　　　本设计是数控车床上下工件机械手的设计，包括总体方案的确定，机械结构的设计以及重要部件的设计。随着现代工业的发展和竞争的加剧，对加工效率提出了新的要求，数控车床工件装卸自动化就成为当前制造厂家对机床的重要需求之一。为了满足用户的需求，当前中国的机床制造厂开始在部分数控车床上配置工件自动上下料机械手。但如果采用伺服电机驱动和控制其成本高、结构复杂、速度慢、工作效率较低；如果采用液压驱动，其泄漏对数控要求的清洁环境造成一定的副面影响。随着气动技术的不断发展，气体驱动也能成为机械手的驱动力量，其成本底，结构简单，工作效率高，清洁，再加上PLC控制系统实现机电气一体化控制。

　　　本设计主要设计用低成本、高速的气缸来组成模块化的气动机械手，实现数控车床工件自动装卸，克服伺服电机应用中存在的高成本和低效率的局限。论文完成的主要设计工作包括以下几个方面:(1)设计了模块化气动装卸机械手的总体结构;(2)研究了大跨度气缸的固定支撑形式;(3)研究了水平运动气缸的防侧翻技术;(4)研究并实现了气缸输出杆高精度柔性调节技术(5)初步设计了气动控制回路和PLC控制系统。

关键词：机械手；自动化；上下料；气体驱动

摘要IV

AbstractV

目录........ VI

1 绪论1

1.1 前言和意义1

1.2 工业机械手的简史1

1.3 国内外研究现象和趋势2

1.4 设计原则3

2 数控车床上下工件机械手的总体设计4

2.1 技术要求4

2.2 机械手总体设计4

2.2.1 执行机构的选择4

2.2.2 驱动机构的选择5

2.2.3 传动结构的选择5

2.2.4 机械手的基本形式选择7

2.2.5 机械手直臂部分的主要部件及运动8

2.2.6 机械手的技术参数8

3 各模块的设计10

3.1 机械手手部模块的设计10

3.1.1 手部设计基本要求10

3.1.2 典型的手部结构10

3.1.3 机械手手爪的设计计算10

3.2 机械手腕部模块的设计14

3.2.1 腕部设计的基本要求14

3.2.2 腕部的结构以及选择14

3.2.3 腕部的设计计算15

3.3 机械手手臂模块的设计16

3.3.1 手臂的结构的选择及其驱动机构16

3.3.2 滚珠丝杠设计16

3.3.3 锥齿轮及锥齿轮轴的设计18

3.3.5 电机选型21

4 直臂导杆气缸的设计22

4.1 气缸体的设计22

4.1.1 预选气缸的缸径22

4.1.2 预选气缸的行程22

4.1.3 气缸的类型选择23

4.1.4 活塞杆直径d的计算23

4.1.5 气缸筒壁厚的计算23

4.1.6 气缸输出拉力的校核24

4.1.7 耗气量的计算24

4.2导杆机构的设计25

6 结论与展望27

致谢28

参考文献29

1 绪论

1.1 前言和意义

机械手是在自动化生产过程中使用的一种具有抓取和移动工件功能的自动化装置，它是在机械化、自动化生产过程中发展起来的一种新型装置。机械手能代替人类完成危险、重复枯燥的工作，减轻人类劳动强度，提高劳动生产力。机械手越来越广泛的得到了应用，在机械行业中它可用于零部件组装，加工工件的搬运、装卸，特别是在自动化数控机床、组合机床上使用更普遍。它适应于中、小批量生产，可以节省庞大的工件输送装置，结构紧凑，而且适应性很强。目前我国的工业机器人技术及其工程应用的水平和国外比还有一定的距离，应用规模和产业化水平低，机械手的研究和开发直接影响到我国自动化生产水平的提高，从经济上、技术上考虑都是十分必要的。因此，进行机械手的研究设计是非常有意义的。

目前，在国内很多工厂的生产线上数控机床装卸工件仍由人工完成，劳动强度大、生产效率低。为了提高生产加工的工作效率,降低成本,并使生产线发展成为柔性制造系统,适应现代自动化大生产,针对具体生产工艺,利用机器人技术，设计用一台装卸机械手代替人工工作，以提高劳动生产率。通过对机械设计制造及其自动化专业大学本科四年的所学知识进行整合，完成一个特定功能、特殊要求的上下料机械手的设计，能够比较好地体现机械设计制造及其自动化专业毕业生的理论研究水平，实践动手能力以及专业精神和态度，具有较强的针对性和明确的实施目标，能够实现理论和实践的有机结合。

本机械手主要与数控车床（数控铣床，加工中心等）组合最终形成生产线，实现加工过程（上料、加工、下料）的自动化、无人化。目前，我国的制造业正在迅速发展，越来越多的资金流向制造业，越来越多的厂商加入到制造业。本设计能够应用到加工工厂车间，满足数控机床以及加工中心的加工过程安装、卸载加工工件的要求，从而减轻工人劳动强度，节约加工辅助时间，提高生产效率和生产力。

1.2 工业机械手的简史

现代工业机械手起源于20世纪50年代初，具有多自由度动作功能的柔性自动化产品。

机械手首先是从美国开始研制的。1958年美国联合控制公司研制出第一台机械手。他的结构是：机体上安装一回转长臂，端部装有电磁铁的工件抓放机构。

1962年，美国机械铸造公司在上述方案的基础之上又试制成一台数控示教再现型机械手。商名为Unimate(即万能自动)。运动系统仿造坦克炮塔，臂回转、俯仰，用液压驱动；控制系统用磁鼓最存储装置。不少球坐标式通用机械手就是在这个基础上发展起来的。同年该公司和普鲁曼公司合并成立万能自动公司（Unimaton）,专门生产工业机械手。

1962年美国机械铸造公司也试验成功一种叫Versatran机械手，原意是灵活搬运。该机械手的中央立柱可以回转，臂可以回转、升降、伸缩、采用液压驱动，控制系统也是示教再现型。虽然这两种机械手出现在六十年代初，但都是国外工业机械手发展的基础。

1978年美国Unimate公司和斯坦福大学、麻省理工学院联合研制一种Unimate-Vic-arm型工业机械手，装有小型电子计算机进行控制，用于装配作业，定位误差可小于±1毫米。

美国还十分注意提高机械手的可靠性，改进结构，降低成本。如Unimate公司建立了8年机械手试验台，进行各种性能的试验。准备把故障前平均时间（注：故障前平均时间是指一台设备可靠性的一种量度。它给出在第一次故障前的平均运行时间），由400小时提高到1500小时，精度可提高到±0.1毫米。

德国机器制造业是从1970年开始应用机械手，主要用于起重运输、焊接和设备的上下料等作业。德国KnKa公司还生产一种点焊机械手，采用关节式结构和程序控制。

瑞士RETAB公司生产一种涂漆机械手，采用示教方法编制程序。

瑞典安莎公司采用机械手清理铸铝齿轮箱毛刺等。

日本是工业机械手发展最快、应用最多的国家。自1969年从美国引进二种典型机械手后，大力研究机械手的研究。据报道，1979年从事机械手的研究工作的大专院校、研究单位多达50多个。1976年个大学和国家研究部门用在机械手的研究费用42%。1979年日本机械手的产值达443亿日元，产量为14535台。其中固定程序和可变程序约占一半，达222亿日元，是1978年的二倍。具有记忆功能的机械手产值约为67亿日元，比1978年增长50%。智能机械手约为17亿日元，为1978年的6倍。截止1979年，机械手累计产量达56900台。在数量上已占世界首位，约占70%，并以每年50%～60%的速度增长。使用机械手最多的是汽车工业，其次是电机、电器。预计到1990年将有55万机器人在工作。

第二代机械手正在加紧研制。它设有微型电子计算机控制系统，具有视觉、触觉能力，甚至听、想的能力。研究安装各种传感器，把感觉到的信息反馈，使机械手具有感觉机能。目前国外已经出现了触觉和视觉机械手。

第三代机械手（机械人）则能独立地完成工作过程中的任务。它与电子计算机和电视设备保持联系。并逐步发展成为柔性制造系统FMS(Flexible Manufacturing system)和柔性制造单元(Flexible Manufacturing Cell)中重要一环。

随着工业机器手（机械人）研究制造和应用的扩大，国际性学术交流活动十分活跃，欧美各国和其他国家学术交流活动开展很多。

2.2.6 机械手的技术参数

　　　工业机械手的技术参数是说明机械手规格和性能的具体指标，一般包括以下几个方面：

　　（1）抓重（又称臂力）：额定抓取重量或称额定负荷，单位为公斤；

　　（2）自由度数目和坐标形式：整机，手臂和手腕等运动共有几个自由度，并说明坐标形式；

　　（3）定位方式：固定机械挡块，可调机械挡块，行程开关，电位器及其他各种位置设定和检测装置；

　　（4）驱动方式：气动，液动，电动和机械式四种形式；

　　（5）手臂运动参数；

　　（6）手腕运动参数；

　　（7）手指夹持范围和握力；

　　（8）定位精度：位置设定精度和重复定位精度；

　　（9）轮廓尺寸：长×宽×高（毫米）；

　　（10）重量：整机重量。

本设计的主要参数

（1）用途：数控机床自动上下工件

（2）设计技术参数:

1) 抓重:600g (夹持式手部)

2) 自由度数:4个自由度

3) 坐标型式:直角坐标型

4) 横臂手臂长度:2180mm

5) 手臂最大高度:2769.5mm

6) 手臂运动参数

升降行程：920mm

升降速度：167mm/s

7) 手腕运动参数

回转范围: 0-180°

QQ截图20131129104447.gif

数控车床上下工件机械手设计.gif

内容简介：: 无锡太湖学院信机系机械工程及自动化专业毕业设计论文任务书一、题目及专题：1、题目数控车床上下工件机械手、专题二、课题来源及选题依据数控车床要实现自动化，可设计专门的上下料装置，但是要实现上下料的柔性化，机械手就是其最好的组合。随着机器人学科的发展，机器人在某些方面可以代替人的工作，特别是一些高强度的工作，甚至还具备了一定的学习功能。数控车床与机械手的结合是现代制造业发展的一个选择，它是实现一个人操作多台车床，实现生产效率进一步提高的有效途径。 3、本设计（论文或其他）应达到的要求：原始参数： 1）抓重:600g (夹持式手部) 2）自由度数:4个自由度 3）坐标型式:直角坐标型 4）横臂手臂长度:2180mm5）手臂最大高度:2769.5mm 6）手腕运动参数回转范围: 0-180 7）手臂运动参数升降行程：920mm 设计要求： 1、总体方案的确定。主要确定机械结构部分和控制部分。 2、机械结构的设计，包括手部模块、腕部模块、直臂模块的设计。并绘制整体装配图。 3、重要部件的设计，包括直臂导杆气缸的设计，多工位动态精度的实现，防倾覆装置的设计等。并绘制导杆气缸的装配图。 4、控制部分的初步设计。 5、设计说明书一份。 6、所有非标零件需画出零件图。注：所有图纸需计算机打印四、接受任务学生：机械 92 班姓名刘忠和五、开始及完成日期：自2012年11月12日至2013年5月25日六、设计（论文）指导（或顾问）：指导教师签名签名签名教研室主任I英文原文Manipulator Robot developed in recent decades as high-tech automated production equipment. Industrial robot is an important branch of industrial robots. It features can be programmed to perform tasks in a variety of expectations, in both structure and performance advantages of their own people and machines, in particular, reflects the peoples intelligence and adaptability. The accuracy of robot operations and a variety of environments the ability to complete the work in the field of national economy and there are broad prospects for development. With the development of industrial automation, there has been CNC machining center, it is in reducing labor intensity, while greatly improved labor productivity. However, the upper and lower common in CNC machining processes material, usually still use manual or traditional relay-controlled semi-automatic device. The former time-consuming and labor intensive, inefficient; the latter due to design complexity, require more relays, wiring complexity, vulnerability to body vibration interference, while the existence of poor reliability, fault more maintenance problems and other issues. Programmable Logic Controller PLC-controlled robot control system for materials up and down movement is simple, circuit design is reasonable, with a strong anti-jamming capability, ensuring the systems reliability, reduced maintenance rate, and improve work efficiency. Robot technology related to mechanics, mechanics, electrical hydraulic technology, automatic control technology, sensor technology and computer technology and other fields of science, is a cross-disciplinary integrated technology.First, an overview of industrial manipulatorRobot is a kind of positioning control can be automated and can be re-programmed to change in multi-functional machine, which has multiple degrees of freedom can be used to carry an object in order to complete the work in different environments. Low wages in China, plastic products industry, although still a labor-intensive, mechanical hand use has become increasingly popular. Electronics and automotive industries that Europe and the United States multinational companies very early in their factories in China, the introduction of automated production. But now the changes are those found in industrial-intensive South China, East Chinas coastal areas, local plastic processing plants have also emerged in mechanical watches began to become increasingly interested in, because they have to face a high turnover rate of workers, as well as for the workers to pay work-related injuries fee challenges.With the rapid development of Chinas industrial production, especially the reform and opening up after the rapid increase in the degree of automation to achieve the workpiece handling, steering, transmission or operation of brazing, spray gun, wrenches and other tools for processing and assembly operations since, which has more and more attracted our attention.Robot is to imitate the manual part of the action, according to a given program, track and requirements for automatic capture, handling or operation of the automatic mechanical devices.In real life, you will find this a problem. In the machine shop, the processing of parts loading time is not annoying, and labor productivity is not high, the cost of production major, and sometimes man-made incidents will occur, resulting in processing were injured. Think about what could replace it with the processing time of a tour as long as there are a few people, and can operate 24 hours saturated human right? The answer is yes, but the robot can come to replace it.Production of mechanical hand can increase the automation level of production and labor productivity; can reduce labor intensity, ensuring product quality, to achieve safe production; particularly in the high-temperature, high pressure, low temperature, low pressure, dust, explosive, toxic and radioactive gases such as poor environment can replace the normal working people. Here I would like to think of designing a robot to be used in actual production.Why would a robot designed to provide a pneumatic power: pneumatic robot refers to the compressed air as power source-driven robot. With pressure-driven and other energy-driven comparison have the following advantages: 1. Air inexhaustible, used later discharged into the atmosphere, does not require recycling and disposal, do not pollute the environment. (Concept of environmental protection) 2. Air stick is small, the pipeline pressure loss is small (typically less than asphalt gas path pressure drop of one-thousandth), to facilitate long-distance transport. 3. Compressed air of the working pressure is low (usually 4 to 8 kg / per square centimeter), and therefore moving the material components and manufacturing accuracy requirements can be lowered. 4. With the hydraulic transmission, compared to its faster action and reaction, which is one of the advantages pneumatic outstanding. 5. The air cleaner media, it will not degenerate, not easy to plug the pipeline. But there are also places where it fly in the ointment: 1. As the compressibility of air, resulting in poor aerodynamic stability of the work, resulting in the implementing agencies as the precision of the velocity and not easily controlled. 2. As the use of low atmospheric pressure, the output power can not be too large; in order to increase the output power is bound to the structure of the entire pneumatic system size increased.With pneumatic drive and compare with other energy sources drive has the following advantages:Air inexhaustible, used later discharged into the atmosphere, without recycling and disposal, do not pollute the environment. Accidental or a small amount of leakage would not be a serious impact on production.Viscosity of air is small, the pipeline pressure loss also is very small, easy long-distance transport.The lower working pressure of compressed air, pneumatic components and therefore the material and manufacturing accuracy requirements can be lowered. In general, reciprocating thrust in 1 to 2 tons pneumatic economy is better.Compared with the hydraulic transmission, and its faster action and reaction, which is one of the outstanding merits of pneumatic.Clean air medium, it will not degenerate, not easy to plug the pipeline.It can be safely used in flammable, explosive and the dust big occasions. Also easy to realize automatic overload protection.Second, the composition, mechanical handRobot in the form of a variety of forms, some relatively simple, some more complicated, but the basic form is the same as the composition of the, Usually by the implementing agencies, transmission systems, control systems and auxiliary devices composed.1. Implementing agenciesManipulator executing agency by the hands, wrists, arms, pillars. Hands are crawling institutions, is used to clamp and release the workpiece, and similar to human fingers, to complete the staffing of similar actions. Wrist and fingers and the arm connecting the components can be up and down, left, and rotary movement. A simple mechanical hand can not wrist. Pillars used to support the arm can also be made mobile as needed.2. TransmissionThe actuator to be achieved by the transmission system. Sub-transmission system commonly used manipulator mechanical transmission, hydraulic transmission, pneumatic and electric power transmission and other drive several forms.3. Control SystemManipulator control systems main role is to control the robot according to certain procedures, direction, position, speed of action, a simple mechanical hand is generally not set up a dedicated control system, using only trip switches, relays, control valves and circuits can be achieved dynamic drive system control, so that implementing agencies according to the requirements of action. Action will have to use complex programmable robot controller, the micro-computer control.Three, mechanical hand classification and characteristics Robots are generally divided into three categories: the first is the general machinery does not require manual hand. It is an independent not affiliated with a particular host device. It can be programmed according to the needs of the task to complete the operation of the provisions. It is characterized with ordinary mechanical performance, also has general machinery, memory, intelligence ternary machinery. The second category is the need to manually do it, called the operation of aircraft. It originated in the atom, military industry, first through the operation of machines to complete a particular job, and later developed to operate using radio signals to carry out detecting machines such as the Moon. Used in industrial manipulator also fall into this category. The third category is dedicated manipulator, the main subsidiary of the automatic machines or automatic lines, to solve the machine up and down the workpiece material and delivery. This mechanical hand in foreign countries known as the Mechanical Hand, which is the host of services, from the host-driven; exception of a few outside the working procedures are generally fixed, and therefore special.Main features:First, mechanical hand (the upper and lower material robot, assembly robot, handling robot, stacking robot, help robot, vacuum handling machines, vacuum suction crane, labor-saving spreader, pneumatic balancer, etc.).Second, cantilever cranes (cantilever crane, electric chain hoist crane, air balance the hanging, etc.)Third, rail-type transport system (hanging rail, light rail, single girder cranes, double-beam crane)Four, industrial machinery, application of handManipulator in the mechanization and automation of the production process developed a new type of device. In recent years, as electronic technology, especially computer extensive use of robot development and production of high-tech fields has become a rapidly developed a new technology, which further promoted the development of robot, allowing robot to better achieved with the combination of mechanization and automation.Although the robot is not as flexible as staff, but it has to the continuous duplication of work and labor, I do not know fatigue, not afraid of danger, the power snatch weight characteristics when compared with manual large, therefore, mechanical hand has been of great importance to many sectors, and increasingly has been applied widely, for example: (1) Machining the workpiece loading and unloading, especially in the automatic lathe, combination machine tool use is more common. (2) In the assembly operations are widely used in the electronics industry, it can be used to assemble printed circuit boards, in the machinery industryIt can be used to assemble parts and components. (3) The working conditions may be poor, monotonous, repetitive easy to sub-fatigue working environment to replace human labor. (4) May be in dangerous situations, such as military goods handling, dangerous goods and hazardous materials removal and so on. (5) Universe and ocean development. (6) Military engineering and biomedical research and testing.Help mechanical hands: also known as the balancer, balance suspended, labor-saving spreader, manual Transfer machine is a kind of weightlessness of manual load system, a novel, time-saving technology for material handling operations booster equipment, belonging to kinds of non-standard design of series products. Customer application needs, creating customized cases.Manual operation of a simulation of the automatic machinery, it can be a fixed program draws handling objects or perform household tools to accomplish certain specific actions. Application of robot can replace the people engaged in monotonous 、 repetitive or heavy manual labor, the mechanization and automation of production, instead of people in hazardous environments manual operation, improving working conditions and ensure personal safety. The late 20th century, 40, the United States atomic energy experiments, the first use of radioactive material handling robot, human robot in a safe room to manipulate various operations and experimentation. 50 years later, manipulator and gradually extended to industrial production sector, for the temperatures, polluted areas, and loading and unloading to take place the work piece material, but also as an auxiliary device in automatic machine tools, machine tools, automatic production lines and processing center applications, the completion of the upper and lower material, or From the library take place knife knife and so on according to fixed procedures for the replacement operation. Robot body mainly by the hand and sports institutions. Agencies with the use of hands and operation of objects of different occasions, often there are clamping support and adsorption type of care. Movement organs are generally hydraulic pneumatic electrical device drivers. Manipulator can be achieved independently retractable rotation and lifting movements, generally 2 to 3 degrees of freedom. Robots are widely used in metallurgical industry, machinery manufacture, light industry and atomic energy sectors.Can mimic some of the staff and arm motor function, a fixed procedure for the capture, handling objects or operating tools, automatic operation device. It can replace human labor in order to achieve the production of heavy mechanization and automation that can operate in hazardous environments to protect the personal safety, which is widely used in machinery manufacturing, metallurgy, electronics, light industry and nuclear power sectors. Mechanical hand tools or other equipment commonly used for additional devices, such as the automatic machines or automatic production line handling and transmission of the workpiece, the replacement of cutting tools in machining centers, etc. generally do not have a separate control device. Some operating devices require direct manipulation by humans; such as the atomic energy sector performs household hazardous materials used in the master-slave manipulator is also often referred to as mechanical hand.Manipulator mainly by hand and sports institutions. Task of hand is holding the workpiece (or tool) components, according to grasping objects by shape, size, weight, material and operational requirements of a variety of structural forms, such as clamp type, type and adsorption-based care such as holding. Sports organizations, so that the completion of a variety of hand rotation (swing), mobile or compound movements to achieve the required action, to change the location of objects by grasping and posture.Robot is the automated production of a kind used in the process of crawling and moving piece features automatic device, which is mechanized and automated production process developed a new type of device. In recent years, as electronic technology, especially computer extensive use of robot development and production of high-tech fields has become a rapidly developed a new technology, which further promoted the development of robot, allowing robot to better achieved with the combination of mechanization and automation. Robot can replace humans completed the risk of duplication of boring work, to reduce human labor intensity and improve labor productivity. Manipulator has been applied more and more widely, in the machinery industry, it can be used for parts assembly, work piece handling, loading and unloading, particularly in the automation of CNC machine tools, modular machine tools more commonly used. At present, the robot has developed into a FMS flexible manufacturing systems and flexible manufacturing cell in an important component of the FMC. The machine tool equipment and machinery in hand together constitute a flexible manufacturing system or a flexible manufacturing cell, it was adapted to small and medium volume production, you can save a huge amount of the work piece conveyor device, compact, and adaptable. When the work piece changes, flexible production system is very easy to change will help enterprises to continuously update the marketable variety, improve product quality, and better adapt to market competition. At present, Chinas industrial robot technology and its engineering application level and comparable to foreign countries there is a certain distance, application and industrialization of the size of the low level of robot research and development of a direct impact on raising the level of automation in China, from the economy, technical considerations are very necessary. Therefore, the study of mechanical hand design is very meaningful.The development of the numerical control technologyNumerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electromechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry, namely the so-called digitization is equipped, its technological range covers a lot of fields: (1)Mechanical manufacturing technology; (2)Information processing, processing, transmission technology; (3)Automatic control technology; (4)Servo drive technology; (5)Technology of the sensor; (6)Software engineering ,etc. 1.Development trend of a numerical control technology The application of numerical control technology has not only brought the revolutionary change to manufacturing industry of the tradition, make the manufacturing industry become the industrialized symbol , and with the constant development of numerical control technology and enlargement of the application, the development of some important trades (IT , automobile , light industry , medical treatment ,etc. ) to the national economy and the peoples livelihood of his plays a more and more important role, because the digitization that these trades needed to equip has already been the main trend of modern development.Numerical control technology in the world at present and equipping the development trend to see, there is the following several respect 1- 4 in its main research focus. 1.1A high-speed, high finish machining technology and new trend equipped The efficiency, quality are subjavanufacturing technology. High-speed, high finish machining technology can raise the efficiency greatly , improve the quality and grade of the products, shorten production cycle and improve the market competitive power. Japan carries the technological research association first to classify it as one of the 5 great modern manufacturing technologies for this, learn (CIRP) to confirm it as the centre in the 21st century and study one of the directions in international production engineering. In the field of car industry, produce one second when beat such as production of 300,000 / vehicle per year, and many variety process it is car that equip key problem that must be solved one of; In the fields of aviation and aerospace industry, spare parts of its processing are mostly the thin wall and thin muscle, rigidity is very bad, the material is aluminium or aluminium alloy, only in a situation that cut the speed and cut strength very small high, could process these muscles, walls. Adopt large-scale whole aluminium alloy method that blank pay empty make the wing recently, such large-scale parts as the fuselage ,etc. come to substitute a lot of parts to assemble through numerous rivet , screw and other connection way, make the intensity , rigidity and dependability of the component improved. All these, to processing and equipping the demand which has proposed high-speed, high precise and high flexibility. According to EMO2001 exhibition situation, high-speed machining center is it give speed can reach 80m/min is even high , air transport competent speed can up to 100m/min to be about to enter. A lot of automobile factories in the world at present, including Shanghai General Motors Corporation of our country, have already adopted and substituted and made the lathe up with the production line part that the high-speed machining center makes up. HyperMach lathe of U.S.A. CINCINNATI Company enters to nearly biggest 60m/min of speed, it is 100m/min to be fast, the acceleration reaches 2g, the rotational speed of the main shaft has already reached 60 000r/min. Processing a thin wall of plane parts, spend 30min only, and same part general at a high speed milling machine process and take 3h, the ordinary milling machine is being processed to need 8h; The speed and acceleration of main shaft of dual main shaft lathes of Germany DMG Company are up to 120000r/mm and 1g. In machining accuracy, the past 10 years, ordinary progression accuse of machining accuracy of lathe bring 5m up to from 10m already, accurate grades of machining center from 35m, rise to 11.5m, and ultraprecision machining accuracy is it enter nanometer grade to begin already (0.01m). In dependability, MTBF value of the foreign numerical control device has already reached above 6 000h, MTBF value of the servo system reaches above 30000h, demonstrate very high dependability . In order to realize high-speed, high finish machining, if the part of function related to it is electric main shaft, straight line electrical machinery get fast development, the application is expanded further . 1.2 Link and process and compound to process the fast development of the lathe in 5 axes Adopt 5 axles to link the processing of the three-dimensional curved surface part, can cut with the best geometry form of the cutter , not only highly polished, but also efficiency improves by a large margin . It is generally acknowledged, the efficiency of an 5 axle gear beds can equal 3 axle gear beds, is it wait for to use the cubic nitrogen boron the milling cutter of ultra hard material is milled and pared at a high speed while quenching the hard steel part, 5 axles link and process 3 constant axles to link and process and give play to higher benefit. Because such reasons as complicated that 5 axles link the numerical control system , host computer structure that but go over, it is several times higher that its price links the numerical control lathe than 3 axles , in addition the technological degree of difficulty of programming is relatively great, have restricted the development of 5 axle gear beds. At present because of electric appearance of main shaft, is it realize 5 axle complex main shaft hair structure processed to link greatly simplify to make, it makes degree of difficulty and reducing by a large margin of the cost, the price disparity of the numerical control system shrinks. So promoted 5 axle gear beds of head of complex main shaft and compound to process the development of the lathe (process the lathe including 5). At EMO2001 exhibition, new Japanese 5 of worker machine process lathe adopt complex main shaft hair, can realize the processing of 4 vertical planes and processing of the wanton angle, make 5 times process and 5 axles are processed and can be realized on the same lathe, can also realize the inclined plane and pour the processing of the hole of awls. Germany DMG Company exhibits the DMUVoution series machining center, but put and insert and put processing and 5 axles 5 times to link and process in once, can be controlled by CNC system or CAD/CAM is controlled directly or indirectly. Become the main trend of systematic development of contemporary numerical control intelligently, openly, networkedly.1.2Intelligent open networked become the contemporary nc system is the main tendency of developmentThe numerical control equipment in the 21st century will be sure the intelligent system, the intelligent content includes all respects in the numerical control system: It is intelligent in order to pursue the efficiency of processing and process quality, control such as the self-adaptation of the processing course, the craft parameter is produced automatically; Join the convenient one in order to improve the performance of urging and use intelligently, if feedforward control , adaptive operation , electrical machinery of parameter , discern load select models , since exactly makes etc. automatically; The ones that simplified programming , simplified operating aspect are intelligent, for instance intelligent automatic programming , intelligent man-machine interface ,etc.; There are content of intelligence diagnose , intelligent monitoring , diagnosis convenient to be systematic and maintaining ,etc.Produce the existing problem for the industrialization of solving the traditional numerical control system sealing and numerical control application software. A lot of countries carry on research to the open numerical control system at present, such as NGC of U.S.A. (The Next Generation Work-Station/Machine Control), OSACA of European Community (Open System Architecture for Control within Automation Systems), OSEC (Open System Environment for Controller) of Japan, ONC (Open Numerical Control System) of China, etc. The numerical control system melts to become the future way of the numerical control system open. The so-called open numerical control system is the development of the numerical control system can be on unified operation platform, face the lathe producer and end user, through changing, increasing or cutting out the structure target(numerical control function), form the serration, and can use users specially conveniently and the technical know-how is integrated in the control system, realize the open numerical control system of different variety , different grade fast, form leading brand products with distinct distinction. System structure norm of the open numerical control system at present, communication norm , disposing norm , operation platform , numerical control systematic function storehouse and numerical control systematic function software development ,etc. are the core of present research. The networked numerical control equipment is a new light spot of the fair of the internationally famous lathe in the past two years. Meeting production line , manufacture system , demand for the information integration of manufacturing company networkedly greatly of numerical control equipment, realize new manufacture mode such as quick make , fictitious enterprise , basic Entrance that the whole world make too. Some domestic and international famous numerical control lathes and systematic manufacturing companies of numerical control have all introduced relevant new concepts and protons of a machine in the past two years, if in EMO2001 exhibition, Cyber Production Center that the company exhibits of mountain rugged campstool gram in Japan (Mazak) (intellectual central production control unit, abbreviated as CPC); The lathe company of Japanese big Wei (Okuma ) exhibits IT plaza (the information technology square , is abbreviated as IT square ); Open Manufacturing Environment that the company exhibits of German Siemens (Siemens ) (open the manufacturing environment, abbreviated as OME),etc., have reflected numerical control machine tooling to the development trend of networked direction. 1.3Pay attention to the new technical standard, normal setting-up 1.3.1 Design the norm of developing about the numerical control system As noted previously, there are better common ability, flexibility, adaptability, expanding in the open numerical control system, such countries as U.S.A. ,European Community and Japan ,etc. implement the strategic development plan one after another , carry on the research and formulation of the systematic norm (OMAC , OSACA , OSEC ) of numerical control of the open system structure, 3 biggest economies in the world have carried on the formulation that nearly the same science planned and standardized in a short time, have indicated a new arrival of period of change of numerical control technology. Our country started the research and formulation of standardizing the frame of ONC numerical control system of China too in 2000. 1.3.2 About the numerical control standard The numerical control standard is a kind of trend of information-based development of manufacturing industry. Information exchange among 50 years after numerical control technology was born was all because of ISO6983 standard, namely adopt G, M code describes how processes, its essential characteristic faces the processing course, obviously, he cant meet high-speed development of modern numerical control technologys needs more and more already. For this reason, studying and making a kind of new CNC system standard ISO14649 (STEP-NC) in the world, its purpose is to offer a kind of neutral mechanism not depending on the concrete system, can describe the unified data model in cycle of whole life of the products, thus realize the whole manufacture process, standardization of and even each industrial field product information. The appearance of STEP-NC may be a revolution of the technological field of the numerical control, on the development and even the whole manufacturing industry of numerical control technology, will exert a far-reaching influence. First of all, STEP-NC puts forward a kind of brand-new manufacture idea, in the traditional manufacture idea, NC processes the procedures to all concentrate on individual computer. Under the new standard, NC procedure can be dispersed on Internet, this is exactly a direction of open , networked development of numerical control technology. Secondly, STEP-NC numerical control system can also reduce and process the drawing (about 75%), process the procedure to work out the time (about 35%) and process the time (about 50%) greatly. At present, American-European countries pay much attention to the research of STEP-NC, Europe initiates IMS plan (1999.1.1-2001.12.3) of STEP-NC. 20 CAD/CAM/CAPP/CNC users, manufacturers and academic organizations from Europe and Japan participated in this plan. STEP Tools Company of U.S.A. is a developer of the data interchange software of manufacturing industry in the global range, he has already developed the super model (Super Model ) which accuses of information exchange of machine tooling by counting, its goal is to describe all processing courses with the unified norm. Such new data interchange form has already been verified in allocating the SIEMENS, FIDIA and European OSACA-NC numerical control at present. 中文译文机械手机械手是近几十年发展起来的一种高科技自动化生产设备。工业机械手是工业机器人的一个重要分支。它的特点是可通过编程来完成各种预期的作业任务，在构造和性能上兼有人和机器各自的优点，尤其体现了人的智能和适应性。机械手作业的准确性和各种环境中完成作业的能力，在国民经济各领域有着广阔的发展前景。随着工业自动化的发展, 出现了数控加工中心,它在减轻工人的劳动强度的同时, 大大提高了劳动生产率。但数控加工中常见的上下料工序, 通常仍采用人工操作或传统继电器控制的半自动化装置。前者费时费工、效率低; 后者因设计复杂, 需较多继电器,接线繁杂, 易受车体振动干扰,而存在可靠性差、故障多、维修困难等问题。可编程序控制器PLC控制的上下料机械手控制系统动作简便、线路设计合理、具有较强的抗干扰能力, 保证了系统运行的可靠性,降低了维修率, 提高了工作效率。机械手技术涉及到力学、机械学、电气液压技术、自动控制技术、传感器技术和计算机技术等科学领域，是一门跨学科综合技术。一、工业机械手的概述机械手是一种能自动化定位控制并可重新编程序以变动的多功能机器，它有多个自由度，可用来搬运物体以完成在各个不同环境中工作。在工资水平较低的中国，塑料制品行业尽管仍属于劳动力密集型，机械手的使用已经越来越普及。那些电子和汽车业的欧美跨国公司很早就在它们设在中国的工厂中引进了自动化生产。但现在的变化是那些分布在工业密集的华南、华东沿海地区的中国本土塑料加工厂也开始对机械手表现出越来越浓厚的兴趣，因为他们要面对工人流失率高，以及为工人交工伤费带来的挑战。随着我国工业生产的飞跃发展，特别是改革开发以后，自动化程度的迅速提高，实现工件的装卸、转向、输送或操作钎焊、喷枪、扳手等工具进行加工、装配等作业自化，已愈来愈引起我们重视。机械手是模仿着人手的部分动作，按给定的程序、轨迹和要求实现自动抓取、搬运或操作的自动机械装置。在现实生活中，你是否会发现这样一个问题。在机械工厂里，加工零件装料的时候是不是很烦的，劳动生产率不高，生产成本大，有时候还会发生一些人为事故，导致加工者受伤。想想看用什么可以来代替呢，加工的时候只要有几个人巡视一下，且可以二十四个小时饱和运作，人行吗？回答是肯定的，但是机械手可以来代替它。生产中应用机械手可以提高生产的自动化水平和劳动生产率;可以减轻劳动强度、保证产品质量、实现安全生产；尤其是在高温、高压、低温、低压、粉尘、易爆、有毒气体和放射性等恶劣的环境中能够代替人进行正常的工作。想到这里我就很想设计一个机械手，来用于生产实际中。为什么选着设计机械手用气动来提供动力：气动机械手是指以压缩空气为动力源驱动的机械手。用气压驱动与其他能源驱动比较有以下优点：1.空气取之不竭，用过之后排入大气，不需要回收和处理，不污染环境。（环保的概念）2.空气的沾性很小，管路中压力损失也很小（一般气路阻力损失不到油路的千分之一），便于远距离输送。3.压缩空气的工作压力较低(一般为48公斤/每平方厘米)，因此对动元件的材质和制造精度要求可以降低。4.与液压传动相比，它的动作和反应都快，这是气动突出的优点之一。5.空气介质清洁，亦不会变质，管路不易堵塞。但是也有它美中不足的地方：1.由于空气的可压缩性，致使气动工作的稳定性差，因而造成执行机构运动速度和定为精度不易控制。2.由于使用气压较低，输出力不可能太大，为了增加输出力，必然使整个气动系统的结构尺寸加大。用气压驱动与用其他能源驱动比较有以下优点：空气取之不竭，用过之后排入大气，不需回收和处理，不污染环境。偶然的或少量的泄漏不致对生产发生严重的影响。空气的粘性很小，管路中压力损失也就很小，便于远距离输送。压缩空气的工作压力较低，因此对气动元件的材质和制造精度要求可以降低。一般说来，往复运动推力在12吨以下采用气动经济性较好。与液压传动相比，它的动作和反应都快，这是气动的突出优点之一。空气介质清洁，亦不会变质，管路不易堵塞。它可安全地应用在易燃、易爆和粉尘大的场合。又便于实现过载自动保护.二机械手的组成机械手的形式是多种多样的，有的较为简单，有的较为复杂，但基本的组成形式是相同的，一般由执行机构、传动系统、控制系统和辅助装置组成。1. 执行机构机械手的执行机构，由手、手腕、手臂、支柱组成。手是抓取机构，用来夹紧和松开工件，与人的手指相仿，能完成人手的类似动作。手腕是连接手指与手臂的元件，可以进行上下、左右和回转动作。简单的机械手可以没有手腕。支柱用来支撑手臂，也可以根据需要做成移动。2. 传动系统执行机构的动作要由传动系统来实现。常用机械手传动系统分机械传动、液压传动、气压传动和电力传动等几种形式。3. 控制系统机械手控制系统的主要作用是控制机械手按一定的程序、方向、位置、速度进行动作，简单的机械手一般不设置专用的控制系统，只采用行程开关、继电器、控制阀及电路便可实现动传动系统的控制，使执行机构按要求进行动作动作复杂的机械手则要采用可编程控制器、微型计算机进行控制。三机械手的分类和特点机械手一般分为三类：第一类是不需要人工操作的通用机械手。它是一种独立的不附属于某一主机的装置。它可以根据任务的需要编制程序，以完成各项规定的操作。它的特点是具备普通机械的性能之外，还具备通用机械、记忆智能的三元机械。第二类是需要人工才做的，称为操作机。它起源于原子、军事工业，先是通过操作机来完成特定的作业，后来发展到用无线电讯号操作机来进行探测月球等。工业中采用的锻造操作机也属于这一范畴。第三类是用专用机械手，主要附属于自动机床或自动线上，用以解决机床上下料和工件送。这种机械手在国外称为“Mechanical Hand”，它是为主机服务的，由主机驱动；除少数以外，工作程序一般是固定的，因此是专用的。主要特点：(1) 机械手（上下料机械手、装配机械手、搬运机械手、堆垛机械手、助力机械手、真空搬运机、真空吸吊机、省力吊具、气动平衡器等）。(2) 悬臂起重机（悬臂吊、电动环链葫芦吊、气动平衡吊等） (3) 导轨式搬运系统（悬挂轨道、轻型轨道、单梁起重机、双梁起重机）(4) 工业机械手的应用机械手是在机械化、自动化生产过程中发展起来的一种新型装置。近年来，随着电子技术特别是电子计算机的广泛应用，机器人的研制和生产已成为高技术领域内迅速发展起来的一门新兴技术，它更加促进了机械手的发展，使得机械手能更好地实现与机械化和自动化的有机结合。机械手虽然目前还不如人手那样灵活，但它具有能不断重复工作和劳动、不知疲劳、不怕危险、抓举重物的力量比人手大等特点，因此，机械手已受到许多部门的重视，并越来越广泛地得到了应用，例如：(1) 机床加工工件的装卸，特别是在自动化车床、组合机床上使用较为普遍。(2) 在装配作业中应用广泛，在电子行业中它可以用来装配印制电路板，在机械行业中它可以用来组装零部件。(3) 可在劳动条件差，单调重复易子疲劳的工作环境工作，以代替人的劳动。(4) 可在危险场合下工作，如军工品的装卸、危险品及有害物的搬运等。(5) 宇宙及海洋的开发。(6) 军事工程及生物医学方面的研究和试验。助力机械手:又称平衡器、平衡吊、省力吊具、手动移载机等，是一种无重力化手动承载系统，一种新颖的、用于物料搬运时省力化操作的助力设备,属于一种非标设计的系列化产品。针对客户应用需求，量身定制的个案创作。一种模拟人手操作的自动机械，它可按固定程序抓取搬运物件或操持工具完成某些特定操作。应用机械手可以代替人从事单调重复或繁重的体力劳动，实现生产的机械化和自动化，代替人在有害环境下的手工操作，改善劳动条件，保证人身安全。20世纪40年代后期，美国在原子能实验中，首先采用机械手搬运放射性材料，人在安全室操纵机械手进行各种操作和实验。50年代以后，机械手逐步推广到工业生产部门，用于在高温污染严重的地方取放工件和装卸材料，也作为机床的辅助装置在自动机床自动生产线和加工中心中应用，完成上下料或从刀库中取放刀具并按固定程序更换刀具等操作。机械手主要由手部机构和运动机构组成。手部机构随使用场合和操作对象而不同，常见的有夹持托持和吸附等类型。运动机构一般由液压气动电气装置驱动。机械手可独立地实现伸缩旋转和昇降等运动，一般有23个自由度。机械手广泛用于机械製造冶金轻工和原子能等部门。能模仿人手和臂的某

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