安徽省巢湖市春晖中学2020届高考英语 考前冲刺精品讲义阅读理解类猜测词义阅读理解5

安徽省巢湖市春晖中学2020届高考英语考前冲刺精品讲义阅读理解类猜测词义按照考纲要求，高考的阅读文章允许有3%以内的生词。这就需要考生尽可能利用这些词所处的语境来猜测词义。高考阅读理解中比重最大也是比较基础的题型就是词义猜测和细节理解题，这类题是考生争取的重点，它要求考生快速而准确地获取信息，从而拿到最基本的分数。考生最常见的问题就是见到生单词就头脑发蒙，无法从已知信息中找到有用的线索，从而造成失分。【例1】 I had always traveled to Malaysia by plane or car, so this was the first time I was on a train. I did not particularly relish the long train journey and had brought along a dozen magazines to read and reread. I looked about the train. There was not one familiar face. I sighed and sat down to read my Economics.Which of the following words can best take the place of the word “relish” in the second paragraph？(2020全国卷)Achoose BenjoyCprepare for D. carry on解析：有些学生连particularly也不认识，直接发蒙无法正确猜测。本段画线词的语境说，作者不太喜欢漫长的列车旅途，于是准备了许多本杂志，由此判断画线词的含义是B。她觉得这样的长途火车旅行是很枯燥的，她不喜欢。答案：B【例2】 Thats why slight differences in conversational styletiny little things like microseconds of pausecan have a great effect on ones life. The result in this case was a judgment of psychological problemseven in the mind of the woman herself, who really wondered what was wrong with her and registered for assertiveness training.The underlined word “assertiveness” in the last paragraph probably means_。(2020北京卷)Abeing willing to speak ones mindBbeing able to increase ones powerCbeing ready to make ones own judgmentDbeing quick to express ones ideas confidently解析：本词的前面有个register对于很多考生也是生词，导致学生无法猜测词义。根据本段对这位女士的描述可以得知她的问题出在哪里，因此D项符合题意。答案：D【解决方案与复习指南】考生要利用上下文意所表达的相关关系及生词所处的语法位置，推测出词类和词义。阅读理解中词义猜测题和细节理解题出题知识分类总结如下：1词义猜测题(1)常用提问方式：According to the bably means _.The author uses the word.to mean_.What does the underlined word.refer to?The word (phrase, clause, .) .refers to (most probable means) ._.What does the word.in Para.stand for?What does the writer mean when he says “.”？Which of the following best explains the meaning of the word.as it is used in the text?Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the word?(2)解题方法猜词是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考中常用的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。我们要学会“顺藤摸瓜”，通过构词、语法、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、上下文等线索确定词义。解答此类试题，考生可以进行大胆猜测，但却又不是胡乱地、盲目地猜测，应使用一定的方法和技巧。下面介绍几种有效的猜测词义的方法，可以在平时的实战演练中注意训练，以期在考场上把失误减少到最低限度。策略1：利用上下文语境猜测任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有关。利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义，是阅读过程中的一大关键。策略2：根据语义转折猜词有时文章的作者为了增强表达效果，会用一些含有表示转折意思的连词、副词或短语。如：though, although, still, but, yet, instead, instead of, however, while, on the contrary, on the other hand, unlike, rather than, for one thing, for another等，我们可以根据转折意思猜测词义。此外，我们还可以通过捕捉相关的同义词近义词、反义词，利用有关的例证进行词义推测。2指代题对于指代题，考生应正确理解文段的内容，再根据上下文的句子结构、主谓关系以及上下文之间的语义关系和逻辑关系等来确定所指代的内容。同时，注意以下几个要点：(1)注意指代条件。it, they, one, that，this都有自己的指代条件，如单数、复数、可数、不可数、先行词的远近(先行词一般紧靠代词。也就是说代词前面有几个可指代的词或词组同时出现，最靠近的词可能性最大)。它要求对代词所在句子以及紧邻几个句子的结构和意思都有准确的理解。(2)注意文章意思。如果代词周围有好几个名词或词组，而且都符合指代条件，这就要分析哪一选项符合文章意思。(3)注意搭配意思。把四个选项试着代入原文，看哪一项符合搭配意思，包括句子的语法意义和逻辑意义。(4)注意综合考虑。综合注意指代条件，文章意思和搭配意思。总之，遇到猜测词、句义类试题，要依据上下文进行综合推断，一定要注意上下文的联系，不宜只根据某个细节或者某个句子简单下结论。(5)注意平时积累总结总结词类的转化，如：decidedecision, describedescription, explainexplanation；形容词与名词的转化，如：anxiousanxiety, angryanger, freefreedom, variousvariety等。总结、归纳高频同义、近义词语和表达相同意义的表达方式，如，表示“对满意”，可以说：be pleased/satisfied/content with., express ones satisfaction with.；养成做某事的习惯，可以说：be/become used/accustomed to doing sth.，be in/get into the habit of doing sth., make it a rule to do sth.等。命题者在设计阅读理解题干时，往往使用此类表达方式。如：One morning more than thirty years ago, I entered the Track Kitchen, a restaurant where everyone from the humblest (卑微的)to the most powerful came for breakfast. I noticed an empty chair next to an elderly, unshaven man, who looked somewhat disheveled. He was wearing a wornout hat and was alone. I asked if I might join him. He agreed quietly and I sat down to have my breakfast.We cautiously began a conversation and spoke about a wide rang of things. We never introduced ourselves. I was concerned that he might have no money and not be able to afford something to eat. So as I rose to go back to the counter and buy a second cup of coffee, I asked，“May I get you something？”“A coffee would be nice.” (2020重庆卷)1What does the underlined word “disheveled” mean?AUnfriendly. BUntidy.CGentle. DKind.解析：词义猜测题。由文章第一段信息句I noticed an empty chair next to an elderly, unshaven man(我注意到空桌旁坐的那位年龄较大且满脸胡须的人)和He was wearing a wornout hat(他戴着一顶破旧的帽子)可知，这人外表看起来显得有点不整洁(untidy)。答案：B2The author bought coffee for the old man because_.Ahe thought the old man was poorBhe wanted to start a conversationChe intended to show his politenessDhe would like to thank the old man解析：事实细节题。由第二段信息句I was concerned that he might have no money and not be able to afford something to eat(我担心他可能没钱买吃的)可以得知，作者为那位老人支付咖啡钱的原因就是他认为那位老人可能是很穷。答案：AWhen something goes wrong, it can be very satisfying to say, “Well, its soandsos fault.” or“I know Im late, but its not my fault; the car broke down.” It is probably not your fault, but once you form the habit of blaming somebody or something else for a bad situation, you are a loser. You have no power and could do nothing that helps change the situation. However, you can have great power over what happens to you if you stop focusing on whom to blame and start focusing on how to remedy the situation. This is the winners key to success.(2020广东卷)The underlined word remedy in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to_.Aavoid BacceptCimprove Dconsider解析：词义猜测题。由画线词所在的句子的语境可知，成功者的秘诀在于不是把注意力集中在谁该受到责备而是集中在怎样改善糟糕的境况。此处的动词remedy意为：改进，改正，纠正；所以improve“改善，改进”符合题意。答案：CThe term “multitasking” originally referred to a computers ability to carry out several tasks at one time. For many people, multitasking has become a way of life and even a key to success. In fact, some excellent mental aerobic exercises(大脑训练)involve engaging the brain in two or more challenging activities at a time. Although checking email while talking on a phone and reading the newspaper may be second nature for some people, many times multitasking can make us less productive, rather than more. And studies show that too much multitasking can lead to increased stress, anxiety and memory loss.In order to multitask, the brain uses an area known as the prefrontal cortex(前额叶脑皮层). Brain scans of volunteers performing multiple tasks together show that as they shift from task to task, this front part of the brain actually takes a moment of rest between tasks. You may have experienced a prefrontal cortex “moment of rest” yourself if youve ever dialed(拨电话)a phone number and suddenly forgotten who you called when the line is answered. What probably occurred is that between the dialing and the answering, your mind shifted to another thought or task, and then took that “moment” to come back. Research has also shown that for many volunteers, job efficiency(效率)declines while multitasking, as compared to when they perform only one task at a time.Multitasking is easiest when at least one of the tasks is habitual, or requires little thought. Most people dont find it difficult to eat and read the newspaper at the same time. However, when two or more attentionrequiring tasks are attempted at one time, people sometimes make mistakes.We often dont remember things as well when were trying to manage several details at the same time. Without mental focus, we may not pay enough attention to new information coming in, so it never makes it into our memory stores. That is one of the main reasons we forget peoples nameseven sometimes right after they have introduced themselves. Multitasking can also affect our relationships. If someone checks their email while on the phone with a friend, they may come off as absentminded or disinterested. It can also cause that person to miss or overlook key information being passed on to them.(2020浙江卷)1Why are some mental aerobic exercises designed to engage people in multitasking?ATo make them more productive.BTo reduce their stress and anxiety.CTo develop their communication skills.DTo help them perform daily tasks more easily.解析：事实细节题。第一段说，“执行多项任务”成为一种生活方式，甚至被看做成功的关键，但是很多时候，这样的行为使我们降低而不是提高效率。由此判断，大脑训练的初衷是为了让我们提高工作效率，因此选A，其他选项的叙述不符合文章内容。答案：A2According to Paragraph 2, why may a person suddenly forget who he has called?AHe may have his prefrontal cortex temporarily damaged.BHe is probably interrupted by another task.CHe is probably not ve