2014届中考英语复习十四 完形填空的考点讲解和训练

十四、完形填空及其解题方法【考点扫描】“完形填空”题是一种旨在考查学生语法和词汇知识综合运用能力的典型题型。它结合了单项选择题和短文填空的优点，既考查词语搭配、近义词辨异、动词时态、句型结构、复合句的关联和习惯用法等，又考查了逻辑推理和事理推断能力。“完形填空”题要求填入的词主要有1语法结构所要求的功能词，如连接词、连接代词、连接副词、关系代词、关系副词等。2具有语法变化的普通词，如动词的时态、语态、语气，名词的数，代词的格，形容词和副词的级等。3固定搭配短语或词组中的特定词。4同义词、近义词等易混淆词。5根据上、下文意思及结构必须填入的确定词。可见，完形填空是一种综合性较强的题型。它的突出特点是起点高、容量大。同学们只有具备了扎实的语言基本功、较好的阅读能力及归纳判断能力，才能适应这一题型。完形填空题的考查目的1考查同学们阅读理解能力。2考查同学们语法知识。3考查同学们综合运用英语知识的水平和实践能力。【名师解难】一、完形填空题的命题特点完形填空题是通过阅读考查学生语言知识及语言知识综合运用能力的一种测试形式。命题人在一段难度适度的文章中留出10个空白，要求考生从所给的A,B,C,D四个选项中选出一个最佳答案，使补足的短文意思通顺、结构完整。完形填空是介于单项填空和阅读理解之间的一种题型。可以说它是根据一篇文章所提供的情景进行的选择填空，也可以说它是在缺少个别单词情况下的阅读理解。完形填空既有对语法规则、习惯用法和词语搭配的考查，又有对文章内容的通篇理解。完形填空主要考查以下三个方面的内容1、词汇此类题目考查的内容是近义词的区别，词语的固定搭配和习惯用法。近几年陕西省中考题中的完型填空题考查的词汇类别涉及到名词、代词、动词、介词、连词、形容词、副词和短语动词。2、语法此类题目考查的是各种语法规则在文章中的运用。其中包括名词的单复数，形容词、副词的比较等级，动词的时态和语态，介词、数词、代词和连词的用法，主谓一致，各种从句的用法等。3、结构此类题目考查的是文章中间句子与句子之间，段落与段落之间，上文与下文之间的逻辑关系。从设空的类型看可分为三个层次1、句子层次2、句组层次3、全篇层次设空的难度，从句子层次到句组层次，再到全篇层次，依次增加。分析近几年陕西省的完形填空题，我们可以看出陕西省完形填空题的设空主要以句子层次为主，以句组层次为辅，几乎没有全篇层次题目。因此总体难度较低。二、完形填空的解题技巧前面我们已经分析过，完形填空是在全面理解短文基础上的选择填空。因此做“完型填空”题应遵循下列步骤1、通读全文，了解大意做这类题目是，首先应该把文章通读一遍，了解一下文章的大概内容。千万不要读一句填一句，因为“完形填空”题里所给的大多数选项填入单句后都可成立，但从全文看又不可取。例如2002年北京海淀区中考试题中的完形填空题AHOTDOGISONEOFTHEMOSTPOPULARAMERICANFOODSITWASNAMEDAFTERFRANKFURTER,AGERMANFOODYOUMAYHEAR“HOTDOG”1INOTHERWAYSPEOPLESOMETIMESSAY“HOTDOG”TOEXPRESS2FOREXAMPLE,AFRIENDMAYASK3YOUWOULDLIKETOGOTOTHECINEMAYOUMIGHTSAY“GREATIWOULDLOVETOGO”OR,YOUCOULDSAY,“4IWOULDLOVETOGO”PEOPLE5USETHEEXPRESSIONTODESCRIBE描写SOMEONEWHOISA“SHOWOFF”,WHOTRIESTOSHOWEVERYONEELSEHOW6HEISYOUOFTENHEARSUCH7CALLEDA“HOTDOG”HEMAYBEABASEBALLPLAYER,FOREXAMPLE,WHO8THEBALLWITHONEHAND,MAKINGAN9CATCHSEEMMOREDIFFICULTYOUKNOWHEISAHOTDOGBECAUSEWHENHEMAKESSUCHACATCH,HEBOWS鞠躬TOTHECROWD,HOPINGTOWINTHEIR101AEATENBUSEDCCOOKEDDPICKED2ASTRENGTHBPRACTICECPLEASUREDREPLY3AIFBHOWCWHENDWHERE4AHOTDOGBDONTWORRYCNEVERMINDDEXCUSEME5AEVERBALSOCSTILLDYET6AHOPEFULBCAREFULCKINDDGREAT7AADOGBALANDCAPERSONDANACTION8ACATCHESBPLAYSCPASSESDTHROWS9AHARDBFUNNYCEXCITINGDEASY10ATHANKSBCHEERSCMEDALSDMATCHES如果不看后面的文章内容，短文的第一个题所给第四个选项都可以填入空白处，不论是从语法的角度，还是从这个句子的意思完整的角度，都是能够站得住脚的。但如果继续看完这一段短文之后，你就会领悟到，“HOTDOG”在这里不是“被吃”，“被做”，“被拿”，而是“被使用”，只能选USED。有些同学一拿到“完形填空”题，就着手去填，填到最后，才发现所选答案语全文的意思不符，不得不在从头开始。费时又费力，还不易做准确，这种方法是不可取的。2、瞻前顾后，逐步填空了解文章大意之后，就可逐步填空。一般来说，文章后面所给的选择答案可分三类一类是语法正确，而意思不对；另一类是意思正确，而语法错误；第三类是语法正确，意思也正确。在选择答案时，一定要考虑到上下文的意思，还要考虑到句子的结构，习惯用法，固定搭配和词类的功能，尽量使选出的答案及复合语法又符合原文的意思。3、认真复查，适当调整填空全部做完以后，应把短文从头到尾再读一遍，检查一下填空以后的文章是否连贯，情节是否合理，语法结构是否正确。一般来说，如果意思连贯，情节合理，语法结构正确，就意味着选答没有问题；如果发现个别填空使文章文理不通，语法结构有问题，就说明选答不正确。对这样的填空应该认真推敲，进行调整。【中考范例】（2004年陕西省中考试题）ONCEUPONATIME,SOMECHILDRENWEREPLAYINGATSEASIDEWHENTHEYFOUNDATURTLE海龟THEYBEGANTOBEATTHETURTLEJUSTATTHATTIME,AYOUNGMANCAMEANDSAIDTOTHEM,“STOP”THECHILDRENRAN31QUICKLYTHETURTLEWASVERYTHANKFULANDSAID,“THANKSFORYOURKINDNESSIREALLYWOULDLIKE32YOUTOAWONDERFULPALACENOW”THEYOUNGMANRODEONTHEBACKOFTHETURTLEANDWASTAKENTOTHESECRETPALACEINTHESEAWHENHE33THEPALACE,HEWASVERYSURPRISEDANDSAIDTOTHETURTLE,“WHATANICEPALACE”TOTHANKHIM,THEKINGOFTHETURTLESGAVEHIM34HEHADNEVERSEENSUCHADINNERBEFOREHERECEIVEDAWARMWELCOMETHEREANDWASVERY35EVERYTHINGAFTERDINNER,THEKINGOFTHETURTLESSAID,“IAMGOINGTOGIVEYOUTWOBOXES,36YOUCANOPENONLYONE”“YOUMUSTNTOPENBOTHDONTFORGETIT”THETURTLEWARNEDHIM“ALLRIGHTIWILLOPENONLYONE,”THEYOUNGMANPROMISED许诺ATTHISTIME,ALARGEWAVESENTHIMOUTOFTHESEAAFTERHE37,HEOPENEDTHEBIGGERONEOFTHETWOBOXES38THEBOXWASFULLOFGOLD“MYGOD”HECRIED“IM39NOW”THENHETHOUGHT,“THINGSINTHEOTHERBOXMUSTBEEXPENSIVE,TOO”HECOULDNOTWAITANYLONGERHEBROKEHISPROMISEANDOPENEDTHEOTHERBOXASSOONASHEOPENEDIT,HEBECAMEANOLDMANHISHAIRTURNEDWHITEHISFACE40ANOLDMANOVEREIGHTYYEARSOLDITALLHAPPENEDINAMOMENTHEWASSORRYFORWHATHEDID,BUTITWASTOOLATE31ATHROUGHBAWAYCINTODOUT32AWANTINGBASKINGCTOLETDTOINVITE33ALEFTFORBARRIVEDONCARRIVEDATDGOTAWAY34AAVERYBIGDINNERBAVERYPOORDINNERCAVERYBADDINNERDAVERYSMALLDINNER35APLEASEDWITHBSTRICTINCANGRYWITHDSORRYFOR36ASOBORCBUTDAS37AWENTBACKTOHOMEBWASBACKHOMECWENTBACKTOTHESEADWASBACKTHESEA38ATOHISSURPRISINGBTOONESSURPRISINGCTOONESSURPRISEDTOHISSURPRISE39AAPOORMANBARICHMANCANOLDMANDAYOUNGMAN40ALIKEDBFELTLIKECLOOKEDLIKEDLOOKED31B根据上下文判断，那些孩子们应该是跑走了。所以应选AWAY。32DWOULDLIKE之后应接不定式，年轻人就了海龟的命，海龟应是“邀请年轻人到宫殿去。”33C到达某个地方应用ARRIVEDAT。34A按照逻辑，海龟国王要感谢他，必然设盛宴招待他。所以应选ABIGDINNER。35A海龟国王盛情招待他，所以他对一切都满意。PLEASEDWITHEVERYTHING表示的就是这个意思。36C海龟国王给了他两个盒子，但只准他打开一个。这里有一个转折关系，所以应选BUT。37B年轻人在海里见到了海龟国王，得到了两个盒子以后，应该回家，而不是回到海里。而回家应是WENTBACKHOME。38D使他感到惊讶的是，用英语表示就是TOHISSURPRISE。39B他得到了金子，当然应该是ARICHMAN。40C由于贪心，他的头发变白了，脸“看起来”像八十多岁的老头。从2004年的完形填空题来看，难度不大，全部题目都属于句子层次。只要看懂了短文的意思，掌握了一些短语的固定搭配，再多做一些精选的练习，做好完形填空题是不难的。【满分演练】1AVERYNEW,YUNGOFFICERWASATARAILWAYSTATIONHEWASONHISWAYTOVISITHISMOTHERIN1TOWNHEWANTEDTOTELEPHONEHERTOTELLHERTHETIMEOFHISTRAIN,2SHECOULDMEETHIMATTHE3INHERCARHELOOKEDATALLHISPOCKETS,BUT4THATHEDIDNOTHAVETHERIGHTMONEYFORTHETELEPHONE,SOHEWENTONANDLOOKED5FORSOMEONETOHELPHIMATLASTANOLDSOLDIERCAMEBY,ANDTHEYOUNGOFFICERSTOPPEDHIMANDSAID,“CANYOUCHANGETHEMONEY6ME”“WAITAMOMENT,”THESOLDIER7,ANDHEBEGANTOPUTHISHANDINHIS8“ILLSEEWHETHERICANHELPYOU”“DONTYOUKNOWHOWTOSPEAKTOANOFFICER”THE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