英语中的十六种时态

英语中的十六种时态（1）一般现在时基本形式（以do为例）： 第三人称单数：does（主语为非第三人称单数）；肯定句：主语动词原形其他；He works for us.否定句：主语dont/doesnt动词原形其他；He doesnt work for us.一般疑问句：Do/Does主语动词原形其他。肯定回答：Yes，（ 主语do/does）否定回答：No，（主语dont/doesnt.）特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句语Does he work for us？Yes， he does.No， he doesntWhat does he do for us？He works for us.（2）一般过去时be动词行为动词的过去式否定句式：在行为动词前加didnt，同时还原行为动词，或waswerenot；was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did提问，同时还原行为动词例如： Did he work for us？He didnt work for us.He worked for us.（3）一般将来时amareisgoing todo 或willshalldoam/is/are/about to + doam/is/are to + do；一般将来时的表达方法be going to +动词原形be +不定式，be to+动词原形，be about to 动词原形be able to +不定式be about to+动词原形will + 动词原形；例如：He is going to work for us.He will work for us；He is coming.这是特殊的用一般现在时 表达 将来时态 的例子！(4)过去将来时be（was，were）going to+动词原形be（was，were）about to+动词原形be（was，were）to+动词原形肯定句：主语+be（was，were）going to+动词原形.否定句：主语+be（was，were）not going to+动词原形.疑问句：Be（Was，Were）+主语+going to+动词原形？肯定句：主语+would（should）+动词原形.否定句：主语+would（should）not+动词原形.疑问句：Would（Should）+主语+动词原形？He would work for us.(5)现在进行时主语+be+v.ing现在分词形式(其中v表示动词)表示现在正在进行的动作或最近在做的事。例如：I am buying a book.第一人称+am+doing+sth第二人称+are+doing +sth （doing是泛指所有的v-ing形式）第三人称+is+doing+sth例：He is working.(6)过去进行时肯定句：主语+was/were+doing+其它否定句：主语+was/were+not+doing+其它一般疑问句及答语：Was/Were+主语+doing+其它 ；答语：Yes，I主语+was/were./No，I主语+wasnt/werent.特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+was/were+主语+doing+其它He was working when he was alive.(7)将来进行时主语+will + be +现在分词He will be working for us.=He will work for us.(8)过去将来进行时should(would)+be+现在分词He said that he would be working for us.=He said that he would work for us.(9)现在完成时基本结构：主语+have/has+过去分词(done)肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词+其他否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词+其他He has worked for us for ten years.Has he worked for us for ten years.(10)过去完成时基本结构：主语+had+过去分词(done)肯定句：主语+had+过去分词+其他否定句：主语+had+not+过去分词+其他一般疑问句：Had+主语+过去分词+其他肯定回答：Yes主语+had否定回答：No主语+hadnt特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（had+主语+过去分词+其他）语法判定:（ 1 ） by + 过去的时间点。如：I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night.（ 2 ） by the end of + 过去的时间点。如：We had learnt over two thousand English words by the end of last term.（ 3 ） before + 过去的时间点。如：They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.(11)将来完成时（shall）will+have+动词过去分词before+将来时间或by+将来时间before或by the time引导的现在时的从句He will have worked for us.=He will work for us.(12)过去将来完成时should / would have done sth.He said that he would have worked for us.=He said that he would work for us.(13)现在完成进行时基本与现在完成时相同，但是现在完成进行时只能表示仍然持续的概念have/has been +-ing 分词He has been working for us for ten years.=He has worked for us for ten years.(14)过去完成进行时had been +-ing 分词He said that he had been working for us for ten years.=He said that he had worked for us for ten years.(15)将来完成进行时主语+ shall/will have been doingHe will have been working for us.=He will work for us.翻译为：他最近一直在为我们工作（过去在工作，现在在工作，将来还会工作）(16)过去将来完成进行时should+have been+现在分词用于第一人称would have been+现在分词用于其他人称He said that he would have been working for us.=He said that he would work for us.举例：英语中有12个主要时态，都来自于三时（过去、现在、将来）现在以I listen为例，举例英语中有12个主要时态如下所示：一般现在时：I listen现在进行时：I am listening过去进行时：I was listening现在完成时：I have listened现在完成进行时：I have been listening一般将来时：I shall listen”或“I will listen.”将来进行时：I shall be listening一般过去时：I listened过去完成时：I had listened过去完成进行时：I had been listening将来完成时： I shall have listened将来完成进行时： I shall have been listening英语中不存在属格一个普遍的误解是在英语中只存在一个以“s”结尾表示所属的属格。然而，语言学家已经表明英语的所有格完全不是一个格，而是一个独立的词并且在书写和发音上都不是前一个词的一部分，这可以有下面这个句子表明：The King of Spartas wife was called Helen.（斯巴达国王的妻子叫做海伦。）如果“s”是属格，那么“妻子”（wife）就属于“斯巴达”（Sparta），但是“s”并不是只表示“斯巴达”（Sparta），而是表示“斯巴达国王”（King of Sparta）。上面这个例子并不表明英语没有自己的属格；但是它现在已经发展成为另一个形式。在古英语中，ban的属格形式是banes。后来在现代英语中，这个发展成为了使用“s”表示的“bones”。在18世纪，人们对此的解释是省略号代替了一个属格代词，就像“the Kings horse”是“the King his horse”的缩写。但是这个解释是不正确的。人们更相信是省略号代替了古英语中的“e”。英语和“与格”在现代英语中，与格不再是英语语法的一部分，它只出现在一些表达用语中。一个很好的例子是单词methinks（据我看来）。它来源于古英语的与格形式变化：me（与格的人称代词）+thinks（to see