




已阅读5页,还剩4页未读, 继续免费阅读
版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领
文档简介
附录1外文参考文献(原文)ManagementInformationIystemsWriter:RaymondMcLeod,JrGeorgeSchellInformationisoneofthemainresourcesavailabletothemanager.Informationcanbemanagedjustasanyotherresource,andinterestinthistopicstemfromtwoinfluences.First,businesshasbecomemorecomplex,andsecond,thecomputerhasachievedimprovedcapabilities.Computerinformationisusedbymanagers,non-managers,andpersonsandorganizationswithinthefirmsenvironment.Managersarefoundonallorganizationallevelsofthefirmandinallbusinessareas.Managersperformfunctionsandplayroles;tobesuccessfulandtheyneedskillincommunicationandproblemsolving.Managersshouldbecomputerliterate,but,moreimportant,theyshouldbeinformationliterate.Itishelpfulifthemanagerhasanabilitytoseehisorherunitasasystemcomposedofsubsystemsandexistingwithinalargersupersystem.Thefirmisaphysicalsystem,butitismanagedthroughaconceptualsystem.Theconceptualsystemconsistsofaninformationprocessorthattransformsdataintoinformationandrepresentsthephysicalresources.Thefirstmajorcomputerapplicationwasusedtoprocessaccountingdata.Thatapplicationwasfollowedbyfourothers:managementinformationsystems,decisionsupportsystem,thevirtualoffice,andknowledge-basedsystem.Allfiveoftheseapplicationscomposethecomputer-basedinformationsystem.Whataretheinformationresources?Thefirsteffortstoengageininformationmanagementfocusedondata.Theseeffortsoccurredinconjunctionwithwidespreadadoptiondatabasemanagementsystemsduringthe1970sand1980s.Firmsreasonedthatiftheymanagedtheirdatabyimplementingcomputer-basedDBMSs,theywould,ineffect,managetheirinformation.Abroaderview,however,isthatyoucanmanageinformationbymanagingtheresourcesthatproducetheinformation.Inotherwords,ratherthanconcentrateontheinput(thedata)andtheoutput(theinformation),attentionshouldalsobegiventotheinformationprocessorthattransformstheinputintotheoutput.Thisprocessorincludesthehardwareandsoftware,aswellanthepersonswhodevelop,operate,andusethesystems.Alsoincludedarethefacilitiesthathousetheresources.MainTypeofResourcesThemanagermanagersfivemaintypeofresources:PersonnelMaterialMachines(includingfacilitiesandenergy)MoneyInformation(includingdata)Thetaskofthemanageristomanagetheseresourcesinordertousetheminthemosteffectiveway.Thefirstfourresourcetypesaretangible;theyexistphysicallyandcanbetouched.Weusethetermphysicalresourcetodescribethem.Thefifthresourcetype,information,isnotvaluableformwhatitrepresents.Thatisweusethetermconceptualresourcetodescribeinformationanddata.Managersuseconceptualresourcestomanagephysicalresources.HowInformationisManagedItiseasytoseehowamanagermanagersphysicalresources,butmanagementappliesequallywelltoconceptualrescources.Themanagerensuresthatthenecessaryrawdataisgatheredandthenprocessedintousableinformation.Heorshethenensuresthatappropriateindividualsreceivetheinformationintheproperformatthepropertimesothatitcanbeused.Finally,themanagerdiscardinformationthathasoutliveditsusefulnessandreplacesitwithinformationthatiscurrentandaccurate.Allofthisactivity-acquiringinformation,usingitinthemosteffectiveway,anddiscardingitatthepropertime-iscalledinformationmanagement.IncreasingComplexityofBusinessActivityBusinesshasalwaysbeencomplex,butitismoresotodaythaneverbefore.Allfirmsaresubjecttointernationaleconomicinfluencesandcompeteinaworldwidemarketplace,thetechnologyofbusinessisbecomingmorecomplex,thetimeframefortakingactionisshrinking,andtherearesocialconstrains.InternationaleconomicinfluencesFirmsofallsizearesubjecttoeconomicinfluencesthatcanoriginateanywhereintheworld.Suchinfluencecanbeseenintherelativevaluesofthecurrenciesofeachnation.Buyersmakepurchasesinthosecountrieswheretheircurrencieshavethegreatestvalue.Forexample,whenMexicodevalueditspesoduringthelate1980s,touristsdecidedtotaketheirvacationsthere,ratherthaninplacelikeHawaii.WorldwidecompetitionFirmsnolongercompeteinonlytheirowngeographicarea.Rather,competitionexistsonaworldwidescale.Theeffectsofthiscompetitioncanbeseenintheimportsfromforeigncountries.ThedecisionbyGeneralMotorsintheearly1990stoclosemanyofitsplansindicatesthatevenindustrygiantsarenotinsulatedfromtheeffectsofcompetitionwhichcanoriginateanywhereintheworld.Increasingcomplexitytechnology.Weseeexampleoftechnologyinbusinesseveryday-barcodescannersinsupermarkets,computer-basedairlinereservationsystems,automatedtellertechnologythatwedonotsee-factoryrobotsandautomatedmerchandisestorage-and-handingequipment,forexample.Firmsinvestinthistechnologytoperformnecessaryoperation.JustthinkwhatwouldhappeniftheL.L.Beanmail-orderoperationinMaineorHarrodsdepartmentstoreinLondoncouldnolongerusetheircomputer!ShrinkingtimeframesAllphasesofbusinessoperationsareperformedmorerapidlythaneverbefore.Salesrepresentativesengageintelemarketingtocontacttheircustomerswithinsecondsbytelephone,saleordersaretransmittedelectronicallyfromonecomputertoanother,andmanufacturersschedulerawmaterialdeliveriestoarrive“justintime.”SocialconstraintsOddlyenough,notallpressuresfavorproduction;somefavornonproduction.Thisistrueinthecaseofproductsandservicesthatsocietyfindsundesirable.Businessdecisionsmustbebasedoneconomicfactors,butsocialcostsandpayoffsmustbeconsideredaswell.Plantexpansion,newproducts,newproducts,newsalesoutlets,andsimilaractionsmustallbeweighedintermoftheirenvironmentalimpact.Eachoftheseinfluencescontributestothecomplexityofbusiness.PhysicalsystemsandconceptualsystemsThebusinessfirmisaphysicalsystem,composedofphysicalresources.Aconceptualsystem,ontheotherhand,isasystemthatusesconceptualresources-informationanddata-torepresentaphysicalsystem.Aconceptualsystemexists,forexample,asmentalimagesinthemanagersmind,asfiguresorlinesonasheetofpaper,orintheelectronicformofthecomputersstorage.Thecomputerisaphysicalsystem,butthedataandinformationstoredinitcanbeviewedasaconceptualsystem.Thedateandinformationrepresentoneormorephysicalsystem.Howthedateandinformationarestoredisunimportant.Whatisimportantiswhatthedataandinformationrepresent.Thephysicalsystemisimportantforwhatitis;theconceptualsystemisimportantforitsrepresentationofthephysicalsystem.Whatstimulatedend-usercomputing?End-usercomputingevolvedbecauseoffourmaininfluences.AnincreaseincomputerliteracyDuringtheearly1980s,goodcomputereducationprogramsatboththecollegeandprecollegelevelbegantohaveanimpact.Managementranks,
温馨提示
- 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
- 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
- 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
- 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
- 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
- 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。
最新文档
- 2025届临川一中实验学校高一物理第二学期期末达标检测模拟试题含解析
- 法律裁判的自由心证原则与实践应用
- 2025届内蒙古自治区赤峰市第二中学物理高二下期末学业水平测试试题含解析
- 网络空间信任-洞察及研究
- 固废监测预警-洞察及研究
- 公共艺术领域关键概念解析与实践指导
- 区域创新系统与产业升级-洞察阐释
- 物联网技术在工程项目进度控制中的应用研究-洞察及研究
- 安全编码规范-洞察阐释
- 湖南省洞口县九中2025届高二物理第二学期期末联考试题含解析
- 热带作物品种审定规范 葛编制说明
- 安徽省2024年普通高校招生普通高职(专科)批院校投档分数及名次(历史科目组合)
- TSZJL 10-2024 机动车污染物排放检测设备运行和保养技术规范
- 智能温室环境控制-第2篇-深度研究
- LS/T 1235-2024粮食仓房分类分级
- 中国艾草行业市场运行现状及投资规划建议报告
- 中国老年患者膝关节手术围术期麻醉管理指导意见
- 《继电保护和安全自动装置屏柜建模及交互规范》
- 2024年新人教版化学九年级上册全册课件(新版教材)
- 《跨文化传播教程》全套教学课件
- 教育信息化项目售后服务方案两篇
评论
0/150
提交评论