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轴承内外圈加工专用机床上料机构设计【8张图纸】【优秀】

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摘要

　　　本文是根据无锡迪奥机械厂轴承内外圈生产线改造项目要求，针对工人手工上料易出现危险，且效率较低的问题，设计一套轴承内外圈加工专用机床上料机构，使其能够代替工人手工上料，保证工人操作的安全性，并提高生产效率。

　　　论文根据轴承内外圈的特点，对其上料机构进行了合理的设计。此上料机构主要实现了坯料的自动定位、夹紧以及工件的回放等功能。这一系列运动都是由气缸驱动获得。本设计中的设计部分主要包括：上料机构设计；料道设计；夹紧机构设计；驱动系统等。确定了上料机构的具体尺寸后，利用UG软件对上料机构的零件进行参数化建模，并对整体结构进行虚拟装配。然后将装配体导入UG软件的运动仿真界面，并利用软件进行运动学仿真和动力学仿真。分析仿真结果，得出相应结论。最后对轴承内外圈加工专用机床上料机构进行优化设计，提高其稳定性，可靠性，让本设计能够真正的投入到日常生产操作中，使其切实能够为轴承厂的生产线改造做出贡献。

关键词：上料机构；参数化建模；虚拟装配；运动仿真

摘要III

AbstractIV

目录VI

1 绪论1

1.1 上料机构设计的研究内容和意义1

1.2 上料机构国内外发展现状1

1.3 本课题应达到的要求2

2 总体方案设计4

2.1 上料机构的类型4

2.2 设计方案5

2.2.1 设计要求5

2.2.2 整体结构设计方案6

2.2.3 上料机构各部分的设计与计算7

2.3 本章小结14

3 基于UG的上料机构三维建模与虚拟装配15

3.1 UG软件介绍15

3.2 三维建模16

3.2.1 主要部件及其相互关系16

3.2.2 主要零部件的三维建模16

3.3 上料机构的虚拟装配21

3.3.1 基于UG的高级装配功能21

3.3.2 上料机构的虚拟装配22

3.4 本章小结24

4 基于UG的运动仿真25

4.1 运动仿真的工作界面25

4.1.1 UG的接口问题25

4.1.2 打开运动仿真主界面26

4.1.3 运动仿真工作界面介绍26

4.2 上料机构的运动仿真27

4.2.1 连杆特性的建立28

4.2.2 运动副特性的建立30

4.2.3 施加运动31

4.2.4 分析验证33

4.3 本章小结34

5 结论与展望35

5.1 结论35

5.2 不足之处与展望35

致谢36

参考文献37

1 绪论

1.1 上料机构设计的研究内容和意义

本课题来源于无锡迪奥机械厂生产线改造项目。

本论文的主要内容包括：

(1)根据企业实际生产设备和技术要求，提出轴承内外圈加工专用机床上料机构的结构方案，并对各个零部件进行设计。

(2)对轴承内外圈加工专用机床上料机构利用UG软件进行三维建模。

(3)对轴承内外圈加工专用机床上料机构进行虚拟装配，对虚拟样机进行干涉检验，并进一步完善样机。

(4)将装配部件导入UG软件运动仿真界面，并在UG中对机构进行运动仿真分析，检验所选取方案及其模型的合理性，并对机构进行优化设计。

上料机构设计的意义：

轴承内外圈加工专用机床上料机构是利用压缩空气作为动力源，取之不尽，用之不竭，可以节约能源，气体不易堵塞流动通道，用过后可随时排出，不污染环境，成本较低，维护保养容易，气动动作迅速，反应快，气动机械手与气动夹具相互配合工作，能够实现数控车床的自动连续工作，从而提高了零件的加工成本，降低了工人的劳动强度。轴承内外圈加工专用机床上料机构作为前沿的产品和自动化生产线更新的需求，可以大量代替单调重复或要求高精度的工作，并提供多机床看管的可能性，因此能够大大的提高公司的劳动生产率。

1.2 上料机构国内外发展现状

上料是加工必备之步骤，因此上料是机械设备中必要之工序，并且上料在国内用途较为广泛。

1、机械冶金工业用途

物流产业如今将产业效率提高到了一定的程度，因此对于物料运输这一块过程，在机械产业链中是不可或缺的一部分，也是成为提高生产效率的有效手段之一。

传送带式(功用包括提升、加料、整物件运输、删选、检验、抽取、出仓等)适用于各种货物运输与协调，因其处于平面传送，但作用面积及其占地面积非常巨大，所以用在空旷且运输通畅的厂房之中较为合适。加上振动机构，或者将传送装置曲线化，可以进行检测及其检验工作。而其主要技术参数决定其具体适用方面，角度及其长度，速度及其平稳度。

因此使用范围由“平面输送”到“斗式运输”方式，关于适用环境我们便可根据自己的使用条件加以调节，这也是一种趋势，节约资源、空间、时间，所以如此看来，传送带机械设备跟其他机械设备相同，同样具有灵活性的特点。

螺旋输送设备设计参数复杂，难于设计，而又适合密封，密封以便于防止尘埃，所以在条件要求苛刻的、无尘密封式机械设备易于使用，利于推力及其密封包装的摩擦来达到运输目的。适用性广泛，但其比较适用于细小的零件的传送。传送距离较传送带而言较为1.3 上料机构设计应达到的要求

本课题应该达到以下几个要求：

(1)分析原始材料，查阅相关资料，收集整理有关上料机构设计、成型工艺、设备、机械加工等的资料。

(2)对机床进行系统分析和功能分析，并在此基础上确定上料机构的设计方案。

(3)完成上料机构的零件设计以及整体设计，对各个上料机构的所有零件进行三维建模与虚拟装配。

(4)对上料机构的装配体进行分析。

(5)对上料机构的装配体进行运动仿真分析，得出结论，分析其运动过程。2 总体方案设计

2.1 上料机构的类型

1、卧式平行四杆上料机构工作原理及结构

该上料机构采用卧式平行四杆机构，减少了顶杆与导套间的力矩，使顶杆运动更加平稳。它较好的解决了将水平直线运动转化为垂直直线运动的问题。因为水平撞杆可以脱离拨叉，该机构调整起来十分方便。相对齿轮齿条而言，该机构造价低廉，调整方便，对环境要求低。实践证明该机构安全可靠，简便实用[2]。

工件水平放置，上料机构用气缸推动自动上料，并通过模具加以整形。图2.1即为其机构简图，图2.2为其运动简图和工件图。

QQ截图20131203153145.gif

轴承内外圈加工专用机床上料机构设计.gif

内容简介：: 无锡太湖学院信机系机械工程及自动化专业毕业设计论文任务书一、题目及专题：1、题目轴承内外圈加工专用机床上料机构设计 2、专题二、课题来源及选题依据该课题来源于迪奥企业轴承内外圈加工专用机床上料机构的设计。该机床主要用于汽车设计、军工行业和其他工业行业的轴承生产制造，实现了单机自动化、多机线自动化的生产制造。其中轴承行业，占据顶端市场份额的90%以上，速度、准确性和耐用性是我们产品成功的重要因素。在机械行业中占着很重要的位置。本设计属于结构设计和仿真运动结合类课题，要求完成轴承内外圈加工专用机床上料机构的设计和建模，上料机构的虚拟装配以及仿真运动分析。通过本设计，可以帮助学生加深对本专业的相关知识理解和提高综合运用专业知识的运用。三、本设计（论文或其他）应达到的要求：分析原始资料，查阅相关资料，收集整理有关上料机构设计、成型工艺、设备、机械加工等的资料；对机床进行系统分析和功能分析，并在此基础上确定上料机构的设计方案；完成上料机构的整体设计，以及各个零件的建模和装配，最后进行上料机构的仿真分析；完成一篇设计说明书及一篇外文翻译；四、接受任务学生：机械96 班姓名周唐燕五、开始及完成日期：自2012年11月12日至2013年5月25日六、设计（论文）指导（或顾问）：指导教师签名签名签名教研室主任学科组组长研究所所长签名系主任签名 2012年11月12日I英文原文Cylinder block machining process designEngine parts engine block is a more complex structure of spare parts box, its high precision, complex process, and the processing quality will affect the overall performance engine, so it has become the engine manufacturers focus parts one.1.Technical Characteristics of the engine cylinder blockCylinder cast for a whole structure, and its upper part 4 cylinder mounting hole;cylinder standard cylinder is divided into upper and lower divisions into two parts;cylinder to the rear of the front-side arrangement of the previous three coaxial mounting hole of the camshaft and the idler axle hole.Cylinder process features are: the structure of complex shape; processing plane,more than holes; uneven wall thickness and stiffness is low; processing of high precision typical of box-type processing part. The main processing of the surface of cylinder block top surface, the main bearing side, cylinder bore, the main and camshaft bearing bore holes and so on, they will directly affect the machining accuracy of the engine assembly precision and performance, mainly rely on precision equipment, industrial fixtures reliability and processing technology to ensure the reasonableness.2.Engine block process design principles and the basis forDesign Technology program should be to ensure product quality at the same time,give full consideration to the production cycle, cost and environmental protection;based on the enterprises ability to actively adopt advanced process technology and equipment, and constantly enhance their level of technology. Engine block machining process design should follow the following basic principles:(1) The selection of processing equipment ,the principle of selection adopted the principle of selection adopted the principle of combining rigid-flexible, processing each horizontal machining center is located mainly small operations with vertical machining center, the key process a crank hole, cylinder hole, balancer shaft hole High-speed processing of high-precision horizontal machining center, an upper and ower non-critical processes before and after the four-dimensional high-efficiency rough milling and have a certain adjustment range of special machine processing;(2) focus on a key process in principle process the body cylinder bore, crankshaft hole, Balance Shaft hole surface finishing and the combination of precision milling cylinder head, using a process focused on a setup program to complete all processing elements in order to ensure product accuracy The key quality processes to meet the cylinder capacity and the relevant technical requirements;According to the technological characteristics of automobile engine cylinder block and the production mandate, the engine block machining automatic production line is composed of horizontal machining center CWK500 and CWK500D machining centers, special milling/boring machine, vertical machining centers matec-30L and other appliances.(3) top and bottom, and tile covered only the combination of aperture rough milling machine dedicated to this machine to double-sided horizontal milling machine, using moving table driven parts, machine tools imported Siemens S7-200PLC system control, machine control cabinet set up an independent, cutting automate the process is completed and two kinds of automatic and adjust the state;(4) high-speed horizontal machining center machining center can be realized CWK500 the maximum flow of wet processing, but because of equipment, automatic BTA treatment system through the built-in tray under the wide-type chip conveyor and the completion of the machining center can be dry processing; machine tool spindle speed 6000r/min,rapid feeding speed 38m/min;(5) The combination of front and rear face rough milling machine tool using hydraulic transmission; control system imported Siemens S7-200PLC system control,machine tools have a certain flexibility;(6) The special machine TXK1500 this machine vertical machining center by the modification of shape, with vertical machining center features and performance,this machine has high strength, high wear-resistant, high stability, high accuracy, high-profile etc.;(7) high-speed vertical machining center matec-30L of the machining center spindle high speed 9000r/min.Control system uses Siemens SINUMERIK840D control system;(8) high-speed horizontal machining center spindle CWK500Dhighest speed15000r/min.3.Engine block machining process design the main contentEngine block complex structure, high precision, arge size, is thin-walled parts,there are a number of high precision plane and holes. Engine block machining process characteristics; mainly flat and the hole processing, processing of flat generally useplaning, milling methods such as processing, processing of hole used mainly boring,processing and multi-purpose drilling holes. As the cylinder complex structure. So how to ensure that the mutual position of the surface processing precision is an important issue.3.1 The selection of blankEngine block on the materials used are generally gray cast iron HT150,HT200,HT250,there is also cast aluminum or steel plate, this engine block using high-strength alloy cast iron. Cylinder in the processing prior to aging treatment in order to eliminate stress and improve the rough casting mechanical properties.Improve the rough accuracy, reduction of machining allowance, is to improve the automated production line system productivity and processing quality of the important measures. As the foreign box-type parts of rough quality and high precision, and its production-line system has been implemented directly on the blank line, not only eliminating the need for blank check device also saves the rough quality problems due to waste of machining time, increase overall efficiency. Therefore, the refinement of rough is to improve the productivity of the most promising way out. For the engine block production line, can be rough in parts on-line pre-milling six face, removing most of the margin, to facilitate direct on-line parts.3.2 Machining process selection and processing of the benchmarkChoose the right processing technology base is directly related to the processing quality can ensure the parts. Generally speaking, process benchmarking can be divided into coarse and fine reference base.(1) The baseline for the on-line thick rough, which is particularly important the choice of benchmark crude, if crude benchmark choice unreasonable, will the uneven distribution of machining allowance, processing and surface offsets, resulting in waste.In the cylinder production line, we have adopted for the coarse side of the base;(2) Refined the base of this box for the engine block parts, the general use of side two sales for a full range of uniform benchmarks, For the longer automated production positioning, therefore, will be divided into 2-3 segment pin holes used. In the cylinder pin hole of the process, we have adopted to the side, bottom and the spindle hole positioning, in the processing center on the process.3.3 Machining Processing Stages and processes of the arrangementsOften a part of many apparent need for processing, of course, the surface machining accuracy are different. Processing of high precision surface, often after repeated processing; As for the processing of the surface of low precision, only need to go through one or two on the list. Thus, when the development process in order to seize the processing high precision surface, this conflict, the reasonable arrangement processes and rational division stage of processing. Arrange the order of the principle of process is: after the first coarse refined, the first surface after the hole,the first benchmark other. In the engine block machining, the same should follow this principle.(1) roughing stage engine block machining process, the arrangements for roughing process, to fully carry out rough rough, trim most of the margin in order to ensure production efficiency;(2) semi-finishing phase of the engine block machining, in order to ensure the accuracy of the middle of some important surface processing, and arrange some semi-finishing operations, will be required accuracy and surface roughness of the surface of the middle of some processing to complete, while demanding the surface of semi-finished, to prepare for future finishing;(3) The finishing stage of requiring high accuracy and surface roughness of the surface processing;(4) secondary processing, such as small surface screw holes, you can finish of the major surface after the one hand, when the workpiece deformation process little impact at the same time also reduced the rejection rate;In addition,if the main surface of a waste,these small the surface will not have to be processed,thus avoiding a waste of man-hours.However,if the processing is very easy for a small surface bumps the main surface,it should be placed on a small surface finish prior to the main surface finishing;(5) should make proper arrangements for secondary processes such as product inspection process,in part roughing stage,the key process before and after processing,spare parts all the processing has been completed,should be appropriate arrangements.Stage of processing division,has the following advantages:First,it can take measures to eliminate the rough workpiece after the stress,to ensure accuracy;second,finishing on the back,and will not damage during transport the surface of the workpiece has been processed;again,first roughing the surface defects can be detected early and promptly deal with rough,do not waste working hours.But most small parts,do not sub very thin.3.4 cylinder surface of the main processing and secondary processesCylinder surface and support the main processing operations are:(1) plane processing at present, the milling of engine blocks is the primary means of planar processing,domestic milling feed rate is generally 300-400mm/min,and foreign 2000-4000mm/min milling feed rate compared to far cry,to be on increasing,therefore,improve the milling feed rate,reduce overhead time is to improve the productivity of the major means of finishing a number of plane engine block when the milling feed rate to reach 2399mm/min,greatly improved efficiency;Top surface of the cylinder milling is a key process in the process,the flatness requirements for 0.02/145mm,the surface roughness of Ra1.6um.Processing in the cylinder,the use of side and spindle bearing bore positioning,top,bottom and middle vagay only aperture while processing used in the processing line outside of the knife device can better meet the engine block machining accuracy;(2) General holes machining holes in general are still using the traditional processing of drilling,expansion,boring,reaming,tapping and other craft approach.Issues in the design process of specific programs,use of coated cutting tools,cutting tools and other advanced tools within the cooling,and using a large flow of cooling systems,greatly improving the cutting speed,improved productivity;(3) deep hole processing of the traditional processing method is used to grade twist drill feed,low efficiency of their production,processing and quality is poor.The deep hole in the engine block processing,the use of gun drilling process;(4) The three-axis machining holes for the cylinder-axis machining holes holes of high precision,long working hours of the restrictive process.Thus,work arrangements,processing methods,tools and so on should be special attention.All cover pre-processing,that is,semi-circular hole and the cylinder block main bearing cap of the shortage of processing,its main purpose is to remove blank margin,release stress,to prepare for the post-order processing;in crankshaft machining processing center hole,using double-sided Boring,boring the first holes in the crankshaft hole at one end to 1/2 length,and then turn 180 degrees workbench,form the other end and then bore another 1/2 length.(5) The cylinder bore machining cylinder hole cylinder machining processing is a key process in the one,under normal circumstances,the machining process as a rough boring,semi-fine boring,precision boring and honing.Cylinder bore wall for the early detection of casting defects,eliminate stress,should be thick cylinder boring holes in advance;due to the structural characteristics of the different cylinder bore,must be in honing process to improve the cylinder bore surface quality.In the high-volume production,the cylinder bore honing generally use the multi-axis grinding machine or honing Automatic Line.Here we use honing automatic lines,from the coarse-heng.Fine-heng and testing equipment,composed of three;(6) Cleaning cleaning is divided into wet cleaning and dry cleaning.Machining cylinder automatic production line using a large flow of wet cleaning; (7) Detect points outside the line detection and line detection of two kinds. Quality inspection in the engine block,according to the actual situation with lines outside the detection,the main use of coordinate measuring machine integrated measurements of the cylinder,each 200 samples 1-5 pieces,each class random one.4.SummaryThrough the engine block of the structure and process characteristics of the analysis,discusses the engine block machining process design principles and basis of the choice of cutting parameters,and U-turn at high speed milling and boring,for example,design,analysis of the engine cylinder body of high-speed milling and turnover boring process,and in the processing need to pay attention to.中文译文缸体机械加工工艺设计发动机缸体是发动机零件中结构较为复杂的箱体零件，其精度要求高，加工工艺复杂，并且加工加工质量的好坏直接影响发动机整个机构的性能，因此，它成为各个发动机生产厂家所关注的重点零件之一。1. 发动机缸体的工艺特点缸体为一整体铸造结构，其上部有4个缸套安装孔；缸体的水平隔板将缸体分成上下两部分；缸体的前端面从到后排列有三个同轴线的凸轮轴安装孔和惰轮轴孔。缸体的工艺特点是：结构、形状复杂；加工的平面和孔比较多；壁厚不均，刚度低；加工精度要求高，属于典型的箱体类加工零件。缸体的主要加工表面有顶面、主轴承侧面、缸孔、主轴承孔及凸轮轴孔等，它们的加工精度将直接影响发动机的装配精度和工作性能，主要依靠设备进度、工夹具的可靠性和加工工艺的合理性来保证。2. 发动机缸体工艺方案设计原则和依据设计工艺方案应在保证产品质量的同时，充分考虑生产周期、成本和环境保护；根据本企业能力，积极采用国内外先进的工艺技术和装备，不断提高企业工艺水平。发动机缸体机械加工工艺设计应遵循以下基本原则：（1）加工设备选型原则加工设备选型采用刚柔结合的原则，加工设备以卧式加工中心为主，少量采用立式加工中心，关键工序曲轴孔、缸孔、平衡轴孔加工采用高精度高速卧式加工中心，非关键工序上下前后四个平面的粗铣采用高效并有一定调整范围的专用机床加工；（2）集中工序原则关键工序曲轴孔、缸孔、平衡轴孔的精加工缸盖结合面的精铣，采用在集中在一道工序一次装夹完成全部加工内容方案，以确保产品精度满足缸体关键品质的工艺性能和有关技术要求。根据汽车发动机缸体的工艺特点和生产任务要求，发动机缸体机械加工自动生产线由卧式加工中心CWK500和CWK500D加工中心、专用铣/镗床、立式加工中心matec-30L等设备组成。（1）顶底面及瓦盖止口面粗铣组合机床本机床为双面卧式专用铣床，采用移动工作台带动工件，机床采用进口西门子S7-200PLC系统控制，机床设独立电控柜，切削过程自动化完成，有自动和调整两种状态；（2）高速卧式加工中心CWK500 该加工中心可实现最大流量的湿加工，但由于设备自动排屑处理系统是通过位于托盘下的内置宽式排屑器而完成，该加工中心可以进行干加工；机床主轴转速6000r/min，快速进给速度38m/min；（3）前后端面粗铣组合机床机床采用液压传动；控制系统采用进口西门子S7-200PLC系统控制，机床具有一定的柔性；（4）采用机床TXK1500 本机床有立式加工中心改造而成形，具备立式加工中心的特点及性能，该机床具有高精度、高强度、高耐磨度、高稳定性、高配置等优点；（5）高速立式加工中心matec-30L 该加工中心主轴最高转速9000 r/min。控制系统采用西门子公司SINUMERIK840D控制系统（6）高速卧式加工中心CWK500D 主轴最高转速15000 r/min。3. 发动机缸体机械加工工艺设计的主要内容发动机缸体结构复杂，精度要求高，尺寸较大，是薄壁零件，有若干精度要求较高的平面和孔。发动机缸体机械加工的工艺特点是：主要是平面和孔的加工，加工平面一般采用刨、铣削等方法加工，加工孔主要采用镗削，加工小孔多用钻削。由于缸体结构复杂，因此如何保证各表面的相互位置精度是加工中的一个重要问题。3.1 毛坯的选择发动机缸体采用的材料一般是灰铸铁HT150、HT200、HT250，也有采用铸铝或者钢板的，此发动机缸体采用高强度合金铸铁。缸体在加工前进行时效处理，以消除铸件内应力和改善毛坯的力学性能。提高毛坯精度，减少加工余量，是提高自动生产线系统生产率及加工质量的重要措施。由于国外箱体类零件毛坯质量和精度较高，其生产线系统已实现了毛坯直接上线，既省去了毛坯检查装置，也节省了由于毛坯质量问题而浪费的加工工时，提高了综合效益。因此，精化毛坯是提高生产率最有潜力的出路。对于发动机缸体生产线，可在零件上线前粗铣六个面，去除大部分余量，便于零件直接上线。3.2机械加工工艺基准的选择和加工选择合理的加工工艺基准，直接关系到能否保证零件的加工质量。一般来说，工艺基准可分为粗基准和精基准。（1）粗基准对于上线的毛坯，其粗基准的选择尤为重要，如果粗基准选择不合理，会使加工余量分布不均匀，加工面偏移，造成废品。在缸体生产线中，我们采用侧面作为粗基准；（2）粗基准对于发动机缸体这种箱体零件来说，一般采用“一面两销”为全线的统一基准。对于较长的自动自动生产线系统，由于定位销孔在使用过程中的磨损造成定位不准确，因此，将定位销孔分为2-3段使用。在缸体定位销孔的加工中，我们采用

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