变速器汽车车辆课程毕业设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

-  - 6 变速器  变速箱通常不得不在舒适性和效率之间做出选择，但一种新型的 “ 犬牙啮合式 ” 变速箱可以同时改善这两种性能 。  随着排放法规的日趋严格，汽车制造商为降低排放的努力已不再局限于改善燃烧过程和后期处理。许多公司认为，现代发动机技术已经发展到这样一个阶段：与投入巨额开发成本相比，技术进步带来的收效却很小。  因此为了改善排放 ,最重要的是要着眼于整车的性能。作为车上第二昂贵的部件，变速箱理所当然地成为第二步改善的目标。  所有变速箱技术中，手动变速箱的效率最高，输出功率可达输入功率的 96。但并不是所 有人都能驾驭手动变速箱，也不是所有人都愿意用它。因为用手动变速箱需要踩离合器，这在交通繁忙的时候很不舒服。驾驶员容易疲劳。而由扭矩中断导致的 “ 点头 ” 效应也会使乘客很难受。  由于驾驶员操纵离合器而产生的扭矩中断是 手动变速箱的主要缺点。在换档加速时，每升高一档，驾驶员都必须通过松开油门并踩下离合器来使扭矩暂时中断。完成整个过程大概只需一秒钟，但在这段时间里车辆会暂时停止加速，速度也会降低。  与此截然相反的是传统的自动变速箱。由于采用了变矩器，这种变速箱的换档质量不错但效率相对较差 即使最近有所 改进。因此，最近进行了许多研究，试图发现传统自动变速箱的有效替代方案。  主要的技术仍是无级变速（ CVT）、双离合器变速（ DCT）和手自一体（ AMT）变速器。它们在不同的方面优于传统的行星齿轮式自动变速器。  无级变速器采用带链或锥盘滚轮来产生无限多种变速比。与传统自动变速器相比，其效率和成本都有所改善。之所以有这些优点，是因为它结构简单。这种变速器的零部件很少，通常只有一根橡胶或金属传动带、一个液压作用的驱动带轮、一个机械扭矩感应式驱动带轮、一些微处理器和传感器等。  这种变速器的工作原 理是改变两个带轮表面之间的距离。带轮上挂传动带的地方开了 V 形的槽。一侧的带轮沿轴向固定，另一侧的带轮可在液压的作用下移动。  -  - 7 在驱动后，液压缸可增加或减少带轮两侧之间的距离。这样会使传动带在带轮侧壁上的位置上下变动，变动的方式取决于驾驶情况。这样会使变速比发生变化。锥盘滚轮型变速箱的工作原理与此类似但用的是驱动盘和动力滚轮。  CVT 变速器 “无级 ”的特点对技术人员最有吸引力。因为没有档位， CVT 可以使发动机保持在最佳的功率范围内，这样可以使效率提高并在相同的油耗下增加行驶里程。 CVT 可将发动机工 作曲线上的每一点转换为其本身工作曲线上相应的点。  这种变速器最受日本汽车制造商的青睐，并且日本变速器生产商 JATCO 是主要的生产者。但在欧美国家，情况有所不同。尽管奥迪和其他一些制造商在一些车型上推出了 CVT，但在这方面他们追赶的步伐仍然很缓慢。  DCT 实际上是将两台手动变速箱合在一起。换档过程是通过在两台变速箱的离合器之间相互切换实现的。这种变速器的换档质量和传统自动变速箱相同，但由于系统会发生滑动、流体阻力和液压损失，其效率和加速性能只比传统行星齿轮自动变速器稍有提高。开发控制系统的成本 也很高。  “最近在传统自动变速器技术上取得的进展，使开发和生产 CVT 或 DCT 的呼声有所降低。 ”变速箱生产企业 Zeroshift 公司的执行总裁 Bill Martin 说。 “由于成本过高，有些汽车厂已经取消了 DCT 项目。 ” AMT 是成本最低的自动变速器技术。 AMT 用执行器来代替传统的离合器跳板和换档杆。这种变速器保留了手动变速器的高效率和加速性能，但某些型号的变速器的换档质量不高。扭矩中断和 “点头 ”效应仍是主要的缺点。  那么什么是最好的替代方案？变速器方面的新技术是曾出不穷的，但 Zeroshift公司声称其变速器的效率优于手动变速器，能提高市区驾驶的燃油经济性。同时，其换档效率可以和改进后的自动变速器相媲美。   Zerosift 公司采用的是一种改进版的 AMT 技术。这种技术用先进的犬牙啮合（ dog engagement）系统代替同步器。  犬牙啮合技术许多年前就已在赛车运动中采用，目的是为了加快换档速度。传统的犬牙式变速箱并不适合用在公路上，因为驱动环或犬牙之间的空间很大，会产生后坐 由扭矩突然变向而产生的一种不舒适的窜动。  Zeroshift 公司通过增加第二套驱动犬牙 来解决这一问题。这种技术还使每组犬牙只能传递两种相反方向扭矩中的一种。 “通过对两套犬牙的啮合和分离，可在上-  - 8 一个档位没有分离的情况下换入新的档位。 ”Martin说。 “换档质量超过采用现代化的 6 档变速器的豪华轿车。 ” 换档可在瞬间完成，而扭矩不会发生中断。而且这种方法既可用于升档也可用于降档。  “在使用传统的 AMT 变速器时，由于需要关闭并重新打开油门，换档过程中排放会达到高峰，而通过这种无过渡的换档方式则可以消除这种现象。 ”Martin说，“这样还能降低燃油消耗。 ” 尽管该技术在变速器领 域还比较新，但该公司称已经引起了欧美各大汽车制造商的注意。最大的吸引力在于其成本比 DCT 低， Martin 说。  由于可以保留大部分手动变速箱的结构，这种变速箱的成本和复杂性都不会高于传统的 AMT 变速箱。控制系统的开发成本也会大大降低。这对试图减少排放和削减成本的工程师来说是个好消息。  “大部分汽车制造商都来参观过。 ”Martin 说。 “有些公司马上就和我们签合同，另一些未作决定，拒绝的一个都没有。 ”这再清楚不过地表明了汽车制造商现在正在将动力系统开发的重点转移到变速箱上。   Zeroshift 变 速系统的工作原理  硬件部分包括两套犬牙，安装在两个独立的犬牙环上并受其驱动。两套犬牙有一个共同的毂盖，毂盖和一个带花键的轴相连。  每个犬牙具有特殊的轮廓。在一侧是用于啮合的直角面。这些直角面是沿对角线相对的，这样犬牙在对某一个档位具有驱动功能的同时，对另一个档位具有超越传动（ overrun)功能。啮合面有轻微的后向锥度，以保证犬牙能在加载时锁定在啮合的齿轮上。  相对角上有一个斜坡，可在新档位接合后将犬牙从前一个档位上推离。  在空档时，两个犬牙环处于变速比的中间位置。选一档时， 犬牙会发生移动并和犬牙啮合面发生啮合。犬牙通过与换档执行器相边的换档拔叉驱动。  驱动犬牙将一档齿轮与输出轴锁定在一起，将扭矩从齿轮传递到输出轴。一档的超越传动犬牙也会移动并将齿轮以相反的方向和输出轴锁定。这样可在油门关闭且发动机倒拖时将扭矩从齿轮传递到输出轴。这样就消除了犬牙啮合式变速箱常见的后坐现象。  在加大油门换高档时，一档齿轮的超越传动犬牙卸载后和二档齿轮啮合。然-  - 9 后在换入二档时，前一个驱动环卸载。  如果犬牙之间不能完全啮合，即实现两个犬牙面之间的啮合，由于相对速度差的存在，二档 啮合会打开一个啮合缺口。在犬牙抵住犬牙啮合面后，在拨叉和执行器的共同作用下，储存的能量会将犬牙送入缺口内。  此时一档超载传动犬牙成为二档的驱动犬牙。在换入二档后，一档的驱动犬牙随即卸载。这时候，这些犬牙不再受其固定面的固定，可以被执行器或犬牙上的斜面推离档位。  然后一档齿轮的驱动犬牙会移动到和二档齿轮发生啮合的位置。在二档时，犬牙的作用正好相反。  中文译文：  奥迪  Roadjet 在 2006 年 1 月的底特律车展上首次亮相的 Roadjet 概念车向我们展示了奥迪公司下一年的技术方向。该公司 把重点放在内饰设计、动力系统、底盘、电子系统和安全系统方面的技术创新上。  这些新的发展方向将进一步巩固奥迪公司在准豪华车市场的地位。为了在美国市场吸引新的消费者，奥迪公司采取了两种市场战术。一方面，该公司正在努力进入运动型多用途车辆（ SUV）和紧凑型多用途车辆（ CUV）的市场。  另一方面，该公司在美国市场引进了新的豪华车和生活用车，以巩固其在美国的市场地位。目前，该公司在美国的销售额仍落后于 BMW、 Lexus 和Mercedes-Benz；不久前刚推出的豪华型越野车 Q7 也未能赶上 SUV 潮流。  在欧洲，奥迪公司在铝制车身、四轮驱动和新型动力系统方面的技术创新相当成功。然而，如果它想要在美国增加市场份额，就必须在美国顾客所重视的领域有所创新，那就是：舒适性、豪华性和实用性。  奥迪公司的设计师在进行内饰设计时对这些方面予以了重视。他们发明了新型环绕式仪表板来代替现有车型偏于功能化的设计。他们对用于巡航控制、悬挂、环境控制和娱乐设施设定的多媒体界面（ MMI）控制系统进行了改进，使乘客和驾驶员可以分别进行控制。将这种技术与改进的环境控制系统相结合，乘员可以各自进行个性化的设定。  Roadjet 采用柔和的暖色调土黄色作为内饰的基色，以制造一种舒适的氛围。该概念车采用了优质的功能性材料；内饰采用优质的真皮，地板则采用氯丁-  - 10 橡胶材料。后座之间可安装各种行装设备：比如参展车上附带的 “espresso”咖啡机，或更实际一些的储藏箱、婴儿摇篮等。  为了增加实用性，后座椅的前后移动是斜向的，这样可以增加肩部、腰部、腿部的空间和后部的载货空间。当后排座椅被推至最前方位置时，就可以使用斜放在后面的婴儿座椅。  Roadjet 的货箱带有电动伸缩的货箱板，使装载更方便、上面还有许多系结点，可用来固定行李。这种滑动的座椅和可伸出的货箱板很可能将在奥迪 Q5 和 A4 车上采用。  为了增加豪华感，该概念车上还采用了昂贵的 14 喇叭 Bang&Olufsen 音响系统，功率高达 1000W。音响系统还加入了 “数字语音支持 ”功能，即用麦克风和车上的扬声器记录并放大乘客的说话声，以保证即使是在高速行驶时也能清楚地进行交谈。  为了改善道路安全性、便利性和交通管理，汽车制造商正在制定统一的标准，以开发新型的、能与其它车辆和路边的本地无线通信网络建立联系的车内系统。这种车辆能在发生交通堵塞、或遭遇恶劣天气和 事故等情况时向紧急服务部门、其它车辆或交通电脑发出信号。在 Roadjet 概念车上，你可以看到这种先进系统的雏形。  各种新电子设备和豪华装备的增加使车体重量不断增大，再加上顾客对功率的要求不断增加，这些都给豪华车排放和燃油消耗控制带来了负面的影响。奥迪正在研究更先进的技术，以实现豪华性和排放性的平衡。  Roadjet 车的 3.2 升汽油直喷发动机基本上沿用了已有的寻机，不过为了增加功率输出，采用了新型的、带整体式真空罐的固定进气歧管。这种进气管设计结合了两级凸轮作用的可变气门升程技术，增大了发动机 的功率。  尽管具有运动型轿车的性能， Roadjet 的总体燃油消耗比现有的 A4 Quattro 车上的 3.2 升 FSI 发动机略低一些，这种将于 2006 年下半年投入生产的气门机构技术能使发动机在正常驾驶情况下满足省油和平顺性的要求，并能按照驾驶员的要求自动切换为高反应速度和大功率状态。  Roadjet 概念车是第一款安装了受车速控制的可变转向比动态转向系统。该系统既可实现高速公路驾驶的平顺性，又能增加在野外弯道行驶时的操纵性。电子控制的可变弹性减震器可自动将转向系统由柔软舒适型转变为运动型，以增加安-  - 11 全 性和操纵性。  奥迪的工程师将所有这些系统通过电子技术连接在一起，为驾驶员提供了 3种可选择的模式：动态、舒适和运动。每种模式都对减震器、转向系、变速箱和发动机的电子装置进行调整，以提供不同的驾驶体验。  Roadjet 车的车身造型体现了奥迪公司新的设计方向。这款高 1.55 米、轴距 4.7米、宽 2.85 米的概念车的车内空间相当宽敞。该公司采用棱角分明的轮廓线和精心设计的下陷的车门来掩盖车身的高度。概念车上标志性的 LED 尾灯很可能会保持原样，而 LED 大灯可能在正式生产时换成可旋转的氙气放电灯。  大约在 2007 年底，奥迪公司将在下一代 A4 平台的基础上推出 Q5 型 CUV。该车比 Q7 更轻更小，在利润很高的美国 CUV 市场上将很有竞争力。 Roadjet 体现了该车的一些内饰和外部造型方面的特点。  Q5 必须更为结实，以符合 CUV 类车的室外生活方式的形象。同时，对于欧洲市场， Roadjet 醒目的造型为下一代 A4 系列车型提供了样板，该系列将于 2007年推出一款新的两箱轿车，以加入传统轿车和 Avant 车系的市场。仪表板和其它内饰方面的改进将在 24 个月内推广到奥迪公司的其它车型系列。  Transmissions Transmissions have to compromise on either ride comfort or efficiency, but a new approach to the dog engagement gearbox could improve both. With tightening emissions regulations, carmakers are not just confining their efforts to improving combustion and after-treatment. Many are finding that modern engines are so advanced that the benefits of some engine technologies are small compared to the huge development costs involved. It's important to look at the whole vehicle in order to improve emissions. As the second most expensive piece of kit in the car, the transmission is the logical next place to look. Of all transmission technologies, the manual gearbox is the most efficient; around 96percent of the energy that is put in comes out of the other end. But not everyone can drive one or wants to. Because you have to dip the clutch pedal, it's less comfortable to drive in heavy traffic. It makes the driver tired and the torque interruptions' head-nod effect on passengers can be wearing. The driver's clutch control and corresponding torque interruptions are also the manual's   weak point. When accelerating up through the gearbox, each up-shift requires the driver to cut the torque momentarily by lifting the gas pedal and dipping the clutch. It may just take a second to complete the operation, but during this time the -  - 12 vehicle is losing speed and acceleration. At the opposite and of the spectrum is the traditional automatic. Its shift quality is good thanks to its torque converter, but efficiency is relatively poor despite recent advances. Because of this ,a lot of the current research is trying to find an efficient alternative to the conventional automatic. The main technologies are continuously variable transmissions (CVTs); dual clutch transmissions(DCTs) and automated manual transmissions(AMTs).They all offer different benefits over the conventional planetary automatic. The CVT uses a belt chain or toroidal shaped dish drive to vary an infinite number of gear ratios. It has improved efficiency and cost when compared to conventional automatics.Its  advantage comes from its simplicitu. It consists of very few components; usually a rubber or metal-link belt; a hydraulically operated driving pulley, a mechanical torque-sensing driving pulley, microprocessors and some sensors. The transmissions works by varying the distance between the faces of the two main pulleys.The pulleys have V-shaped grooves in which the connecting belt rides. One side of the pulley is fixed axially; the other side moves, actuated by hydraulics. When actuatec, the cylinder can increase or reduce the amount of space between the two sides of the pulley. This allows the belt to ride lower or higher along the walls of the pulley, depending on driving conditions. This changes the gear ratio. A torodial-type design works in a similar way but runs on discs and power-rollers. The "stepless" nature of its design is CVT's biggest draw for automotive engineers. Because of this, a CVT can work to keep the engine in its optimum power range, thereby increasing efficiency and mileage. A CVT can convert every point on the engine's operating curve to a corresponding point on its own operating curve. The transmission is most popular with Japanese carmakers and Japanese supplier JATCO is a major producer. But in the US and Europe driving styles are different. Uptake has been slow despite Audi and other manufacturers having offered CVT otions on their ranges. The DCT is, in effect, two manual gearboxes coupled together. Gear shifts are made by switching from one clutch on one gearbox to another clutch on the other. The shift quality is  equal to a conventional automatic, but slip, fluid drag and lydraulic losses in the system result in only slightly improved efficiency and acceleration over the conventional planetary automatic. Developing the control strategy is costly too. "Recent advances in conventional automatic technology have weakened the argument to develop and set up production for CVT or DCT." says Bill Martin, managing director of transmission firm zeroshift. "Some carmakers have cancelled DCT projects because of the cost."   The cheapest way to build an automatic is with an AMT. AMTs use actuators to replace the clutch pedal and gear stick of a conventional manual. They keep the high efficiency and acceleration of a manual gearbox, but the shift quality on some models is lacking. Torque interruptions and the head-nod effect are the most common complaint. so what is the alternative? There are always new ideas in transmissions, but Zeroshift says that its technology has efficiency benefits over a manual, delivering fuel economy improvements to city driving. Shift quality can also be equal to that of a -  - 13 refined automatic. Zeroshift's approach is an upgrade to the AMT. The synchromesh is replaced with an advanced dog enqaqement system.  Dog engagement has been used for many years in motor sport to allow fast shifts. Conventional dog boxes are unsuitable for road use as the large spaces between the drive lugs or "dogs" create backlash, an uncomfortable shunt caused by the sudden change in torque direction.  Zeroshift's technology solves this problem by adding a second set of drive dogs. It has also made each of the two sets of dogs only capable of transmitting torque in o ne or other opposing directions. "By controlling the engagement and disengagement of the two sets you can shift into the new gear befor disengaging the previous gear, "says Martin. "The shift quality is smoother than a typical modern six-speed automatic luxury car." The shift is instant and the torque is not interrupted.This philosophy is used for both up and down shifts. "In conventional AMT there is an emissions spike during a shift due to the need to back off and reintroduce throttle, this is eliminated by going seamless, "says Martin. "This also reduces fuel consumption." It is a relative newcomer to the transmission sector, but the firm says that it is already  attracting the attention of major European and US carmakers. The big draw is as a low-cost alternative to DCT, says Martin. Because the manual gearbox architecture is largely maintained, production costs and complexity are not greater than for a conventional AMT. Development of the controls side is also considerably cheaper. Music to the ears of engineers trying to cut emissions and costs. "Most of the carmakers have seen the system at least once," says Martion. "Some signed us immediately. Some have said not yet. None have said no. "That may be the clearest sign yet that when it comes to powertrain developments, carmakers are starting to focus on the transmission. HOW ZWROSHIFT WORKS The hardware consists of two sets of bullets. mounted and actuated on two independent bullet rings. both sets of bullets run on the common hub, which is attached to the shaft with splines. Each bullet has a special profile. On one side they have an angled face for engagement. These are diagonally opposed, allowing the bullet to have a drive function for one gear and an overrun function for the other gear. The engagement faces taper backwards slightly to ensure the bullet latches onto the engaged gear under load. the opposite corners have a ramp, which pushes the bullet out of the previous gear once the new gear has been engaged. In neutral both bullet rings are positioned midway between the ratios. To select first -  - 14 gear, the bullets are moved into mesh with the engagement dogs.The bullets are actuated via shift forks conected to the shift actuators. The driving bullets lock first gear to the output shaft and transfer torque from the gearwheel onto the output shaft. The first gear overrun bullets are also moved into gear to lock the wheel to the output shaft in the opposite direction. This transfrs torque from the gearwheel onto the output shaft when the throttle closes and the engine overruns. This eliminates the backlash you'd expect from a dog engagement gearbox. To shift up with an open throttle, first gear's overrun bullets are unloaded and move in to engage second gear. This is followed by the previous driving ring which becomes unloaded when second gear is taken up. If the bullet is stopped from engaging fully-dog-face to dog-face-the second gear wheel opens an engagement window due to the relative speed difference. With the b ullet pushed against the engagement dog compliance between the fork and actuator allows the stored energy  to fire the bullet into the window. The first gear overrun bullets have now become the second gear drive bullets. As second gear takes over, the load is removed from the first gear drive bullets. These bullets are now no longer held by their retention angie and can be either moved out of gear by actuators or pushed out of gear by contact with the ramp face of the bullet. The first gear drive bullets then move across into engagement with second gear. In second  gear, the roles of the bullets are reversed. Audi Roadjet Audi plans to add comfort, luxury and practicality without increasing emissions The Roadjet concept, first shown at Detroit in January 2006,indicates a number of technical directions that Audi going to take in the coming year. The firm is focusing on interior design, powertrain, chassis, electronics and safety innovations. These new directions will help Audi strengthen its position in the sub-luxury market that it previously had to itself. Audi has two main tactics to attract new customers in the US. It is breaking into the sports utility vehicle(SUV)and compact utility vehicle(CUV)markets. It also introduces new luxury and lifestyle features to strengthen its position in the US; sales there still lag behind those of BMW, Lexus and Mercedes-Benz. The recently launched Q7 off-road luxury vehicle is a late bid to capitalise on the SUV boom. In Europe, the carmaker's technical innovations such as aluminium construction, four-wheel-drive, and novel powertrain technologies have been successful. But if Audi wants to increase its US market share, it needs to innovate in those areas valued by American customers: comfort, luxury and practicality. Audi's designers have focused on this in the interior. They have devised a new wrap-around  instrument panel shape to replace the more functional design in existing models. They have expanded the vehicle's multi-media interface (MMI)control system, used for cruise control, suspension, climate and entertainment separate controls. Combined with an upgraded climate system, occupants can set their own individual -  - 15 climate settings. Soft, warm, earthy colours are used in the Roadjet to create a feeling of well-being. The concept uses high quality functional materials: the upholstery is fine leather; the floor is neoprene. The space between the rear seats can house a range of optional equipment: the show car featured an espresso coffee machine. Storage boxes and baby carriers are more realistic alternatives. To enhance practicality, the rear seats slide backwards and forwards diagonally to increase shoulder and leg-room or rear load space. When the rear seats are in their most forward position, an oblique-facing child seat can be used behind the seats. Roadjet's load bay features an eletrically extending load floor to ease loading, offering unmerous lashing points to secure luggage items. The sliding seats and extending load floor are very likely to enter production on Audi's Q5 and A4 models. To heighten the sense of luxury, the concept uses a costly 1,000W Bang & Olufsen sound system with 14-speakers.This incorporates a "digital voice support" function that uses microphones and the car's speakers to pick up and amplify passengers' voices to ensure clear conversation even at high speeds. In a bid to improve road safety, convenience and traffic management, carmakers are working to common standards to develop a new in-car system to talk to other cars and roadside wireless olcal area networks. In traffic jams, bad weather or accident situations, cars send information to emergency services, other cars and traffic computers. The Roadjet concept featres previews such a system. The weight of all the new electronics and luxury equipment in this segment, combined with customers' growing demand for power is having a negative effect on exhaust emissions and fuel consumption. Audi is looking at sophisticated technical solutions to balance the equation. Roadjet's 3.2-litre gasoline direct injection engine is based on an existing engine but features a new fixed intake manifold with an integral vacuum reservoir to increase its output. This is combined with a two-stage cam operated variable valve lit technology to increase output. Despite the sports