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中华人民共和国教育部东北林业大学外文文献论文题目：银行学生助学贷款管理系统学生：指导教师：讲师学院：信息与计算机工程学院专业：信息管理与信息系统2001级3班2005年6月1Inthepastdecadethebusinessenvironmenthaschangeddramatically.Theworldhasbecomeasmallandverydynamicmarketplace.Organizationstodayconfrontnewmarkets,newcompetitionandincreasingcustomerexpectations.Thishasputatremendousdemandonmanufacturersto；1)Lowertotalcostsinthecompletesupplychain2)Shortenthroughputtimes3)Reducestocktoaminimum4)Enlargeproductassortment5)Improveproductquality6)Providemorereliabledeliverydatesandhigherservicetothecustomer7)Efficientlycoordinateglobaldemand,supplyandproduction.Thustoday'sorganizationhavetoconstantlyre-engineertheirbusinesspracticesandprocedurestobemoreandmoreresponsivetocustomersandcompetition.Inthe1990'sinformationtechnologyandbusinessprocessre-engineering,usedinconjunctionwitheachother,haveemergedasimportanttoolswhichgiveorganizationstheleadingedge.ERPSystemsEvolutionThefocusofmanufacturingsystemsinthe1960'swasoninventorycontrol.Mostofthesoftwarepackagesthen(usuallycustomized)weredesignedtohandleinventorybasedontraditionalinventoryconcepts.Inthe1970'sthefocusshiftedtoMRP(MaterialRequirementPlanning)systemswhichtranslatedtheMasterSchedulebuiltfortheenditemsintotime-phasednetrequirementsforthesub-assemblies,componentsandrawmaterialsplanningandprocurement,Inthe1980'stheconceptofMRP-II(ManufacturingResourcesPlanning)evolvedwhichwasanextensionofMRPtoshopflooranddistributionmanagementactivities.Intheearly1990's,MRP-IIwasfurtherextendedtocoverareaslikeEngineering,Finance,HumanResources,ProjectsManagementetci.e.thecompletegamutofactivitieswithinanybusinessenterprise.Hence,thetermERP(EnterpriseResourcePlanning)wascoined.Inadditiontosystemrequirements,ERPaddressestechnologyaspectslikeclient/serverdistributedarchitecture,RDBMS,objectorientedprogrammingetc.ERPSystems-BandwidthERPsolutionsaddressbroadareaswithinanybusinesslikeManufacturing,Distribution,Finance,ProjectManagement,ServiceandMaintenance,Transportationetc.Aseamlessintegrationisessentialtoprovidevisibilityandconsistencyacrosstheenterprise.AnERPsystemshouldbesufficientlyversatiletosupportdifferentmanufacturingenvironmentslikemake-to-stock,assemble-to-orderandengineer-to-order.Thecustomerorderdecouplingpoint(CODP)shouldbeflexibleenoughtoallowtheco-existenceofthesemanufacturingenvironmentswithinthesamesystem.Itisalsoverylikelythatthesameproductmaymigratefromonemanufacturingenvironmenttoanotherduringitsproducelifecycle.ThesystemshouldbecompleteenoughtosupportbothDiscreteaswellasProcessmanufacturingscenario's.Theefficiencyofanenterprisedependsonthequickflowofinformationacrossthecompletesupplychaini.e.fromthecustomertomanufacturerstosupplier.ThisplacesdemandsontheERPsystemtohaverichfunctionalityacrossallareaslikesales,accountsreceivable,engineering,planning,inventorymanagement,production,purchase,accountspayable,qualitymanagement,distributionplanningandexternaltransportation.EDI(ElectronicDataInterchange)isanimportanttoolinspeedingupcommunicationswithtradingpartners.Moreandmorecompaniesarebecomingglobalandfocusingondown-sizinganddecentralizingtheirbusiness.ABBandNorthernTelecomareexamplesofcompanieswhichhavebusinessspreadaroundtheglobe.Forthesecompaniestomanagetheirbusinessefficiently,ERPsystemsneedtohaveextensivemulti-sitemanagementcapabilities.Thecompletefinancialaccountingandmanagementaccountingrequirementsoftheorganizationshouldbeaddressed.Itisnecessarytohavecentralizedorde-centralizedaccountingfunctionswithcompleteflexibilitytoconsolidatecorporateinformation.After-salesserviceshouldbestreamlinedandmanagedefficiently.AstrongEIS(EnterpriseInformationSystem)withextensivedrilldowncapabilitiesshouldbeavailableforthetopmanagementtogetabirdseyeviewofthehealthoftheirorganizationandhelpthemtoanalyzeperformanceinkeyareas.EvaluationCriteriaSomeimportantpointstobekeptinmindwhileevaluatinganERPsoftwareinclude:1)FunctionalfitwiththeCompany'sbusinessprocesses2)DegreeofintegrationbetweenthevariouscomponentsoftheERPsystem3)Flexibilityandscalability4)Complexity；userfriendliness5)Quickimplementation；shortenedROIperiod6)Abilitytosupportmulti-siteplanningandcontrol7)Technology；client/servercapabilities,databaseindependence,security8)Availabilityofregularupgrades9)Amountofcustomizationrequired10)LocalsupportinfrastructureII)Availabilityofreferencesites12)Totalcosts,includingcostoflicense,training,implementation,maintenance,customizationandhardwarerequirements.ERPSystems-ImplementationThesuccessofanERPsolutiondependsonhowquickthebenefitscanbereapedfromit.ThisnecessitatesrapidimplementationswhichleadtoshortenedROIperiods.TraditionalapproachtoimplementationhasbeentocarryoutaBusinessProcessRe-engineeringexerciseanddefinea"TOBE"modelbeforetheERPsystemimplementation.ThisledtomismatchesbetweentheproposedmodelandtheERPfunctionality,theconsequenceofwhichwascustomizations,extendedimplementationtimeframes,highercostsandlossofuserconfidence.ERPSystems-TheFutureTheInternetrepresentsthenextmajortechnologyenablerwhichallowsrapidsupplychainmanagementbetweenmultipleoperationsandtradingpartners.MostERPsystemsareenhancingtheirproductstobecome"InternetEnabled"sothatcustomersworldwidecanhavedirecttothesupplier'sERPsystem.ERPsystemsarebuildingintheWorkflowManagementfunctionallywhichprovidesamechanismtomanageandcontroltheflowofworkbymonitoringlogisticaspectslikeworkload,capacity,throughouttimes,workqueuelengthsandprocessingtimes.

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