man whom I am looking after is better .,在固定短语中介词不能提前,下面两句中的介词能提前吗?,3. 固定动词或介词短语搭配,1. Do you like the book she spent $10? 2. Do you like the book she paid $10? 3. Do you like the book she learned a lot? 4. Do you like the book she often talks? 5. He built a telescope he could study the skies. 6. There is a tall tree outside, stands our teacher. 7. China has a lot of rivers, the second longest _ is the Yellow River. 8. The tower _ people can have a good view is on the hill. 9. The man _ I spoke on the phone last night is very good at wrestling. 10. He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most _ hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.,on which,for which,from which,about which,through which,under which,of which,from which,to whom,of which,介词+关系代词的情况 练习,I still remember the day when I came here. This is the house where I lived last year. There are many reasons why people like traveling. I dont like the way that you speak.,on the day = on which= when,in the house= in which= where,for the reasons = for which= why,in the way = that= in which,关系副词实际上是介词先行词,介词关系代词的问题。 1.of which/whom 结构很多时候表示“其中 Class 14 has 75 students, of whom 35 students are girls.= 35 students of whom are girls. 2. when/why/where很多时候可转换为介词+关系代词。 This is the house where I live. Everyone knows the reason why he succeeded. I remember the day when I visited the temple.,in which,for which,on which,On her birthday, she received from her parents a nice present _a note was attached,_ “We love you so much”. A. that, saying B. to which, saying C. to which, said D. in which, said,Alec asked the policeman _he worked to contact him whenever there was an accident. With him B. who C. with whom D. whom,1.Ill never forget the days_ we worked together. 2.Ill never forget the days _ we spent together. 3.I went to the place I worked ten years ago. 4.I went to the place _ I visited ten years ago. 5.This is the reason _ he was late. 6.This is the reason _he gave.,when,(which/that),where,(which/that),why,(that/which),几种易混的情况,及物动词,及物动词,及物动词,in which,in which,for which,非限制性定语从句,1。which引导的非限制性定语从句： 此时无论它在从句中充当什么成分它都不能省约，也不能换为that 1)和主句之间的关系不密切，只起附加说明作用： We all like the book,which was written by LuXun. 2)用来代替整个先行分句的内容。这时它所引导的定语从句只能放在主句之后： Bush was elected president again,which made Jim very sad.,一.引导非限制性定语从句的连接词who/whom/ whose/ which/where/when /why/as 来引导,不能用that,二.as 引导的非限制性定语从句,1.as 具有正如之意，与之搭配的动词是固定的,如： as you know/ see/planned/ as we expected/understand/think/ believe 也可以将它们用于被动结构中: as is known/seen/planned/expected,The earth is round._ is known to all. The earth is round,_ is known to all. _ is known to all, the earth is round. _ is known to all _the earth is round. _ is known to all is _the earth is round.,It,which/ as,As,It,定语从句在句首时只能用as,it为形式主语,that引导主语从句,that,What,that,what引导主语从句, that引导表语从句,2.as 引导的非限制性定语从句,用于下列固定句型中,1).This is such an interesting book _ we all like. 2).This is so interesting a book _ we all like. This is such an interesting book _we all like it. This is so interesting a book _we all like it.,as,that,as,that,这是大家都喜欢的如此有趣的一本书。(定语从句),这本书如此有趣，大家都喜欢。(结果状语从句),as,3)This is the same book _ _ I have.,3.as和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别： 1. which引导的从句只能放于逗号后面。 2. as引导的从句可前可后，常用于as is said above（如上所述), as we know （我们都知道), as is well known, as is often the case（正如往常一样），as is reported, as we expect等结构中，as含有“正如，正像”之意。,四.限定性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别: 限定性定语从句用于修饰和限定先行词，与先行词之间的关系非常密切。它所修饰的词代表一个（些）或一类特定的人或东西。如果删去，则剩下的部分意思就会含糊不清。如： This is the man who gave me the money这就是给我钱的那个人。 上句如删去从句who gave me the money，则成了This is the man（这是那个人。）完全失去了整个句子的意思，因而不能删掉, 非限定性定语从句，在意义上，它是先行词的一个附加修饰语，是对先行词的进一步说明。如果删去它，不影响整个句子的基本意思。如： Wang Dong，who is in the room，wants to ask you some questions 王东，他在房间里，想问你几个问题。 上述主句是Wang Dong wants to ask you some questions，如果删去从句（who is in the room），并不影响整个句子基本意思的表达。, 另外，在意思上，有时限定性和非限定性定语从句的区别还是较大的。如： In their class，there are fifteen students who can speak English well 在他们班上有十五位英语说得好的学生。 （可以看出他们班学生要多于十五位） In their class，there are fifteen students， who can speak English well 他们班上有十五位学生,他们英语说得很好。（可以看出他们班上共有十五名学生，他们英语口语都好。）,（限定性定语从句）,(非限定性定语从句）,插入成分,修饰限定,补充解释,能,不能,.的,能否省略,解题方法和技巧,1.首先是确定关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中作什么成分。若是作主语、宾语，则在关系代词中选择。若是作状语，则在关系副词中选择。 2.其次是看先行词是人还是物；是时间、地点还是reason,way。,三.非限制性定语从句和单句的比较,2.He failed in the exam._ made his parents angry. 3.He failed in the exam, _made his parents angry.,4.He has two sons. Both of _ are teachers. 5.He has two sons, both of _ are teachers.,This/It,which,them whom,them,that,1.I am reading Harry Porter, _is an interesting book.,which,whom,引导非限制性定语从句的连接词，一律不能省略,2.He failed in the exam;_ made his parents angry.,this/it,1. Is this the factory _ his father visited last year? 2. Is this the factory _ his father worked last year? A. which B. that C./ D. where E. in which,对比训练,ABC,DE,1. I will never forget the time _ I spent with the villagers. 2. I will never forget the time _ I stayed with the villagers. A. which B. that C./ D. when,对比训练,ABC,D,1. I dont believe the reason _ he gave for his absence. 2. I dont believe the reason _ he was absent. A. which B. that C. / D. why E. for which,对比训练,ABC,DE,1. It is this shop _ I bought all these things. 2. It is in this shop _ I bought all these things. A. that B. where C. in which D. /,对比训练,BC,A,1. It was 1949 _ PRC was founded. 2. It was in 1949_ PRC was founded. A. when B. in which C. that D. where,对比训练,A,C,1. All _ I do is for you. 2. _ I do is for you. A. that B. what C. / D. which,对比训练,AC,B,what引导主语从句,在从句中作主语. what不能引导定语从句.,对比训练,1. It is so difficult a question _ no one can solve it. 2. It is so difficult a question _ no one can solve. A. that B. as 1. _ is announced, the meeting was put off. 2. _ is announced that the meeting was put off. A. It B. As,A,B,B,A,3.as和which引导定语从句的区别： 1). which引导的从句只能放于逗号后面 2). as引导的从句可前可后，常用于as is said above（如上所述), as we know , as is well known, as is often the case（正如往常一样),as is reported, as we expect等结构中，as含有“正如，正像”之意。 3).as还可以用语下列固定句型中: so/such/as/the sameas.,1. Her sister has become a lawyer, _ she wanted to be. A. who B. that C. what D. which The famous football star, _ tried to make a goal, succeeded. A. where B. when C. which D. who,D,本句中which指代先行词a lawyer（律师身份).有逗号，不用that。,D,2. The result of the game was good, _ we hadnt expected. A. when B. that C. which D. what 3. _ I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next meeting. A. When B. After C. As D. Which,C,本句中which指代前面整句话的内容，译为“这”。有逗号，不用that。,本句中as指代后面整句话的内容，译为“正如.一样”。位于句首，不用which。,C,4. I like the same programme _ you like. A. that B.as C. which D. when,B,本句中as指代先行词programme，因为先行词被the same修饰，故选as。,as引导定语从句常与主句构成的the same.as; asas; such/soas结构。,5. _ is reported, Tom won the first prize. A. It B. As C. Which D. That,B,本句中as指代后面Tom won the first prize的事实。译为“正如所报道的那样”。位于居首，不用which。,as引导非限制性定语可位于居首。,五.定语从句的主谓一致： 试对比： I bought a book yesterdayIt was very interesting The book which I bought yesterday_ very interesting I bought some books yesterdayThey were very interesting The books which I bought yesterday very interesting,定语从句中如果连接词作主语谓语动词的数应与连接词的数即先行词的数保持一致。,was,was,were,He is one of the students who_praised by the teacher. He is the(only)one of the students who_ praised by the teacher.,were,was,定语从句中如果连接词作主语谓语动词的数应与连接词的数即先行词的数保持一致。,1.He talked happily about the men and book_ interested him greatly in the school. A.that B.when C. who D.which 2.Can you lend me the book _ the other day? A.which you talked B.that you talked C.about that you talked D.you talked about,A,D,3.Is _some American friends visited last week? A.this school where B.this school one C.this the school D.this school 4.Ill show you a store_you may buy all _you need. A.that,that B.which ,that C.where,which D.in which,