自考英语语法.doc.doc

自考英语语法 (电子书 ) 第一篇 句法类 一、 表语从句 1 定义：用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。 2 构成：关联词 +简单句 3 引导表语从句的关联词的种类： (1) 从属连词 that。如： The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。 (2) 从属连词 whether, as, as if。如： He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一 样。 The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。 注：从属连词 if 一般不用来引导表语从句，但 as if 却可引导表语从句，如： All this was over twenty years ago, but its as if it was only yesterday. 这都是 20 多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一样。 能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词 be, seem, look 等。如： It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起来天要下雨了。 (3)连接代词 who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 连接副词 where, when, how, why。 如： The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。 The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。 That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。 解释： 1 连词 because 可引导表语从句。如： I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想这是因为你做得太多。 2 在一些表示 “建议、劝说、命令 ”的名词后面的表语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气。 should+动词原形表示， should可省略。如： My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。 二、 主语从句 1 定义：用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。 2 构成：关联词 +简单句 3 引导主语从句的关联词有三类： (1) 从属连词 that。 如： That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them. 很明显，她们确是亲姐妹，她们的脸型很相似。 (2) 从属连词 whether。如： Whether hell come here isnt clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。 (3) 连接代词 who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 连接副词 where, when, how, why。如： What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。 How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。 Whoever comes is welcome. 不 论谁来都欢迎。 Wherever you are is my home - my only home. 你 在的任何地方就是我的家 -我唯一的家。 解释： 1 主语从句能用 it 作形式上的主语。常以 it 作形式主语的句型有： A. It+be+形容词 (obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.)+that 从句。如： It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。 It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告诉她了。 B. It+be+名词词组 (no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.)+that 从句。如： Its a pity that we cant go. 很遗憾我们不能去。 Its no surprise that our team should have won the game. 我们没赢这场比赛真意外。 C. It+be+过去分词 (said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged, etc.)+that 从句。如： It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. 据说格林先生已经到了北京。 It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit. 据报道中国又成功地发射了一颗人造地球卫星。 D. It+seem, happen 等不及物动词及短语 +that 从句。如： It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all. Alice 似乎不来参加晚会。 It happened that I was out that day. 碰巧我那天外出了。 E. It+doesnt matter (makes no difference, etc.)+连接代词或连接副词引起的主语从句。如： It doesnt matter whether she will come or not. 她是否来这无关紧要。 It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 我们在哪里开会毫无区别。 F. 当 that 引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时，要以 it 作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。如： Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week? 下周那位科学家将给我们作报告是真的吗？ Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow? 他们明天不来很要紧吗？ G. 当主语从句出现在感叹句中时，要以 it 作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。如： How strange it is that the children are so quiet! 孩子们这么安静真奇怪！ 2注意连接代词 whoever, whatever, whichever 等引导主语从句的含义 Whoever comes will be welcome. (whoever=the person who) 来的人将受到欢迎。 Whatever he did was right. (whatever=the thing that) 他所做的事情是正确的。 Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize. (whichever=anyone of you who) 你们当中不论哪个进来将会得到奖励。 三、 宾语从句 1 定义：用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。 2 构成：关 联词 +简单句 3 引导宾语从句的关联词有三类： (1) 从属连词 that。如： He told us that he felt ill. 他对我们说他感到不舒服。 I know he has returned. 我知道他已经回来了。 注： that 在引导宾语从句时也并不是任何情况下都可以省略。在以下情况下， that 不能省略。 1 Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.(and 连接两个宾语从句， that 宾语 从句放在 and 的后面时， that 不能省略。 )大家都会看出所发生的事情并知道 Tom 非常害怕。 2 I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.(that 引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时， that 不能省略。 )对他我一无所知，只知道他是南方人。 3 That he ever said such a thing I simply dont believe. (that从句位于句首时， that 不可省略。 ) 我简直不相信他曾说过这样的话。 4 We decided, in view of his special circumstances, that we would admit him for a probationary period. (主句谓语动词与that 从句之间有插入语， that 不可省略。 ) 鉴于他的特殊情况，我们决定应允他一段试用期。 (2)从属连词 if/whether。如： I doubt whether he will succeed. 我怀疑他是否会成功。 I dont know if you can help me. 我不 知道你能否帮助我。 (3)连接代词 who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 连接副词 where, when, how, why。如： Who or what he was, Martin never learned. 他是什么人？他是干什么的？马丁根本不知道。 I wonder what hes writing to me about. 我不知道他要给我写信说什么事。 Ill tell you why I asked you to come. 我会告诉你我为什么要你来。 You may do what you will. 你可做任何你想做的事。 (1) 介词宾语从句 宾语从句也可用作介词的宾语。如： He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day. 他对那天发生的事感到很不快。 I walked over to where she sat. 我走向她坐的地方。 I am curious as to what he will say. 我很想知道他要说什 么。 Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it. 你是否成功将主要取决于你做什么和怎样做。 有时介词可以省略。如： I dont care (for) who marries him. 我不管谁跟他结婚。 Be careful (as to) how you do that. 你要注意做这件事的方式。 解释： 1如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语，则用 it 作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置。如： We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday. 我们认为小王昨天没来是奇怪的。 He has made it clear that he will not give in. 他已表明他不会屈服。 2作介词的宾语：连词 that 引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语，只用在 except, but, in 后。其他一些介词的宾语从句如果由连词 that 引导，则需用 it 先行一步，作形式宾语。如： He is a good student except that he is careless. 他是一个好学生，只是有点粗心。 You may rely on it that I shall help you. 你可以指望我会帮助你的。 介词宾语不可以用 which 来引导，而要用 what 来引导。如： Are you sorry for what youve done? 你为你所做的一切感到内疚吗？ 3某些形容词或过去分词后常接宾语从句，这类形容词或过去分词有 sure, glad, certain, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied 等，连词 that 可省略。如： I am not sure what I ought to do. 我不能确定我该做什么。 Im afraid you dont understand what I said. 恐怕你没领会我说的意思。 Im surprised that I didnt see all that before. 我好奇怪，我以前没看到过。 Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams. 妈妈为她的女儿通过了考 试而感到高兴。 4连词 whether (or not) 或 if 引导的宾语从句 if 和 whether 引导的宾语从句可以互换使用，但 whether 常和 or not 连用， if 一般不与 or not 连用。如： I wonder whether it is true or not. 我不知它是真是假。 用 if 引导宾语从句如果会引起歧义，应避免使用 if 而用 wheter。试比较： Please let me know if you want to go. Please let me know whether you want to go. if 从句可理解为宾语从句，意为 “请告诉我你是否想去 ”；此句又可理解为条件状语从句意为 “如果你想去的话，请告诉我一声 ”。 5宾语从句的否定转移。在 think, believe, suppose, expect 等动词后的宾语从句，有时谓语尽管是否定意思，却不用否定形式，而将 think 等动词变为否定形式。如： I dont think you are right. 我认为你错了。 I dont believe they have finished their work yet. 我相信他 们还未完成他们的工作。 I dont suppose he cares, does he? 我想他不在意，是吗？ 6 宾语从句的时态变化规律： (1) 当主句是一般现在时态时，从句可根据需要用任何时态。 (2) 当主句是一般过去时态时，从句只能使用过去范围内的任何时态。但客观真理除外。如： The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun. 老师说地球绕着太阳运行。 四、 同位语从句 1 定义：用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。 2 用法：同位语从句的先行词多为 fact, news, idea, thought, question, reply, report, remark 等，关联词多用从属连词that。如： They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick. 对你生病这件事，他们都很焦虑。 Where did you get the idea that I could not come? 你在哪儿听说我不能来？ Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia. 德国已对俄国宣战的消息一大早就传来了。 注：同位语从句偶尔由从属连词 whether 引导。如： I have no idea whether hell come or not. 我不知道他是否来。 连接代词 who, which, what 和连接副词 where, when, why, how 亦可引导同位语从句。 The question who should do the work requires consideration. 谁该干这项工作，这个问题需要考虑。 We havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation. 到哪儿去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。 It is a question how he did it. 那是一个他如何做了此事的问题。 解释： 1 that 引导的同位语从句与定语从句之区别 that 引导的同位语从句 句法功能上 that 只起连接从句的作用，无意义。在从句中不充当句子成 分。不可省。 that 引导的定语从句 that 替代先行词在从句中不仅起连接作用，还充当一个句子成分。如在从句中作动词的宾语时可省略。 意义上从句是被修饰名词的内容。 从句起限定作用，是定语 如： The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true. (同位语从句， that 不可省。 ) 李先生将是我们的新英语老师这个消息是真的。 The news (that) he told me yesterday is true. (定语从句， that 在从句 中作 told 的宾语，可省。 ) 他昨天告诉我的消息是真的。 2一些表示 “建议、命令、要求 ”的名词后所跟的同位语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气 should+动词原形表示。 should可省。如： This is our only request that this (should) be settled as soon as possible. 这就是我们唯一的请求：尽快解决这个问题。 测试： A. 用适当的连接词填空： 1 It worried her a bit her hair was turning gray. 2. I have no idea we can do with these waste materials. 3. the doctor really doubts is my mother will recover from the serious disease soon. 4. It is hoped nature will never be destroyed. 5. do you guess will give a talk on English tomorrow? 6. - I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. - Is that you had a few days off? 7. Word came I was wanted at the office. 8. Do you know of them will be our new headmaster? 9. The teacher didnt tell me we were wrong. 10. Its generally considered unwise to give a child he or she wants. B. 单项选择： 1 It was true Alice did surprised her mother. A. that B. what C. that, what D. what, that 2. Does matter much he cant come to the meeting. A. it, if B. that, if C. it, whether D. this, whether 3. -What are you anxious about? - . A. How can we succeed B. Whether we can succeed C. When can we succeed D. That we can succeed 4. The reason the little actress has been such a success is she is both clever and hard-working. A. why, why B. why, that C. that, because D. for, because 5. leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. The person 6. I really dont know _ I had this photo taken. A. where it was that B. it was that C. where it was D. it was why 7. Dr. Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge. I cant remember . A. where B. there C. which D. that 8. -What do you think of China? - different life is today from it used to be. A. How, what B. What, what C. How, that D. What, that 9. Give this to you think can do the work well. A. who B. whom C. whoever D. whomever 10. troubles me is I cant learn all these English idioms by heart. A. That, that B. What, what C. That, what D. What, that 答案 : A. 1. that 2. what 3. what, whether 4. that 5. who 6. why 7. that 8. which 9. where 10. whatever B. 15 CABBB 610 ACACD 五、 定语从句 （一）定义及相关术语 1定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。 2先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。 3关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。 关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有 that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等；关系副词有 when, where, why 等。 关系词通常有下列三个作用： A、引导定语从句； B、代替先行词； C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。例如： The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman. 该句中， who is shaking hands with my father 是定语从句，修饰先行词 the man， “who”是引导定语从句的关系词，代替先行词 the man，在定语从句中作主语。 （二）关系代词引导的定语从句 1 who 指人 ，在定语从句中作主语。 The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。 Those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning. 想去博物馆的人必须在明晨 7 点到大门口集合。 Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way. 昨天 我帮助了一位迷路的老人。 That is the teacher who teaches us physics. 那就是教我们物理的老师。 2 whom 指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。 Mr Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the bus. 刘先生就是你们在公共汽车上谈论的那个人。 Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see. 李明正是 我想要见的男孩。 The professor ( whom ) you are waiting for has come. 你正在等的教授已经来了。 The girl ( whom ) the teacher often praises is our monitor. 老师经常表扬的那个女孩是我们的班长。 注意：关系代词 whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用 who 来代替，也可省略。 The man ( whom / who )you met just now is my old friend. 3 Which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。 Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩所喜欢的运动。 The factory which makes computers is far away from here. 制造计算机的那家公司离这儿很远。 He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers. 他喜欢外国作家写的书。 The house which is by the lake looks nice. 湖边的那幢房子看上去很漂亮。 This is the pen ( which ) he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天买的钢笔。 The film ( which ) they went to see last night was not interesting at all. 他们昨晚看的电影一点意思也没有。 4 That 指人时，相当于 who 或 whom； 指物时，相当于 which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。 The number of people that / who come to visit this city each year reaches one million. 每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。 Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning? 我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿？ The person that /whom you introduced to me is very kind. 你介绍给我的那个人很友好。 The season that / which comes after spring is summer. 春天以后的季节是夏季。 Yesterday I received a letter that / which came from Australia. 昨天我收到了一封来自澳大利亚的信。 5 Whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。 I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country. 我拜访了一个全国知名的科学家。 He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 他有一个爸爸当医生的朋友。 I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in. 我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。 注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替： The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired. Do you like the book whose cover is yellow? Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow? （三） “介词 +关系代词 ”引导的定语从句 关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由 “介词 +关系代词 ”引出。 The school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous. The school in which he once studied is very famous. 他曾经就读过的学校很出名。 Tomorrow Ill bring here the magazine (which / that) you asked for. Tomorrow Ill bring here the magazine for which you asked.明天我将把你要的杂志带来。 This is the boy (whom / who / that) I played tennis with yesterday. This is the boy with whom I played tennis with yesterday. 这是我昨天跟他打台球的男孩。 Well go to hear the famous singer (whom / who / that) we have often talked about. Well go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.我们将去 听那位我们经常谈论的著名歌唱家演唱。 The manager whose company I work in pays much attention to improving our working conditions. The manager in whose company I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions. 我工作的那家公司的经理十分注意改善我们的工作条件。 注意： 含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放 在短语动词的后面。如： look for, look after, take care of 等。 This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. (正 ) 这是我正在找的手表。 This is the watch for which I am looking . (误 ) The babies (whom / who / that) the nurse is looking after are very healthy. (正 ) 那个保姆照看的小宝宝们都很健康。 The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy. （误） 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用 whom，不可用 who, that；关系代词指物时只可用 which，不可用 that。关系代词是所有格时用 whose。 The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. (正 ) 你刚才跟他谈话的那个人是我的邻居。 The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour. (误 ) The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (正 )我们去加拿大所乘坐的飞机实在很舒服。 The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (误 ) “介词 +关系代词 ”前还可有 some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few 等代词或者数词。如： He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. 他深深地爱着他的父母，他们俩待他都很好。 In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. 篮子里有好些苹果，有些已经坏了。 There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities. 我们班总共有个学生，大多数来自大城市。 Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of which are about country life. 迄今为止，他写了部小说，其中部是关于农村生活的。 （四）关系副词引导的定语从句 1 when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。 I still remember the day when I first came to this school. 我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。 The time when we got together finally arrived. 我们团聚的时刻终于到了。 October 1, 1949 was the day when the Peoples Republic of China was founded. 1949 年 10 月 1 日是中华人民共和国成立的日子。 Do you remember the years when he lived in the countryside with his grandparents. 你还记得在农村和你祖父母一起生活的那些年吗？ 2 where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。 Shanghai is the city where I was born. 上海是我出生的城市。 The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. 我十年前住的房子已经被拆 掉了。 I visited the farm where a lot of cows were raised . 我参观了那个饲养了许多奶牛的农场。 Is this the place where they fought the enemy? 这是他们当初打敌人的地方吗？ 3 why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。 Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 请告诉我你误机的原因。 The reason why he was punished is unknown to us. 他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。 I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 我不知道他今天为什么看上去不愉快。 注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用 “介词 +关系代词 ”引导的定语从句来表示。如： From the years when / in which he was going to primary school in the country he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up. 自从他在农村读小学时，他就已经知道长大后要做什么。 Great changes are taking place in the city where / in which they live. 他们生活的城市正发生巨大的变化。 The reason why / for which he refused the invitation is quite clear. 他为什么拒绝接受邀请的 原因是十分明了的。 （五）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句 形式上不用逗号 “， ”与主句隔开。 用逗号 “， ”与主句隔开。 意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。 只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。 译法上 译成先行词的定语： “的 ” 通常译成主句的并列句。 关系词的使用上 A作宾语时可省略 A不可省略 B可用 that B不用 that C可用 who 代替 whom C不可用 who 代替 whom 限制性定语从句举例： The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. 老师告诉我说汤姆是我唯一的可以依靠的人。 China is a country which has a long history. 中国是一个历史悠久的国家。 In the street I saw a man who was from Africa. 在街上我看到一个来自非洲的人。 非限制性定语从句举 例 ： His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him. 他妈妈十分地爱他，对他要求很严格。 China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. 中国是 1949 年成立的， 现在正变得越来越强大。 Last summer I visited the Peoples Great Hall, in which many important meetings are held every year. 去年夏天，我参观了人民大会堂，在那儿每年都要举行许多重要会议。 注意区分下列几组句子的不同含义： 1. Her brother who is now a soldier always encourages her to go to college. 她那当兵的哥哥总是鼓励她上大学。（意含： 她还有其他哥哥。） Her brother, who is now a soldier, always encourages her to go to college. 她哥哥是当兵的，他总是鼓励她上大学。（意含： 她只有一个哥哥。） 2. All the books that have pictures in them are well written. 所有里面带插图的书都写得很好。（意含： 不带插图的书则不一定写得好。） All the books, which have pictures in them, are well written. 所有的书都带插图，这些书都写得很好。（意含： 没有不带插图的书。） （一）限制性定语从句中只 能用 that 引导定语从句的情况 1当先行词是 everything, anything, nothing (something 除外 ), all, none, few, little, some 等代词时，或当先行词受 every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much 等代词修饰时。如： Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said? 李老师讲的你都记下来了吗？ There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. 对他来说似乎世界上没有什么不可能的事。 All that can be done has been done. 所有能做的都做好了。 There is little that I can do for you. 我不能为你干什么。 He stayed in the library and looked up any information that they needed. 他呆在图书馆查找所需的资料。 注意：当先行词指人时， 偶尔也可用关系代词 who，如： Any man that / who has a sense of duty wont do such a thing. 任何有责任感的人都不会做这样的事。 All the guests that / who were invited to her wedding were important people. 所有应邀来参加她婚礼的客人都是重要人物。 2当先行词被序数词修饰时。如： The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。 3当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如： This is the best film that I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。 4当先行词被 the very, the only 修饰时。如： This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. 这正是我要买的词典。 After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns. 家里发生了火灾过后，那辆旧车成了他的唯一拥有。 注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词 who。如： Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting. 王华是我校唯一出席会议的人。 5当先行词前面有 who, which 等疑问代词时。如： Who is the man that is standing by the gate? 站在门口的那个人是谁？ Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 哪件 T 恤衫最合我的身？ 6当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。如： They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school 他们谈论着他们所能记起的在校时的人和事。 Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street. 瞧瞧那个沿街走来的人和他的 毛驴。 （二）关系代词 as 和 which 引导的定语从句 as 和 which 引导非限制性定语从句时， 其用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。具体情况是： 1. as 和 which 都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。如： He married her, as / which was natural. 他跟她结婚了，这是很自然的事。 He is honest, as / which we can see. 他很诚实， 这一点我们看得出来。 2. as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以 分割主句。 which 引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外， as 常常有 “正如、正像 ”的含义。如： As is known to all, China is a developing country. 众所周知，中国是发展中国家。 He is fr