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外文资料译文1外文资料译文加工基础作为加工基础产生形状的一种加工方法，机械加工是所有制造过程中最普遍使用的而且是最重要的方法。机械加工过程是一个产生形状的过程，在这过程中，驱动装置使工件上的一些材料以切屑的形式被去除。尽管在某些场合，工件无承受情况下，使用移动式装备来实现加工，但大多数的机械加工是通过既支承工件又支承刀具的装备来完成。机械加工在知道过程中具备两方面。小批生产低费用。对于铸造、锻造和压力加工，每一个要生产的具体工件形状，即使是一个零件，几乎都要花费高额的加工费用。靠焊接来产生的结构形状，在很大程度上取决于有效的原材料的形式。一般来说，通过利用贵重设备而又无需特种加工条件下，几乎可以以任何种类原材料开始，借助机械加工把原材料加工成任意所需要的结构形状，只要外部尺寸足够大，那都是可能的。因此对于生产一个零件，甚至当零件结构及要生产的批量大小上按原来都适于用铸造、锻造或者压力加工来生产的，但通常宁可选择机械加工。严密的精度和良好的表面光洁度，机械加工的第二方面用途是建立在高精度和可能的表面光洁度基础上。许多零件，如果用别的其他方法来生产属于大批量生产的话，那么在机械加工中则是属于低公差且又能满足要求的小批量生产了。另方面，许多零件靠较粗的生产加工工艺提高其一般表面形状，而仅仅是在需要高精度的且选择过的表面才进行机械加工。例如内螺纹，除了机械加工之外，几乎没有别的加工方法能进行加工。又如已锻工件上的小孔加工，也是被锻后紧接着进行机械加工才完成的。基本的机械加工参数 切削中工件与刀具的基本关系是以以下四个要素来充分描述的：刀具的几何形状，切削速度，进给速度，和吃刀深度。外文资料译文2切削刀具必须用一种合适的材料来制造，它必须是强固、韧性好、坚硬而且耐磨的。刀具的几何形状以刀尖平面和刀具角为特征对于每一种切削工艺都必须是正确的。切削速度是切削刃通过工件表面的速率，它是以每分钟英寸来表示。为了有效地加工，切削速度高低必须适应特定的工件刀具配合。一般来说，工件材料越硬，速度越低。进给速度是刀具切进工件的速度。若工件或刀具作旋转运动，进给量是以每转转过的英寸数目来度量的。当刀具或工件作往复运动时，进给量是以每一行程走过的英寸数度量的。一般来说，在其他条件相同时，进给量与切削速度成反比。吃刀深度以英寸计是刀具进入工件的距离。它等于旋削中的切屑宽度或者等于线性切削中的切屑的厚度。粗加工比起精加工来，吃刀深度较深。切削参数的改变对切削温度的影响 金属切削操作中，热是在主变形区和副变形区发生的。这结果导致复杂的温度分布遍及刀具、工件和切屑。图中显示了一组典型等温曲线，从中可以看出：像所能预料的那样，当工件材料在主变形区被切削时，沿着整个切屑的宽度上有着很大的温度梯度，而当在副变形区，切屑被切落时，切屑附近的前刀面上就有更高的温度。这导致了前刀面和切屑离切削刃很近的地方切削温度较高。实质上由于在金属切削中所做的全部功能都被转化为热，那就可以预料：被切离金属的单位体积功率消耗曾家的这些因素就将使切削温度升高。这样刀具前角的增加而所有其他参数不变时，将使切离金属的单位体积所耗功率减小，因而切削温度也将降低。当考虑到未变形切屑厚度增加和切削速度，这情形就更是复杂。未变形切屑厚度的增加趋势必导致通过工件的热的总数上产生比例效应，刀具和切屑仍保持着固定的比例，而切削温度变化倾向于降低。然而切削速度的增加，传导到工件上的热的数量减少而这又增加主变形区中的切屑温升。进而副变形区势必更小，这将在该区内产生升温效应。其他切削参数的变化，实质上对于被切离的单位体积消耗上并没有什么影响，因此实际上对切削温度没有什么作用。因为事实已经表明：切削温度即使有小小的变化对刀具磨损率都将有实质意义的影响作用。这表明如何人从切削参数来确定切削温度那是很合适的。为着测定高速钢刀具温度的最直接和最精确的方法是 W&T 法，这方法也就是外文资料译文3可提供高速钢刀具温度分布的详细信息的方法。该项技术是建立在高速钢刀具截面金相显微测试基础上，目的是要建立显微结构变化与热变化规律图线关系式。当要加工广泛的工件材料时，Trent 已经论述过测定高速钢刀具的切削温度及温度分布的方法。这项技术由于利用电子显微扫描技术已经进一步发展，目的是要研究将已回过火和各种马氏体结构的高速钢再回火引起的微观显微结构变化情况。这项技术亦用于研究高速钢单点车刀和麻花钻的温度分布。刀具磨损 从已经被处理过的无数脆裂和刃口裂纹的刀具中可知，刀具磨损基本上有三种形式：后刀面磨损，前刀面磨损和 V 型凹口磨损。后刀面磨损既发生在主刀刃上也发生副刀刃上。关于主刀刃，因其担负切除大部金属切屑任务，这就导致增加切削力和提高切削温度，如果听任而不加以检查处理，那可能导致刀具和工件发生振动且使有效切削的条件可能不再存在。关于副刀刃，那是决定着工件的尺寸和表面光洁度的，后刀面磨损可能造成尺寸不合格的产品而且表面光洁度也差。在大多数实际切削条件下，由于主前刀面先于副前刀面磨损，磨损到达足够大时，刀具将实效，结果是制成不合格零件。由于刀具表面上的应力分布不均匀，切屑和前刀面之间滑动接触区应力，在滑动接触区的起始处最大，而在接触区的尾部为零，这样磨蚀性磨损在这个区域发生了。这是因为在切削卡住区附近比刀刃附近发生更严重的磨损，而刀刃附近因切屑与前刀面失去接触而磨损较轻。这结果离切削刃一定距离处的前刀面上形成麻点凹坑，这些通常被认为是前刀面的磨损。通常情况下，这磨损横断面是圆弧形的。在许多情况中和对于实际的切削状况而言，前刀面磨损比起后刀面磨损要轻，因此后刀面磨损更普遍地作为刀具失效的尺度标志。然而因许多作者已经表示过的那样在增加切削速度情况下，前刀面上的温度比后刀面上的温度升得更快，而且又因任何形式的磨损率实质上是受到温度变化的重大影响。因此前刀面的磨损通常在高速切削时发生的。刀具的主后刀面磨损带的尾部是跟未加工过的工件表面相接触，因此后刀面磨损比沿着磨损带末端处更为明显，那是最普通的。这是因为局部效应，这像未加工表面上的已硬化层，这效应是由前面的切削引起的工件硬化造成的。不只是外文资料译文4切削，还有像氧化皮，刀刃产生的局部高温也都会引起这种效应。这种局部磨损通常称作为凹坑性磨损，而且偶尔是非常严重的。尽管凹坑的出现对刀具的切削性质无实质意义的影响，但凹坑常常逐渐变深，如果切削在继续进行的话，那么刀具就存在断裂的危机。如果任何进行性形式 的磨损任由继续发展，最终磨损速率明显地增加而刀具将会有摧毁性失效破坏，即刀具将不能再用作切削，造成工件报废，那算是好的，严重的可造成机床破坏。对于各种硬质合金刀具和对于各种类型的磨损，在发生严重失效前，就认为已达到刀具的使用寿命周期的终点。然而对于各种高速钢刀具，其磨损是属于非均匀性磨损，已经发现：当其磨损允许连续甚至到严重失效开始，最有意义的是该刀具可以获得重磨使用，当然，在实际上，切削时间远比使用到失效的时间短。以下几种现象之一均是刀具严重失效开始的特征：最普遍的是切削力突然增加，在工件上出现烧损环纹和噪音严重增加等。自动夹具设计 用做装配设备的传统同步夹具把零件移动到夹具中心上，以确保零件从传送机上或从设备盘上取出后置于已定位置上。然而在某些应用场合、强制零件移动到中心线上时，可能引起零件或设备破坏。当零件易损而且小小振动可能导致报废时，或当其位置是由机床主轴或模具来具体时，再或者当公差要求很精密时，那宁可让夹具去适应零件位置，而不是相反。为着这些工作任务，美国俄亥俄州Elyria 的 Zaytran 公司已经开发了一般性功能数据的非同步西类柔顺性夹具。因为夹具作用力和同步化装置是各自独立的，该同步装置可以用精密的滑移装置来替换而不影响夹具作用力。夹具规格范围是从 0.1 英寸行程，英镑夹紧力到英寸行程、100 英寸夹紧力。现代生产的特征是批量变得越来越小而产品的各种规格变化最大。因此，生产的最后阶段，装配因生产计划、批量和产品设计的变更而显得特别脆弱。这种情形正迫使许多公司更多地致力于广泛的合理化改革和前面提到过情况那样装配自动化。尽管柔性夹具的发展很快落后与柔性运输处理装置的发展，如落后于工业机器人的发展，但仍然试图指望增加夹具的柔顺性。事实上夹具的重要的装置生产装置的专向投资就加强了使夹具更加柔性化在经济上的支持。外文资料译文5根据它们柔顺性，夹具可以分为：专用夹具、组合夹具、标准夹具、高柔性夹具。柔性夹具是以它们对不同工件的高适应性和以少更换低费用为特征的。结构形式可变换的柔性夹具装有可变更结构排列的零件（例如针形颊板，多片式零件和片状颊板） ，标准工件的非专用夹持或夹紧元件（例如：启动标准夹持夹具和带有可移动元件的夹具配套件） ，或者装有陶瓷或硬化了的中介物质（如：流动粒子床夹具和热夹具紧夹具） 。为了生产，零件要在夹具中被紧固，需要产生夹紧作用，其有几个与夹具柔顺性无关的步骤：根据被加工的即基础的部分和工作特点，确定工件在夹具中的所需的位置，接着必须选择若干稳定平面的组合，这些稳定平面就构成工件被固定在夹具中确定位置上的夹持状轮廓结构，均衡所有各力和力矩，而且保证接近工件工作特点。最后，必须计算、调整、组装可拆装的或标准夹具元件的所需位置，以便使工件牢牢地被夹紧在夹具中。依据这样的程序，夹具的轮廓结构和装合的规划和记录过程可以进行自动化控制。结构造型任务就是要产生若干稳定平面的组合，这样在这些平面上的各夹紧力将使工件和夹具稳定。按惯例，这个任务可用人机对话即几乎完全自动化的方式来完成。一人机对话即以自动化方式确定夹具结构造型的优点是可以有组织有规划进行夹具设计，减少所需的设计人员，缩短研究周期和能更好地配置工作条件。简言之，可成功地达到显著提高夹具生产效率和效益。在充分准备了构造方案和一批材料情况下，在完成首次组装可以成功实现节约时间达 10%。因此夹具机构造型过程的目的是产生合适的编程文件。 毕业设计（论文）开题报告（学生用表）院系：机电工程学院 课题名称 带辊道的框型卡具学生姓名 专业班级 课题类型 科研开发指导老师 职称 课题来源 工厂生产1. 综述本课题国内外研究动态，说明选题的依据和意义目前中、小批多品种生产的工件品种已占工件种类总数的 85左右。现代生产要求企业所制造的产品品种经常更新换代，以适应市场的需求与竞争。然而，一般企业都仍习惯于大量采用传统的专用夹具，一般在具有中等生产能力的工厂里，约拥有数千甚至近万套专用夹具；另一方面，在多品种生产的企业中，每隔 34 年就要更新 5080左右专用夹具，而夹具的实际磨损量仅为 1020左右。特别是近年来，数控机床、加工中心、成组技术、柔性制造系统（FMS）等新加工技术的应用，对机床夹具提出了如下新的要求：1）能迅速而方便地装备新产品的投产，以缩短生产准备周期，降低生产成本；2）能装夹一组具有相似性特征的工件；3）能适用于精密加工的高精度机床夹具；4）能适用于各种现代化制造技术的新型机床夹具；5）采用以液压站等为动力源的高效夹紧装置，以进一步减轻劳动强度和提高劳动生产率；6）提高机床夹具的标准化程度。现代机床夹具的发展方向主要表现为标准化、精密化、高效化和柔性化等四个方面。（1）标准化 机床夹具的标准化与通用化是相互联系的两个方面。目前我国已有夹具零件及部件的国家标准：GB/T2148T225991 以及各类通用夹具、组合夹具标准等。机床夹具的标准化，有利于夹具的商品化生产，有利于缩短生产准备周期，降低生产总成本。（2）精密化 随着机械产品精度的日益提高，势必相应提高了对夹具的精度要求。精密化夹具的结构类型很多，例如用于精密分度的多齿盘，其分度精度可达0.1；用于精密车削的高精度三爪自定心卡盘，其定心精度为 5m。（3）高效化高效化夹具主要用来减少工件加工的基本时间和辅助时间，以提高劳动生产率，减轻工人的劳动强度。常见的高效化夹具有自动化夹具、高速化夹具和具有夹紧力装置的夹具等。例如，在铣床上使用电动虎钳装夹工件，效率可提高 5 倍左右；在车床上使用高速三爪自定心卡盘，可保证卡爪在试验转速为 9000r/min 的条件下仍能牢固地夹紧工件，从而使切削速度大幅度提高。目前，除了在生产流水线、自动线配置相应的高效、自动化夹具外，在数控机床上，尤其在加工中心上出现了各种自动装夹工件的夹具以及自动更换夹具的装置，充分发挥了数控机床的效率。（4）柔性化机床夹具的柔性化与机床的柔性化相似，它是指机床夹具通过调整、组合等方式，以适应工艺可变因素的能力。工艺的可变因素主要有：工序特征、生产批量、工件的形状和尺寸等。具有柔性化特征的新型夹具种类主要有：组合夹具、通用可调夹具、成组夹具、模块化夹具、数控夹具等。为适应现代机械工业多品种、中小批量生产的需要，扩大夹具的柔性化程度，改变专用夹具的不可拆结构为可拆结构，发展可调夹具结构，将是当前夹具发展的主要方向。2. 研究的基本内容，拟解决的主要问题设计的卡具用于对箱体的卡紧，为使卡具卡紧合理，综合考虑规模、效益、节能与复杂性之间的关系，对卡具设计提出如下设计要求：1）卡具设计应满足零件加工工序的精度要求；2）应能提高加工生产率；3）操作方便，省力，安全；4）具有一定使用寿命和降低的卡具制造成本5）卡具元件应满足通用化标准化，系列化的要求6) 具有良好的结构工艺性：便于制造，检验，调整，维修。3. 研究步骤、方法及措施1) 研究步骤 明确设计要求，收集和研究有关资料。 确定卡具的结构方案 绘制卡具的装配草图和装配图 确定并标注有关尺寸，配合及技术要求 绘制总布置图、总装图和一定数量的零件图 编写卡具设计说明书2) 研究方法及措施查阅标准、规范、手册、图册和相关资料，运用正确的设计思想并用于创新探索，综合运用所学的知识，设计开发出符合要求的卡具。 在搜集资料，熟悉相关内容，借鉴前人设计经验和成果的基础上积极创新，实事求是，研究出新的卡具结构 设计时，要考虑机械零件的强度，刚度等要求，还要考虑结构的工艺性、经济性及标准化等要求 设计中，多数零件可以由计算确定零件的基本尺寸，再通过草图设计其具体结构和尺寸：而有些零件，则需先经初算和绘草图，得出初步符合设计的基本结构尺寸，然后再进行必要的计算，根据计算结果，在对机构和尺寸进行修改。因此，计算和画图互为依据，交叉进行。 在设计中贯彻标准化、系列化与通用化，保证互换性、降低成本，缩短设计周期。4. 研究工作进度1） 3 月 16 号-3 月 23 号查阅资料，选择题目。交指导老师审阅。下达任务书。2） 3 月 23 号-3 月 30 号查阅并整理与课题相关的文献资料，写出开题报告。3） 3 月 30 号-4 月 6 号 了解课题的发展前沿及应用，分析和掌握设备的工作原理、特点等。 审阅开题报告，提交初步设计方案。4） 4 月 6 号-4 月 13 号初步方案设计（要求必须有一定创新） ，绘制草图。5） 4 月 13 号-4 月 20 号进行多方案（至少两个）论证、比较，写出论证报告，确定最终方案。6） 4 月 20 号-4 月 27 号确定各部分具体尺寸及相关工艺数据。7） 4 月 27 号-5 月 18 号详细设计、绘制装配图及零件图，定期交指导老师审阅。8）5 月 18 号-5 月 25 号打印出图、完成手工绘图，交指导老师审阅。9）5 月 25 号-6 月 1 号撰写设计说明书（按照毕业设计说明书的内容要求整理） ，交指导老师审阅。10）6 月 1 号-6 月 10 号准备所用资料，准备答辩5. 主要参考文献1）机床卡具设计第二版 陈宁平 主编 机械工业出版社，19892）机床卡具设计 肖继德 主编 国防工业出版社， 19873）机床卡具图册 孙已德 主编 机械工业出版社， 19834）机械设计手册（第四版） （1 套） 成大先 主编 化学工业出版社， 19845）机械制图 王兰美 主编 高等教育出版社， 2003 6）画法几何及其工程制图 朱冬梅 主编 高等教育出版社 20006. 实施计划56 周 查阅资料，英文资料翻译；78 周 方案讨论、论证和确定、完善；910 周 传动部分的设计、尺寸确定；1114 周 执行部分的计算、分析、校核；1516 周 撰写毕业论文；17 周 答辩指导教师意见指导教师签字： 年 月 日研究所（教研室）意见研究所所长（教研室主任）签字： 年 月 日www.jxCAD.Introduciton of MachiningHave a shape as a processing method, all machining process for the production of the most commonly used and most important method. Machining process is a process generated shape, in this process, Drivers device on the workpiece material to be in the form of chip removal. Although in some occasions, the workpiece under no circumstances, the use of mobile equipment to the processing, However, the majority of the machining is not only supporting the workpiece also supporting tools and equipment to complete.Machining know the process has two aspects. Small group of low-cost production. For casting, forging and machining pressure, every production of a specific shape of the workpiece, even a spare parts, almost have to spend the high cost of processing. Welding to rely on the shape of the structure, to a large extent, depend on effective in the form of raw materials. In general, through the use of expensive equipment and without special processing conditions, can be almost any type of raw materials, mechanical processing to convert the raw materials processed into the arbitrary shape of the structure, as long as the external dimensions large enough, it is possible. Because of a production of spare parts, even when the parts and structure of the production batch sizes are suitable for the original casting, Forging or pressure processing to produce, but usually prefer machining.Strict precision and good surface finish, Machining the second purpose is the establishment of the high precision and surface finish possible on the basis of.Many parts, if any other means of production belonging to the large-scale production, Well Machining is a low-tolerance and can meet the requirements of small batch production. Besides, many parts on the production and processing of coarse process to improve its general shape of the surface. It is only necessary precision and choose only the surface machining. For instance, thread, in addition to mechanical processing, almost no other processing method for processing. Another example is the blacksmith pieces keyhole processing, as well as training to be conducted immediately after the mechanical www.jxCAD.completion of the processing.Primary Cutting ParametersCutting the work piece and tool based on the basic relationship between the following four elements to fully describe : the tool geometry, cutting speed, feed rate, depth and penetration of a cutting tool.Cutting Tools must be of a suitable material to manufacture, it must be strong, tough, hard and wear-resistant. Tool geometry - to the tip plane and cutter angle characteristics - for each cutting process must be correct.Cutting speed is the cutting edge of work piece surface rate, it is inches per minute to show. In order to effectively processing, and cutting speed must adapt to the level of specific parts - with knives. Generally, the more hard work piece material, the lower the rate.Progressive Tool to speed is cut into the work piece speed. If the work piece or tool for rotating movement, feed rate per round over the number of inches to the measurement. When the work piece or tool for reciprocating movement and feed rate on each trip through the measurement of inches. Generally, in other conditions, feed rate and cutting speed is inversely proportional to。Depth of penetration of a cutting tool - to inches dollars - is the tool to the work piece distance. Rotary cutting it to the chip or equal to the width of the linear cutting chip thickness. Rough than finishing, deeper penetration of a cutting tool depth.Wears of Cutting ToolWe already have been processed and the rattle of the countless cracks edge tool, we learn that tool wear are basically three forms flank wear, the former flank wear and V-Notch wear. Flank wear occurred in both the main blade occurred vice blade. On the main blade, shoulder removed because most metal chip mandate, which resulted in an increase cutting force and cutting temperature increase, If not allowed to check, That could lead to the work piece and the tool vibration and provide for efficient cutting conditions may no longer exist. Vice-bladed on, it is determined work piece dimensions and surface finish. Flank wear size of the possible failure of the product and surface finish are also inferior. In most actual cutting conditions, as the principal in the former www.jxCAD.first deputy flank before flank wear, wear arrival enough, Tool will be effective, the results are made unqualified parts.As Tool stress on the surface uneven, chip and flank before sliding contact zone between stress, in sliding contact the start of the largest, and in contact with the tail of zero, so abrasive wear in the region occurred. This is because the card cutting edge than the nearby settlements near the more serious wear, and bladed chip due to the vicinity of the former flank and lost contact wear lighter. This results from a certain distance from the cutting edge of the surface formed before the knife point Ma pit, which is usually considered before wear. Under normal circumstances, this is wear cross-sectional shape of an arc. In many instances and for the actual cutting conditions, the former flank wear compared to flank wear light, Therefore flank wear more generally as a tool failure of scale signs. But because many authors have said in the cutting speed of the increase, Maeto surface temperature than the knife surface temperatures have risen faster. but because any form of wear rate is essentially temperature changes by the significant impact. Therefore, the former usually wear in high-speed cutting happen.The main tool flank wear the tail is not processed with the work piece surface in contact, Therefore flank wear than wear along with the ends more visible, which is the most common. This is because the local effect, which is as rough on the surface has hardened layer, This effect is by cutting in front of the hardening of the work piece. Not just cutting, and as oxidation skin, the blade local high temperature will also cause this effect. This partial wear normally referred to as pit sexual wear, but occasionally it is very serious. Despite the emergence of the pits on the Cutting Tool nature is not meaningful impact, but often pits gradually become darker If cutting continued the case, then there cutter fracture crisis.If any form of sexual allowed to wear, eventually wear rate increase obviously will be a tool to destroy failure destruction, that will no longer tool for cutting cause the work piece scrapped, it is good, can cause serious damage machine. For various carbide cutting tools and for the various types of wear, in the event of a serious lapse, on the tool that has reached the end of the life cycle. But for various high-speed steel cutting tools and wear belonging to the non-uniformity of wear, has been found : When the www.jxCAD.wear and even to allow for a serious lapse, the most meaningful is that the tool can re-mill use, of course, In practice, cutting the time to use than the short time lapse. Several phenomena are one tool serious lapse began features the most common is the sudden increase cutting force, appeared on the work piece burning ring patterns and an increase in noise.The Effect of Changes in Cutting Parameters on Cutting TemperaturesIn metal cutting operations heat is generated in the primary and secondary deformation zones and this results in a complex temperature distribution throughout the tool, workpiece and chip. A typical set of isotherms is shown in figure where it can be seen that, as could be expected, there is a very large temperature gradient throughout the width of the chip as the workpiece material is sheared in primary deformation and there is a further large temperature in the chip adjacent to the face as the chip is sheared in secondary deformation. This leads to a maximum cutting temperature a short distance up the face from the cutting edge and a small distance into the chip.Since virtually all the work done in metal cutting is converted into heat, it could be expected that factors which increase the power consumed per unit volume of metal removed will increase the cutting temperature. Thus an increase in the rake angle, all other parameters remaining constant, will reduce the power per unit volume of metal removed and cutting temperatures will reduce. When considering increase in undeformed chip thickness and cutting speed the situation is more comples. An increase in undeformed chip thickness and cutting speed the situation is more complex. An increase in undeformed chip thickness tends to be a scale effect where the amounts of heat which pass to the workpiece, the tool and chip remain in fixed proportions and the changes in cutting temperature tend to be small. Increase in cutting speed, however, reduce the amount of heat which passes into the workpiece and this increase the temperature rise of the chip in primary deformation. Further, the secondary deformation zone tends to be smaller and this has the effect of increasing the temperatures in this zone. Other changes in cutting parameters have virtually no effect on the power consumed per unit volume of metal removed and consequently have virtually no effect on the power consumed per unit volume of metal removed and consequently have www.jxCAD.virtually no effect on the cutting temperatures. Since it has been shown that even small changes in cutting temperature have a significant effect on tool wear rate, it is appropriate to indicate how cutting temperatures can be assessed from cutting data.The most direct and accurate method for measuring temperatures in high-speed-steel cutting tools is that of Wright&Trent which also yields detailed information on temperature distributions in high-speed-steel tools which relates microstructural changes to thermal history.Trent has described measurements of cutting temperatures and temperature distributions for high-speed-steel tools when machining a wide range of workpiece materials. This technique has been further developed by using scanning electron microscopy to study fine-scale microstructural changes srising from over tempering of the tempered martensitic matrix of various high-speed-steels. This technique has also been used to study temperature distributions in both high-speed-steel single point turning tools and twist drills.Automatic Fixture DesignAssembly equipment used in the traditional synchronous fixture put parts of the fixture mobile center, to ensure that components from transmission from the plane or equipment plate placed after removal has been scheduled for position. However, in certain applications, mobile mandatory parts of the center line, it may cause parts or equipment damage. When parts vulnerability and may lead to a small vibration abandoned, or when their location is by machine spindle or specific to die, Tolerance again or when the request is a sophisticated, it would rather let the fixture to adapt to the location of parts, and not the contrary. For these tasks, Elyria, Ohio, the company has developed Zaytran a general non-functional data synchronization West category FLEXIBILITY fixture. Fixture because of the interaction and synchronization devices is independent, The synchronous device can use sophisticated equipment to replace the slip without affecting the fixture force. Fixture specification range from 0.1 inches itinerary, pounds clamping force of the six-inch trip, 100-inch clamping force.The characteristics of modern production is becoming smaller and smaller quantities and product specifications biggest changes. Therefore, in the final stages of production, www.jxCAD.assembly of production, quantity and product design changes appear to be particularly vulnerable. This situation is forcing many companies to make greater efforts to rationalize the extensive reform and the previously mentioned case of assembly automation. Despite flexible fixture behind the rapid development of flexible transport and handling devices, such as backward in the development of industrial robots, it is still expected to increase the flexibility fixture. In fact the important fixture devices - the production of the devices to strengthen investment on the fixture so that more flexibility in economic support holders.According to their flexibility and fixture can be divided into special fixture, the fixture combinations, the standard fixture, high flexible fixture. Flexible fixture on different parts of their high adaptability and the few low-cost replacement for the characteristic. Forms can transform the structure of the flexible fixture can be installed with the change of structure components
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