2014年职称英语教材理工类b阅读理解原文

第十七篇ASUNSHADEFORTHEPLANETEVENWITHTHEBESTWILL1INTHEWORLD,REDUCINGOURCARBONEMISSIONSISNOTGOINGPREVENTGLOBALWARMINGITHASBECOMECLEARTHATEVENIFWETAKETHEMOSTSTRONGMEASURESTOCONTROLEMISSIONS,THEUNCERTAINTIESINOURCLIMATEMODELSSTILLLEAVEOPENTHEPOSSIBILITYOFEXTREMEWARMINGANDRISESINSEALEVELATTHESAMETIME,RESISTANCEBYGOVERNMENTSANDSPECIALINTERESTGROUPSMAKESITQUITEPOSSIBLETHATTHEACTIONSSUGGESTEDBYCLIMATESCIENTISTSMIGHTNOTBEIMPLEMENTEDSOONENOUGHFORTUNATELY,IFTHEWORSTCOMESTOTHEWORSE2,SCIENTISTSSTILLHAVEAFEWTRICKSUPTHEIRSLEEVES3FORTHEMOSTPARTTHEYHAVESTRONGLYRESISTEDDISCUSSINGTHESEOPTIONSFORFEAROFINVITINGASENSEOFCOMPLACENCYTHATMIGHTTHWARTEFFORTSTOTACKLETHEROOTOFTHEPROBLEMUNTILNOW,THATISAGROWINGNUMBEROFRESEARCHERSARETAKINGAFRESHLOOKATLARGESCALE“GEOENGINEERING”PROJECTSTHATMIGHTBEUSEDTOCOUNTERACTGLOBALWARMING“IUSETHEANALOGYOFMETHADONE4,”SAYSSTEPHENSCHNEIDER,ACLIMATERESEARCHERATSTANFORDUNIVERSITYINCALIFORNIAWHOWASAMONGTHEFIRSTTODRAWATTENTIONTOGLOBALWARMING“IFYOUHAVEAHEROINADDICT,THECORRECTTREATMENTISHOSPITALIZATION,ANDALONGREHABBUTIFTHEYABSOLUTELYREFUSE,METHADONEISBETTERTHANHEROINBASICALLYTHEIDEAISTOAPPLY“SUNSCREEN”TOTHEWHOLEPLANETONEASTRONOMERHASCOMEUPWITHARADICALPLANTOCOOLEARTHLAUNCHTRILLIONSOFFEATHERLIGHTDISCSINTOSPACE,WHERETHEYWOULDFORMAVASTCLOUDTHATWOULDBLOCKTHESUNSRAYSITSCONTROVERSIAL,BUTRECENTSTUDIESSUGGESTTHEREAREWAYSTODEFLECTJUSTENOUGHOFTHESUNLIGHTREACHINGTHEEARTHSSURFACETOCOUNTERACTTHEWARMINGPRODUCEDBYTHEGREENHOUSEEFFECTGLOBALCLIMATEMODELSSHOWTHATBLOCKINGJUST18PERCENTOFTHEINCIDENTENERGYINTHESUNSRAYSWOULDCANCELOUTTHEWARMINGEFFECTSPRODUCEDBYADOUBLINGOFGREENHOUSEGASESINTHEATMOSPHERETHATCOULDBECRUCIAL,BECAUSEEVENTHEMOSTSEVEREEMISSIONSCONTROLMEASURESBEINGPROPOSEDWOULDLEAVEUSWITHADOUBLINGOFCARBONDIOXIDEBYTHEENDOFTHISCENTURY,ANDTHATWOULDLASTFORATLEASTACENTURYMORE词汇EMISSION发射，发射物HEROIN海洛因COMPLACENCY满足HOSPITALIZATION住院治疗THWART反对，阻挠REHAB接受康复治疗GEOENGINEERING地质工程ASTRONOMER天文学家TRILLION（英、德）百万兆COUNTERACT抵消；抵制CONTROVERSIAL有争议的METHADONE美沙酮，美散痛DEFLECT（使）偏转1THEBESTWILL最好的愿望2IFTHEWORSTCOMESTOTHEWORST如果昀昀糟糕的事情发生了。这是英式英语的用法，在美式英语中它说成IFWORSTCOMESTOWORST。在不同的语境中，有不同的译法。如“IFTHEWORSTCOMESTOTHEWORST，”BECKYTHOUGHT，“MYRETREATISSECUREANDIHAVETHERIGHTHANDSEATINTHEBAROUCHE”蓓基想道“逼到昀后一条路，逃难是不怕的了，在他的大马车里，我险稳地有一个位了。”又如IFTHEWORSTCOMESTOTHEWORST，WELLSELLTHECAR大不了我们把车卖了。3SCIENTISTSSTILLHAVEAFEWTRICKSUPTHEIRSLEEVES科学家们仍然有些不为人所知的招数。HAVESOMETHINGUPONESSLEEVE是英语成语，意思是TOHAVEASECRETIDEAORPLAN,有锦囊妙计，有所保留的，秘而不宣的谋略或计划，例如IFTHISTRIPDOESNTWORKOUTIVESTILLGOTAFEWIDEASUPMYSLEEVE4METHADONE美沙酮，一种有效的合成麻醉药，它不像吗啡或海洛因那样容易让人上瘾，在戒毒治疗中被用作这些毒品的替代品。练习1ACCORDINGTOTHEFIRSTTWOPARAGRAPHS，THEAUTHORTHINKSTHATASTRONGMEASURESHAVEBEENTAKENBYTHEGOVERNMENTTOPREVENTGLOBALWARMINGBTOREDUCECARBONEMISSIONSISANIMPOSSIBLEMISSIONCDESPITETHEDIFFICULTY,SCIENTISTSHAVESOMEOPTIONSTOPREVENTGLOBALWARMINGDACTIONSSUGGESTEDBYSCIENTISTSWILLNEVERHEREALIZED2SCIENTISTSRESISTTALKINGABOUTTHEIROPTIONSBECAUSETHEYDONTWANTPEOPLETOAKNOWWHATTHEYAREDOINGBFEELTHEIREFFORTSAREUSELESSCTHINKTHEPROBLEMHASBEENSOLVEDDSEETHEREALPROBLEM3WHATDOESSTEPHENSCHNEIDERSAYABOUTAHEROINADDICTANDMETHADONEAMETHADONEISANEFFECTIVEWAYTOTREATAHARDHEROINADDICTBMETHADONEISNOTACORRECTWAYTOTREATAHEROINADDICTCHOSPITALIZATIONTOGETHERWITHMETHADONECANWORKEFFECTIVELYWITHAHEROINADDICTDMETHADONEANDHEROINARCEQUALLYEFFECTIVEINTREATINGAHEROINADDICT4WHATISSTEPHENSCHNEIDERSIDEAOFPREVENTINGGLOBALWARMINGATOASKGOVERNMENTSTOTAKESTRONGERMEASURESBTOINCREASETHESUNLIGHTREACHINGTHEEARTHCTOAPPLYSUNSCREENTOTHEEARTHDTODECREASEGREENHOUSEGASES5WHATISNOTTRUEOFTHEEFFECTIVENESSOF“SUNSCREEN”,ACCORDINGTOTHELASTPARAGRAPHAITDEFLECTSSUNLIGHTREACHINGTHEEARTHTOCOUNTERACTTHEWARMINGBITBLOCKSTHEINCIDENTENERGYINTHESUNSRAYSCITISACONTROVERSIALMETHODDITDECREASESGREENHOUSEGASESINTHEATMOSPHERE第十八篇THIRSTFOROILWORLDWIDEEVERYDAY,WEDEVOURTHEENERGYEQUIVALENTOFABOUT200MILLIONBARRELSOFOILMOSTOFTHEENERGYONEARTHCOMESFROMTHESUNINFACTENOUGHENERGYFROMTHESUNHITSTHEPLANETSSURFACEEACHMINUTETOCOVEROURNEEDSFORANENTIREYEAR,WEJUSTNEEDTOFINDANEFFICIENTWAYTOUSEITSOFARTHEENERGYINOILHASBEENCHEAPERANDEASIERTOGETATBUTASSUPPLIESDWINDLE,THISWILLCHANGE,ANDWEWILLNEEDTOCUREOURADDICTIONTOOILBURNINGWOODSATISFIEDMOSTENERGYNEEDSUNTILTHESTEAMDRIVENINDUSTRIALREVOLUTION,WHENENERGYDENSECOALBECAMETHEFUELOFCHOICECOALISSTILLUSED,MOSTLYINPOWERSTATIONS,TOCOVERONEQUARTEROFOURENERGYNEEDS,BUTITSUSEHASBEENDECLININGSINCEWESTARTEDPUMPINGUPOILCOALISTHELEASTEFFICIENT,UNHEALTHIESTANDMOSTENVIRONMENTALLYDAMAGINGFOSSILFUEL,BUTCOULDMAKEACOMEBACK,ASSUPPLIESARESTILLPLENTIFULITSRESERVESAREFIVETIMESLARGERTHANOILSTODAYPETROLEUM,AMINERALOILOBTAINEDFROMBELOWTHESURFACEOFTHEEARTHANDUSEDTOPRODUCEPETROL,DIESELOILANDVARIOUSOTHERCHEMICALSUBSTANCES,PROVIDESAROUND40OFTHEWORLDSENERGYNEEDS,MOSTLYFUELLINGAUTOMOBILESTHEUSCONSUMESNQUARTEROFALLOIL,ANDGENERATESASIMILARPROPORTIONOFGREENHOUSEGASEMISSIONSTHEMAJORITYOFOILCOMESFROMTHEMIDDLEEAST,WHICHHASHALFOFKNOWNRESERVESBUTOTHERSIGNIFICANTSOURCESINCLUDERUSSIA,NORTHAMERICA,NORWAY,VENEZUELAANDTHENORTHSEAALASKASARCTICNATIONALWILDLIFEREFUGE1COULDBEAMAJORNEWUSSOURCE,TOREDUCERELIANCEONFOREIGNIMPORTSMOSTEXPERTSPREDICTWEWILLEXHAUSTEASILYACCESSIBLERESERVESWITHIN50YEARS,THOUGHOPINIONSANDESTIMATESVARYWECOULDFASTREACHANENERGYCRISISINTHENEXTFEWDECADES,WHENDEMANDEXCEEDSSUPPLYASCONVENTIONALRESERVESBECOMEMOREDIFFICULTTOACCESS,OTHERSSUCHASOILSHALESANDTARSANDSMAYBEUSEDINSTEADPETROLCOULDALSOBEOBTAINEDFROMCOALSINCEWESTARTEDUSINGFOSSILFUELS,WEHAVERELEASED400BILLIONTONNES2OFCARBON,ANDBURNINGTHEENTIRERESERVESCOULDEVENTUALLYRAISEWORLDTEMPERATURESBY130CAMONGOTHERHORRORS,THISWOULDRESULTINTHEDESTRUCTIONOFALLRAINFORESTSANDTHEMELTINGOFALLARCTICICE词汇DEVOUR吞没，耗尽DWINDLE减少DENSE密集的DIESELOIL柴油PUMP用泵抽吸ACCESSIBLE可使用的，可得到的PETROLEUM石油，原油RAINFOREST（热带）雨林RELIANCE依赖，依靠TARSTAND沥青砂OILSHALE油页岩DESTRUCTION破坏，毁灭练习1“WEWILLNEEDTOCUREOURADDICTIONTOOIL”WHYDOESTHEAUTHORSAYSOAMOSTOFTHEENERGYONEARTHCOMESFROMTHESUNBOILSUPPLYISINCREASINGALLTHETIMECDEMANDFOROILISINCREASINGALLTHETIMEDOILSUPPLYISDECREASING2WHICHOFTHEFOLLOWINGSTATEMENTSISNOTMEANTBYTHEAUTHOR,ACCORDINGTOTHESECONDPARAGRAPHAWOODWASTHEFUELOFCHOICEBEFORECOALBTHEUSEOFCOALISDECLININGCCOALISTHEMOSTENVIRONMENTALLYUNFRIENDLYFUELNEXTTOOILDCOALRESERVESAREPLENTIFULANDWILLBELIKELYTOBECOMETHEMAJORFUELOFCHOICE3WHICHCOUNTRYISTHEBIGGESTCONSUMEROFPETROLEUMATHEUNITEDSTATESBRUSSIACNORWAYDVENEZUELA4WHATDOEXPERTSSAYABOUTTHEEARTHSFUELRESERVESATHEEARTHSFUELRESERVESWILLBEACCESSIBLEFORTHENEXT50YEARSBTHEREWILLSOONBEANENERGYCRISISCCONVENTIONALRESERVESWILLSOONBECOMEINACCESSIBLEDFUELDEMANDWILLDECLINE5WHATISNOTTHERESULTOFCONSUMINGFOSSILFUELSACCORDINGTOTHELASTPARAGRAPHARAINFORESTSWILLBEDESTROYEDBARCTICICEWILLBEMELTEDCTHEEARTHSTEMPERATUREWILLBERAISEDDTHESEALEVELWILLGOUP第十九篇MUSICALROBOTCOMPANIONENHANCESLISTENEREXPERIENCESHIMI,AMUSICALCOMPANIONDEVELOPEDBYGEORGIATECHSCENTERFORMUSICTECHNOLOGY,RECOMMENDSSONGS,DANCESTOTHEBEATANDKEEPSTHEMUSICPUMPINGBASEDONLISTENERFEEDBACKTHESMARTPHONEENABLED,ONEFOOTTALLROBOTISBILLEDASANINTERACTIVE“MUSICALFRIEND”“SHIMIISDESIGNEDTOCHANGETHEWAYTHATPEOPLEENJOYANDTHINKABOUTTHEIRMUSIC，”SAIDPROFESSORGILWEINBERG,THEROBOTSCREATORHEWILLUNVEILTHEROBOTATTHEJUNE27THGOOGLEI/OCONFERENCEINSANFRANCISCOABANDOFTHREESHIMIROBOTSWILLPERFORMFORGUESTS,DANCINGINSYNCWITHMUSICCREATEDINTHELABANDCOMPOSEDACCORDINGTOITSMOVEMENTSSHIMIISESSENTIALLYADOCKINGSTATIONWITHA“BRAIN”POWEREDBYANANDROIDPHONEONCEDOCKED,THEROBOTGAINSTHESENSINGANDMUSICALGENERATIONCAPABILITIESOFTHEUSERSMOBILEDEVICEINOTHERWORDS,IFTHERESAN“APP”FORTHAT,SHIMIISREADYFORINSTANCE,BYUSINGTHEPHONESCAMERAANDFACEDETECTINGSOFTWARE，SHIMICANFOLLOWALISTENERAROUNDTHEROOMANDPOSITIONITS“EARS”，ORSPEAKERS,FOROPTIMALSOUNDANOTHERRECOGNITIONFEATUREISBASEDONRHYTHMANDTEMPOIFTHEUSERTAPSABEAT,SHIMIANALYZESIT,SCANSTHEPHONESMUSICALLIBRARYANDIMMEDIATELYPLAYSTHESONGTHATBESTMATCHESTHESUGGESTIONONCETHEMUSICSTARTS，SHIMIDANCESTOTHERHYTHM“MANYPEOPLETHINKTHATROBOTSARELIMITEDBYTHEIRPROGRAMMINGINSTRUCTIONS,SAIDMUSICTECHNOLOGYPHDCANDIDATEMASONBRETAN“SHIMISHOWSUSTHATROBOTSCANBECREATIVEANDINTERACTIVEFUTUREAPPSINTHEWORKSWILLALLOWTHEUSERTOSHAKETHEIRHEADINDISAGREEMENTORWAVEAHANDINTHEAIRTOALERTSHIMITOSKIPTOTHENEXTSONGORINCREASE/DECREASETHEVOLUMETHEROBOTWILLALSOHAVETHECAPABILITYTORECOMMENDNEWMUSICBASEDONTHEUSERSSONGCHOICESANDPROVIDEFEEDBACKONTHEMUSICPLAYLISTWEINBERGHOPESOTHERDEVELOPERSWILLBEINSPIREDTOCREATEMOREAPPSTOEXPANDSHIMISCREATIVEANDINTERACTIVECAPABILITIES“IBELIEVETHATOURCENTERISAHEADOFAREVOLUTIONTHATWILLSEEMOREROBOTSINHOMES”WEINBERGSAIDWEINBERGISINTHEPROCESSOFCOMMERCIALIZINGSHIMITHROUGHANEXCLUSIVELICENSINGAGREEMENTWITHGEORGIATECHWEINBERGHOPESTOMAKETHEROBOTAVAILABLETOCONSUMERSBYTHE2013HOLIDAYSEASON“IFROBOTSAREGOINGTOARRIVEINHOMES,WETHINKTHATTHEYWILLBETHISKINDOFMACHINES一SMALL,ENTERTAININGANDFUN，WEINBERGSAID“THEYWILLENHANCEYOURLIFEANDPAVETHEWAYFORMOREINTELLIGENTSERVICEROBOTSINOURLIVES”词汇PUMPV用抽水机抽不断播放（音乐）SCANV扫描浏览SKIPV轻跳，跳跃SYNCN同步，同时V使同步TEMPON速度节奏注释1GEORGIATECH全称是GEORGIAINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,佐治亚理工学院，建于1885年，位于亚特兰大市中心。佐治亚理工学院是美国南部最大的公立理工学院,也是全美最顶尖的理工学院之一，排名仅次于麻省理工学院MIT和加州理工学院CALTECH。2PUMP不断播放音乐）。例如THISRADIOSTATIONRECENTLYPUMPSOUTPOPMUSIC这家广播电台近来连续播放流行音乐。3SMARTPHONEENABLED由智能手机系统支持的4ISBILLEDAS相当于ISADVERTISEDAS，意为“被标榜为”。5DOCKINGSTATION插接站,扩充基座，扩展插口6ANDROID科幻小说里的机器人。本文指用于智能手机和便携式计算机移动设备的一种以LINUS为基础的开放源代码操作系统，通过接口和插槽连接多种外部设备。目前ANDROID尚未有统一中文译名，国内较多人翻译成“安卓”或“安致”。据2012年2月数据,ANDROID占据全球智能手机操作系统市场525的份额,中国市场占有率为684。7DOCK对接8THESENSINGANDMUSICALGENERATIONCAPABILITIES传感和音乐生成能力9APP应用程序（APPLICATION10IFTHEUSERTAPSABEAT如果用户打出某个音乐）拍子11INTHEWORKS正在准备阶段在进行中或准备中12INTELLIGENTSERVICEROBOTS智能服务型机器人练习1WHICHOFTHEFOLLOWINGISNOTTRUEACCORDINGTOTHEFIRSTTHREEPARAGRAPHSASHIMIISAONEFOOTTALLROBOTBSHIMIISTHECREATOROFTHEMUSICALCOMPANIONCSHIMIISADOCKINGSTATIONWITHA“BRAIN”POWEREDBYANANDROIDPHONEDSHIMICANGAINTHESENSINGANDMUSICALGENERATIONCAPABILITIESOFTHEUSERSMOBILEDEVICE2WHATDOESSHIMIDOIFTHEUSERTAPSABEATAITSTORESTHEBEATINTHEMUSICALLIBRARYBITTRANSMITSTHEBEATTOTHEDOCKINGSTATIONCITPOSITIONSITSSPEAKERSFOROPTIMALSOUNDDITSELECTSAPERFECTLYMATCHEDSONGANDPLAYSITINSYNCWITHTHATBEAT3WHICHOFTHEFOLLOWINGABOUTSHIMIISTRUEAROBOTSARELIMITEDBYTHEIRPROGRAMMINGINSTRUCTIONS,ANDSHIMIISNOEXCEPTIONBPRESENTAPPSALLOWTHEUSERTOSHAKETHEIRHEADTOALERTSHIMITOSKIPTOTHENEXTSONGCEXISTINGAPPSALLOWTHEUSERTOWAVEAHANDTOALERTSHIMITOTURNUP/DOWNTHEVOLUMEDSHIMICANBECREATIVEANDINTERACTIVE4WHATDOESTHEAUTHORWANTTOTELLUSATHERESEARCHCENTERISDEVELOPINGASTRONGERANDMOREVERSATILESHIMIBWEINBERGONLYEXPECTSSTAFFSFROMGEORGIATECHTODEVELOPMOREAPPSFORSHIMICSHIMIISNOTYETTECHNOLOGICALLYREADYFORCOMMERCIALIZATIONDROBOTSSUCHASSHIMIARECREATEDFORLARGECORPORATIONSRATHERTHANHOMES5WHICHOFTHEFOLLOWINGISWEINBERGSASSERTIONASHIMIASAROBOTICMUSICALCOMPANIONCANBEAPPLIEDTOALLTYPESOFSMARTPHONESBHUMANLIVESWILLBEFILLEDWITHMOREFUNIFSHIMIISGOINGTOARRIVEINHOMESCSHIMISCREATIVEANDINTERACTIVECAPABILITIESAREAPPRECIATEDBYMOSTOFITSUSERSDWEINBERGHASREACHEDANAGREEMENTWITHGEORGIATECHTOCOMMERCIALIZESHIMI第二十篇EXPLOREROFTHEEXTREMEDEEPOCEANSCOVERMORETHANTWOTHIRDSOFOURPLANETYET，JUSTASMALLFRACTIONOFTHEUNDCRWALERWORLDHASBEENEXPLOREDNOW，SCIENTISTSATTHEWOODSHOLE1OCEANOGRAPHICINSTITUTIONWHOIINMASSACHUSETTSAREBUILDINGANUNDERWATERVEHICLEHATWILLCARRYEXPLORERSASDEEPAS6,500METERS21,320FEETTHENEWMACHINE，KNOWNASAMANNEDSUBMERSIBLEORHUMANOPERATEDVEHICLEHOV，WILLREPLACEANOTHERONENAMEDALVIN2WHICHBASANAMAZINGRECORDOFDISCOVERY，PLAYINGAKEYROLEINVARIOUSIMPORTANTANDFAMOUSUNDERSEAEXPEDITIONSALVINHASBEENOPERATINGFOR40YEARSBUTCANGODOWNONLY4,500METERS14,784FEETITSABOUTTIMEFORANUPGRADE，WHOIRESEARCHERSSAYALVINWASLAUNCHEDIN1964SINCETHEN，ALVINHASWORKEDBETWEEN200AND250DAYSAYEAR，SAYSDANIELFORNARI，AMARINEGEOLOGISTANDDIRECTOROFTHEDEEPOCEANEXPLORATIONINSTITUTEATWHOIDURINGITSLIFETIME，ALVINHASCARRIEDSOME12,000PEOPLEONATOTALOFMORETHAN3,000DIVESANEWER，BETTERVERSIONSOFALVINISBOUNDTOREVEALEVENMORESURPRISESAHOUTAWORLDTHATISSTILLFULLOFMYSTERIES，FORNARISAYSITMIGHTALSOMAKETHEJOBOFEXPLORATIONALITTLEEASIER“WETAKESOMUCHFORGRANTEDONLAND,”FORNARISAYS“WECANWALKAROUNDANDSEEWITHOUREYESHOWBIGTHINGSAREWECANSEECOLORS，SPECIALARRANGEMENTS”SIZEWISE，THENEWHOVWILLBESIMILARTOALVINITLLBEABOUT37FEETLONGTHESETTINGAREAINSIDEWILLBEASMALLSPHERE，ABOUT8FEETWIDE，LIKEALVIN，ITLLCARRYAPILOTANDTWOPASSENGERSITWILLBEJUSTASMANEUVERABLEINMOSTOTHERWAYS，ITWILLGIVEPASSENGERSMOREOPPORTUNITIESTOENJOYTHEVIEW，FORONETHINGALVINHASONLYTHREEWINDOWS，THENEWVEHICLEWILLHAVEFIVE，WITHMOREOVERLAPSOTHATTHEPASSENGERSANDTHEPILOTCANSEETHESAMETHINGALVINCANGOUPANDDOWNATARATEOF30METERSEVERYSECOND，ANDITSMAXIMUMSPEEDIS2KNOTSABOUT23MILESPERHOUR，WHILETHENEWVEHICLEWILLBEABLETOASCENDANDDESCENDAT44METERSPERSECONDITLLREACHSPEEDSOF3KNOTS，OR35MILESPERHOUR词汇FRACTION一部分DIVE潜水；跳水UNDERWATER水下的，在水下BOUND受约束的，一定的SPHERE球体；范围MANNED载人的MANEUVERABLE机动的，可调动的UNDERSEA海底的SUBMERSIBLE潜艇；潜水器OVERLAP重叠UPGRADE升级ASCEND上升GEOLOGIST地质学家注释1WOODSHOLE美国马萨诸塞州的一个渔村，但同时拥有许多重要研究机构，如THEMARINEBIOLOGICALLABORATORY，THESEAEDUCATIONASSOCIATION以及THEWOODSHOLEOCEANOGRAPHICLNSTITUTION。2ALVIN世界上第一个深海潜水器，它最有名的深海探测包括1986年对泰坦尼克号残骸的测量工作。练习1WHATISALVINAARESEARCHINSTITUTEBATRANSPORTINGVEHICLECASUBMERSIBLEDASCIENTIST2WHICHOFTHEFOLLOWINGSTATEMENTSISNOTAFACTABOUTALVINAHCANCARRYEXPLORERSASDEEPAS6,500METERSBITHASPLAYEDAKEYROLEINVARIOUSIMPORTANTUNDERSEAEXPEDITIONSCITWASLAUNCHEDINTHESIXTIESOFTHETWENTIETHCENTURYDITHASBEENUSEDFORMORETHAN40YEARS3“AWORLDTHATISSTILLFULLOFMYSTERIES”REFERSTOATHEEARTHBOUTSPACECTHEOCEANDMARS4INWHATASPECTSARETHENEWHOVANDALVINSIMILARASIZEBSPEEDCCAPACITYDSHAPE5INWHATASPECTSARETHENEWHOVANDALVINDIFFERENTAOFFERINGBETTERVIEWSBSPEEDCSIZEDBOTHAANDB第二十一篇PLANTGASSCIENTISTSHAVEBEENSTUDYINGNATURALSOURCESOFMETHANEFORDECADESBUTHADNTREGARDEDPLANTSASAPRODUCER,NOTESFRANKKEPPLER,AGEOCHEMISTATTHEMAXPLANCKINSTITUTEFORNUCLEARPHYSICSINHELDELBERG,GERMANYNOWKEPPLERANDHISCOLLEAGUESFINDTHATPLANTS,FROMGRASSESTOTREES,MAYALSOBESOURCESOFTHEGREENHOUSEGASTHISISREALLYSURPRISING,BECAUSEMOSTSCIENTISTSASSUMEDTHATMETHANEPRODUCTIONREQUIRESANOXYGENFREEENVIRONMENTPREVIOUSLY,RESEARCHERSHADTHOUGHTTHATITWASIMPOSSIBLEFORPLANTSTOMAKESIGNIFICANTAMOUNTSOFTHEGASTHEYHADASSUMEDTHATMICROBESNEEDTOBEINENVIRONMENTSWITHOUTOXYGENTOPRODUCEMETHANEMETHANEISAGREENHOUSEGAS,LIKECARBONDIOXIDEGASESSUCHASMETHANEANDCARBONDIOXIDETRAPHEATINEARTHSATMOSPHEREANDCONTRIBUTETOGLOBALWARMINGINITSEXPERIMENTS,KEPPLERSTEAMUSEDSEALEDCHAMBERSTHATCONTAINEDTHESAMECONCENTRATIONOFOXYGENTHATEARTHSATMOSPHEREHASTHEYMEASUREDTHEAMOUNTSOFMETHANETHATWERERELEASEDBYBOTHLIVINGPLANTSANDDRIEDPLANTMATERIAL,SUCHASFALLENLEAVESWITHTHEDRIEDPLANTS,THERESEARCHERSTOOKMEASUREMENTATTEMPERATURESRANGINGFROM30DEGREESCELSIUSTO70DEGREESCAT30DEGREESC,THEYFOUND,AGRAMOFDRIEDPLANTMATERIALRELEASEDUPTO3NANOGRAMSOFMETHANEPERHOUR（ONENANOGRAMISABILLIONTHOFAGRAM）WITHEVERY10DEGREERISEINTEMPERATURE,THEAMOUNTOFMETHANERELEASEDEACHHOURROUGHLYDOUBLEDLIVINGPLANTSGROWINGATTHEIRNORMALTEMPERATURESRELEASEDASMUCHAS370NANOGRAMSOFMETHANEPERGRAMOFPLANTTISSUEPERHOURMETHANEEMISSIONSTRIPLEDWHENLIVINGANDDEADPLANTWASEXPOSEDTOSUNLIGHTBECAUSETHEREWASPLENTYOFOXYGENAVAILABLE,ITSUNLIKELYTHATTHETYPESOFBACTERIATHATNORMALLYMAKEMETHANEWEREINVOLVEDEXPERIMENTSONPLANTSTHATWEREGROWNINWATERRATHERTHANSOILALSORESULTEDINMETHANEEMISSIONSTHATSANOTHERSTRONGSIGNTHATTHEGASCAMEFROMTHEPLANTSANDNOTSOILMICROBESTHENEWFINDINGISAN“INTERESTINGOBSERVATION,“SAYSJENNIFERYKING,ABIOGEOCHEMISTATTHEUNIVERSITYOFMINNESOTAINSTPAULBECAUSESOMETYPESOFSOILMICROBESCONSUMEMETHANE,THEYMAYPREVENTPLANTPRODUCEDMETHANEFROMREACHINGTHEATMOSPHEREFIELDTESTSWILLBENEEDEDTOASSESSTHEPLANTSINFLUENCE,SHENOTES词汇METHANE甲烷，沼气EMISSION散发，发射GEOCHEMIST地球化学家TRIPLE增加三倍；三倍的CELSIUS摄氏的BACTERIA细菌MICROBE微生物NANOGRAM微克BIOGEOCHEMIST生物地球化学家CHAMBER室，房间；腔注释1THEMAXPLANCKINSTITUTEFORNUCLEARPHYSICSINHELDELBERG,GERMANY马克思普朗克核物理研究所，位于德国海德堡。海德堡系德国西南部城市，在巴登符腾堡州的内卡河畔。海德堡大学是德国历史最悠久的大学。2MICROBE细菌，意义同BACTERIUM，但MICROBE不用作专门术语。3STPAUL圣保罗，美国明尼苏达州首府。练习1THATWASSCIENTISTSUNDERSTANDINGOFMETHANEA）ITWASPRODUCEDFROMPLANTSB）ITWASNOTAGREENHOUSEGASC）ITWASPRODUCEDINOXYGENFREEENVIRONMENTSD）ITTRAPSMOREHEATTHANANYOTHERGREENHOUSEGAS2TOTESTWHETHERPLANTSAREASOURCEOFMETHANE,THESCIENTISTSCREATEDA）AOXYGENFREEENVIRONMENTB）ANENVIRONMENTWITHTHESAMECONCENTRATIONOFOXYGENASTHEEARTHHASC）ACARBONDIOXIDEFREEENVIRONMENTD）ANENVIRONMENTFILLEDWITHTHEGREENHOUSEGAS3WHICHSTATEMENTISTRUEOFTHEMETHANEEMISSIONSOFPLANTSINTHEEXPERIMENTA）THELOWERTHETEMPERATURE,THEHIGHERTHEAMOUNTOFMETHANEEMISSIONSB）LIVINGPLANTSRELEASELESSMETHANETHANDRIEDPLANTSATTHESAMETEMPERATUREC）WHENEXPOSEDTOSUNLIGHT,PLANTSSTOPRELEASINGMETHANED）THEHIGHERTHETEMPERATURE,THEGREATERTHEAMOUNTOFMETHANEEMISSIONS4WHATOFTHEFOLLOWINGABOUTMETHANEISNOTMENTIONEDINTHEPASSAGEA）PLANTSGROWINGINSOILRELEASEMETHANEB）PLANTSGROWINGINWATERRELEASEMETHANEC）SOILMICROBESCONSUMEMETHANED）MICROBESINPLANTSPRODUCEMETHANE5WHATISTHEBENEFICIALPOINTOFSOMEMICROBESCONSUMINGPLANTPRODUCEDMETHANEA）METHANEBECOMESLESSPOISONOUSB）METHANEISTURNEDINTOAFERTILIZERC）LESSMETHANEREACHESTHEATMOSPHERED）AIRBECOMESCLEANER第二十二篇SNOWFLAKESYOUVEPROBABLYHEARDTHATNOTWOSNOWFLAKESAREALIKEOFCOURSE,NOBODYHASEVERCONFIRMEDTHATSTATEMENTBYEXAMININGEVERYONEOFTHEESTIMATEDONESEPTILLIONSNOWFLAKESTHATDRIFTTOEARTHEACHYEARSTILL,KENNETHLIBBRECHT,APROFESSORATTHECALIFORNIAINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,ISCONFIDENTTHATTHESTATEMENTISTRUESNOWFLAKESARENTFLAKY,SAYSLIBBRECHTATTHEIRBASICLEVEL,THEYRECRYSTALLINETHELATTICEOFEVERYSNOWFLAKEISSIXSIDEDINSHAPETHESIMPLESTSNOWCRYSTALSARESIXSIDEDFLATPLATESANDSIXSIDEDCOLUMNSSUCHCRYSTALSARECOMMONINPLACESWHERETHEAIRISEXTREMELYCOLDANDDRYSNOWCRYSTALSACQUIRETHEIRSPECIALBEAUTYWHENTHEIRSIMPLESIXSIDEDSYMMETRYBLOSSOMSUNDERTHERIGHTCONDITIONS,EACHOFTHESIXCORNERSOFACRYSTALSPROUTSWHATISCALLEDANARMINAMATTEROFMINUTES,THEARMSCANBECOMEHIGHLYORNATEANDGIVETHECRYSTALASTARLIKEAPPEARANCESEVERALFACTORSINTHEENVIRONMENTAFFECTTHESHAPEANDGROWTHRATEOFASNOWCRYSTALONEFACTORISHUMIDITYCRYSTALSGROWFASTERANDINMOREINTRICATESHAPEASHUMIDITYINCREASESASECONDFACTORISAIRTEMPERATUREASNOWFLAKEISBORNWHENSEVERALMOLECULESOFWATERVAPORINACOULDLANDONASPECKOFDUSTANDFREEZETOFORMASIMPLECRYSTALASTHEYOUNGCRYSTALBOPSAROUNDINTHECLOUD,ITPASSESTHROUGHAIRPOCKETSOFVARYINGTEMPERATURESIFTHECRYSTALPASSESTHROUGHAPOCKETOFAIRTHATIS,SAYS,15DEGREESCELSIUS,ITWILLGROWQUICKLYANDSPROUTSIXARMS,SAYSLIBBRECHTIFTHECRYSTALISTHENTOSSEDINTOAWARMERPOCKET,ONEABOUT10,THEARMSTIPSWILLSTOPGROWINGQUICKLYANDFORMSIXSIDEPLATESIFTHECRYSTALTHENDRIFTSINTOANEVENWARMERPOCKETOFABOUT5,ITSTOPANDBOTTOMWILLGROWMOREQUICKLYTHANI