[大学英语考试复习资料]专升本英语阅读理解分类模拟162

1、大学英语考试复习资料专升本英语阅读理解分类模拟162大学英语考试复习资料专升本英语阅读理解分类模拟162专升本英语阅读理解分类模拟162Reading ComprehensionPassage 1 Oceanography has been defined as The application of all sciences to the study of the sea. Before the nineteenth century, scientists with an interest in the sea were few and far between. Certainly Newto

2、n considered some theoretical aspects of it in his writings, but he was reluctant (不愿意) to go to sea to further his work. For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travelers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many que

3、stions about it, let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface. The first time that the question What is at the bottom of the oceans? had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed. The engineers had to know the depth p

4、rofile(起伏形状) of the route to estimate the length of cable that had to be manufactured. It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for information on this matter. In the 1840s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings(探测) were

5、taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Later, some of his findings aroused much popular interest in his book The Physical Geography of the Sea. The cable was laid, but not until 1866 was the connection made permanent and reliable. At the early attempts, the cable f

6、ailed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea. Within a few years oceanography was under way. In 1872 Thomson led a scientific expedition(考察), which l

7、asted for four years and brought home thousands of samples from the sea. Their classification and analysis occupied scientists for years and led to a five-volume report, the last volume being published in 1895. 1. The passage implies that the telegraph cable was built mainly _.A.for oceanographic st

8、udiesB.for military purposesC.for business considerationsD.for investigating the depths of the oceans答案:C解析 事实细节题 文章第三段第二句中提到“The first time that the question What is at the bottom of the oceans? had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe

9、to America was proposed. ”其中“had to be answered with any commercial consequence”即是选项中的“for business considerations”，故选C。 参考译文 海洋学被定义为“研究海洋的所有应用科学”。 十九世纪以前，对海洋感兴趣的科学家少之又少。当然牛顿在他的作品中涉及了一些对其理论方面的研究，但他不愿意对海洋进行更加深入的研究。 除了早期的一些洲际旅行者或以大海为生的人，对大多数人来说，大海是遥远的，没有什么必要提出太多问题，更不用说思考大海海底的东西了。当提出铺设一条从欧洲到美国的海底电报光缆时，

10、“海底有什么东西?”这一问题由于商业原因而第一次成了一个不得不回答的问题。工程师们必须要知道这条线路的海底起伏形状才能估算出需要加工的电缆的长度。 1853年，大西洋电报公司向美国海军军官莫里寻求这方面的信息。19世纪40年代，军官莫里一直鼓励航海事业的发展，并在此期间积极探测北大西洋和太平洋的深度。后来，他的一些发现引起了许多人对他所写的海洋的自然地理一书产生了浓厚的兴趣。 电缆铺设好了，但直到1866年才形成长久的、可靠的连接。在早期的尝试中，海底电报光缆出现了一些失误，但当把它取出来维修时，发现上面覆盖有生长的生物，这一事实推翻了当时科学界认为在海洋深处没有生命的观点。 几年里，海洋学开

11、始得到广泛的研究。1872年，汤姆森开展了一场为期四年的科学考察并且从海上带回来了成千上万种样本。对它们的分类和分析花费了科学家们多年的时间，并著成了一部五卷本的报告，最后一卷出版于1895年。 2. It was _ that asked Maury for help in oceanographic studies.A.the American NavyB.some early intercontinental travelersC.those who earned a living from the seaD.the company which proposed to lay an un

12、dersea cable答案:D解析 事实细节题 文章第四段第一句说到“It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for information on this matter.”其中“turn to Maury”即是选项中的“asked Maury for help”，而寻求帮助的对象是the Atlantic company，也同D项表述相近，故选D。此题的关键是读懂原文中的强调句型。 3. The aim of voyages Maury encouraged in

13、 the 1840s was _.A.to make some sound experiments in the oceansB.to collect samples of sea plants and animalsC.to estimate the length of cable that was to be madeD.to measure the depths of two oceans答案:D解析 事实细节题 文章第四段第二句说到“In the 1840s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which

14、 soundings (探测) were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. ”其中“investigate”是测量的意思，与选项中的“measure”相对应。故选D。 4. Defied in the 5th paragraph probably means _.A.doubtedB.gave proof toC.challengedD.agreed to答案:C解析 词语理解题 解决这类题的关键在于根据“defied”前后句的意思来进行推测，前句中有“it was found t

15、o be covered in living growths”，而后句中“there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea”，由前后句的对比可知，只有选项C符合此意。 5. The passage is mainly about _.A.the beginnings of oceanographyB.the laying of the first undersea cableC.the investigation of ocean depthsD.the early intercontinental communication答案:A解析 主旨大

16、意题 通读全文可看出，文章中心与主题在首段首句。因此选A。其他三项均是细节，不能用细节作为主旨大意题的答案。 Passage 2 President Coolidges statement, The business of America is business, still points to an important truth todaythat business institutions have more prestige (威望) in American society than any other kind of organization, including the gover

17、nment. Why do business institutions possess this great prestige? One reason is that Americans view business as being more firmly based on the ideal of competition than other institutions in society. Since competition is seen as the major source of progress and prosperity by most Americans, competiti

18、ve business institutions are respected. Competition is not only good in itself, it is the means by which other basic American values such as individual freedom, equality of opportunity, and hard work is protected. Competition protects the freedom of the individual by ensuring that there is no monopo

19、ly (垄断) of power. In contrast to one, all-powerful government, many businesses compete against each other for profits. Theoretically, if one business tries to take unfair advantage of its customers, it will lose to competing business which treats its customers more fairly. Where many businesses comp

20、ete for the customers dollar, they cannot afford to treat them like inferiors or slaves. A contrast is often made between business, which is competitive, and government, which is a monopoly. Because business is competitive, many Americans believe that it is more supportive of freedom than government

21、, even though government leaders are elected by the people and business leaders are not. Many Americans believe, then, that competition is as important, or even more important, than democracy in preserving freedom. Competition in business is also believed to strengthen the ideal of equality of oppor

22、tunity. Competition is seen as an open and fair race where success goes to the swiftest person regardless of his or her social class background. Competitive success is commonly seen as the American alternative to social rank based on family background. Business is therefore viewed as an expression o

23、f the idea of equality of opportunity rather than the aristocratic (贵族的) idea of inherited privilege. 1. The statement The business of America is business probably means _.A.The business institutions in America are concerned with commerceB.Business problems are of great importance to the American go

24、vernmentC.Business is of primary concern to AmericansD.America is a great power in world business答案:C解析 词语理解题 关键在于理解第一段的含义。Business有“商业”的意思，还有“事务、职责”的意思，第一个“business”指“头等大事”，第二个“business”指“生意、商业”。通读全文也可看出商业经济是美国人非常关注的事情。故选C。 参考译文 柯立芝总统提出的“美国的事业就是商业”这一声明到今天仍然是一个真理。它指出在美国社会，商业机构比其他任何形式的组织包括政府更有声望。为什么商

25、业机构会拥有如此大的威望呢? 其中一个原因就是美国人把商业看成是一个比社会上其他任何机构都更坚定地以竞争为理念的事业。由于大多数美国人视竞争为进步和繁荣的主要根源，因此有竞争力的商业机构很受推崇。不仅竞争本身是好的，它同时也是对其他基本的美国价值观，如个人自由、机会平等、勤奋工作的一种保护手段。 竞争通过确保没有权力垄断来保护个人自由。与所有强有力的政府不同，许多企业为了利润而互相竞争。从理论上讲，如果一个企业试图不公平的对待顾客，那它就会与对待顾客更公平些的企业失去竞争力。其实很多商家都是在为赚取顾客的钱而竞争，所以他们不能像对待下级或奴隶一样对待顾客。 商业和政府之间的区别就是商业具有竞争

26、性，而政府却是一种垄断。由于生意场上充斥着竞争，许多美国人认为它比政府更能支持自由，尽管政府领导人是由人民选出的，而商业领袖却不是。因此，很多美国人认为在保护自由方面，竞争和民主一样重要甚至比民主更为重要。 商业竞争同样也被认为强化了机会平等的理念。竞争被看作是一场开放的、公平的赛跑，其中成功属于那个跑得最快的人而不在乎他或她的社会背景如何。竞争性的成功通常可以看做是对基于家庭背景的社会等级的一个替代。因此商业显现的是机会平等的理念而不是继承特权的贵族理念。 2. Americans believe that they can realize their personal values onl

27、y _.A.when given equality of opportunityB.through doing businessC.by protecting their individual freedomD.by ways of competition答案:D解析 推理判断题 解答此题的关键信息在第二段，由第二段最后一句“Competition is not only good in itself, it is the means by which other basic American values such as individual freedom, equality of opp

28、ortunity, and hard work is protected. ”可推断出竞争可以使美国人实现他们的个人价值，故选D。 3. Who can benefit from business competition? _A.Honest businessmen.B.Both businessmen and their customers.C.People with ideals of equality and freedom.D.Both business institutions and government.答案:B解析 推理判断题 从文章第三段讲述中可推断出竞争在保护顾客利益的同时

29、也保护公司的利益，故选B。 4. Government is believed to differ strikingly from business in that government is characterized by _.A.its absolute control of powerB.its function in preserving personal freedomC.its role in protecting basic American valuesD.its democratic way of exercising leadership答案:A解析 推理判断题 由文章第

30、四段第一句“A contrast is often made between business, which is competitive, and government, which is a monopoly. ”可知商业和政府之间的不同在于商业具有竞争性，而政府则是权力垄断。而“Monopoly”和选项中的“absolute control”是同义替换，因此正确答案为A。 5. It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes _.A.Americans are more ambitious than people

31、in other countriesB.in many countries success often depends on ones social statusC.American businesses are more democratic than those in other countriesD.business in other countries are not as competitive as those in America答案:B解析 推理判断题 最后一段第二句中说到“Competition is seen as an open and fair race where s

32、uccess goes to the swiftest person regardless of his or her social class background. ”其中“social class background”与选项中的“social status”对应。最后一句也点明了作者的观点，即：商业应该表达的是平等的理念而不是继承特权的贵族理念。因此正确答案为B。其他几项在文中都找不到依据。 Passage 3 The appeal of advertising to buying motives can both negative and positive effects. Cons

33、umers may be convinced to buy a product of poor quality or high price because of an advertisement. For example, some advertisements have appealed to peoples desire for better fuel economy for their cars by advertising automotive products that improve gasoline mileage. Some of the products work. Othe

34、rs are worthless and a waste of consumers money. Sometimes advertising is intentionally misleading. A few years ago, a brand of bread was offered to dieters (节食者) with the message that there were fewer calories (热量单位，卡路里) in every slice. It turned out that the bread was not dietetic (适合于节食的), but ju

35、st regular bread. There were fewer calories because it was sliced very thin, but there were the same number of calories in every loaf. On the positive side, emotional appeals may respond to a consumers real concerns. Consider fire insurance. Fire insurance may be sold by appealing to fear of loss. B

36、ut fear of loss is the real reason for fire insurance. The security of knowing that property is protected by insurance makes the purchase of fire insurance a worthwhile investment for most people. If consumers consider the quality of the insurance plans as well as the message in the ads, they will b

37、enefit from the advertising. Each consumer must evaluate her or his own situation. Are the benefits of the product important enough to justify buying it? Advertising is intended to appeal to consumers, but it does not force them to buy the product. Consumers still control final buying decision. 1. A

38、dvertising can persuade the consumer to buy worthless product by _.A.stressing their high qualityB.convincing him of their low priceC.maintaining a balance between quality and priceD.appealing to his buying motives答案:D解析 推理判断题 由文章第一段前两句话及所给的例子可以推知，广告通过激发消费者的购买欲望来使其购买物品，故选D。 参考译文 广告对购买动机的吸引力既有正面效果，又有

39、负面效果。顾客可能会因听信广告而购买一件劣质或高价的产品。例如，一些广告商通过为可以提高汽车的汽油里程数的一些汽车产品做广告，引起了人们对汽车更经济性燃油的热望。其中一些产品确实有效，其他的则没有丝毫价值，完全是浪费顾客的钱。 有些广告故意误导消费者。几年前，一个品牌的面包被介绍给节食人群，声称每一片面包中含有较少的热量。结果发现这种面包并无特别之处，只是普通的面包。每片面包的卡路里含量低是因为面包片被切得很薄，实际上每一条面包中的卡路里并没有减少。 就广告的正面影响而言，情感吸引也许是消费者真正关心的问题。就火险而言，火险可能是通过唤起人们对损失的恐惧而得以销售。但是害怕损失是人们投保火险的

40、真正原因。知道财产通过保险得到了保护的这种安全感，使得大部分人认为购买火灾保险是一种值得的投资。如果消费者不仅考虑到广告中的信息还关注保险计划的质量，他们就会从广告中获益。 每位消费者必须权衡自己的处境。产品的益处是否足够值得购买?广告旨在吸引消费者，但不会强迫消费者去购买产品，消费者依然掌握着最终购买权。 2. The reason why the bread advertisement is misleading is that _.A.thin slices of bread could contain more caloriesB.the loaf was cut into regul

41、ar slicesC.the bread was not genuine breadD.the total number of calories in the loaf remained the same答案:D解析 事实细节题 第二段最后一句话说“There were fewer calories because it was sliced very thin, but there were the same number of calories in every loaf. ”选项D是换了一个说法而已，所以D项正确。 3. The passage tells us that _.A.som

42、etimes advertisements really sell what the consumer needsB.advertisements occasionally force consumers into buying things they dont needC.the buying motives of consumers are controlled by advertisementsD.fire insurance is seldom a worthwhile investment答案:A解析 事实细节题 文中第一段倒数第二句“Some of the products wor

43、k. ”和第三段第一句“On the positive side, emotional appeals may respond to a consumers real concerns. ”与选项中的“really sell what the consumer needs”意义相符。故选A。 4. It can be inferred from the passage that a smart consumer should _.A.think carefully about the benefits described in the advertisementsB.guard against

44、 the deceiving nature of advertisementsC.be familiar with various advertising strategiesD.avoid buying products that have strong emotional appeal答案:A解析 推理判断题 在论述了广告正反两方面的影响后，第四段又有“Each consumer must evaluate her or his own situation”(消费者应有自己的评判)，这正是A的意思。 5. The passage is mainly about _.A.how to mak

45、e a wise buying decisionB.ways to protect the interests of the consumerC.the positive and negative aspects of advertisingD.the function of advertisements in promoting sales答案:C解析 主旨大意题 首段首句即是中心，而且文章第二段讲广告的消极影响，第三段讲广告的积极影响，选项C包括这两方面，因此为正确答案。 Passage 4 In the same way that a child must be able to move

46、 his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and expei4encing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. One kind of l

47、earning is called classical conditioning This occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with or followed by, a reward or punishment. It is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associates his mothers face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this perso

48、n provides food and comfort. Negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion. The second kind of learning is called operant conditioning. This occurs when an individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments. For example, i

49、f a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. Thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more. Every day, we grow and have new experiences. We constantly l

50、earn by reading, watching television, interacting with other people, and so forth. This learning affects our emotions. Why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? If a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, hap

51、piness, and friendliness. On the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger. 1. The authors main purpose in writing the passage is to

52、 _.A.teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotionsB.give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learningC.give parents some advice on how to modify their childrens emotions through learningD.discuss with psychologists how positive and negative feelings are produ

53、ced答案:B解析 主旨大意题 通读全文可看出，文章主要是关于两个定义的讲述：一种是“经典性条件反射”，一种是“操作性条件反射”。文章对这两种模式进行了解释，因此读懂两个定义是非常关键的。所以选B，其他三项均不正确。 参考译文 孩子在学会走路之前必须先能够移动他的胳膊和腿，同样的道理，孩子在学会情感变化之前必须在生理上能够产生和体验这些特殊的情感。心理学家发现学习包含两种基本过程。一种学习过程被称为“经典性条件反射”。这种情况发生在当一个事件或一种刺激连续不断地一起发生或伴随一个奖励或惩罚时。通过经典性条件反射，一个孩子会学会将自己母亲的面庞和声音与幸福和爱联系在一起，因为他知道正是这个人给他

54、提供了食物和舒适。负面情绪也是以同样的方式被孩子习得。 第二种学习过程被称为“操作性条件反射”。这种情况发生在当一个人学会做在他的环境中能够得到奖励的事情而不去做会受到惩罚的事情。例如，当孩子哭的时候如果母亲总是照顾他，拥抱他直到他安静下来，这样也许会让他知道他哭的时候会从母亲那里得到抚慰。因此，孩子为了得到母亲更多的关怀就会经常哭泣。 每一天我们都会成长，都会有新的经历。我们通过读书、看电视、跟人互动等方式不断地学习。这些学习的过程影响着我们的情绪。为什么我们会喜欢一些人而不喜欢另一些人?如果一个人对我们很好而且关心我们，我们就学会将这个人与积极的情感联系在一起，比如喜悦、幸福和友爱。然而，如果一个人对我们很吝啬、对我们毫不关心，甚至故意做一些事情来伤害我们，我们就会将这些人与消极的情绪联系在一起，比如苦恼、不安和愤怒。经常哭泣。 每一天我们都会成长，都会有新的经历。我们通过读书、看电视、跟人互动等方式不断地学习。这些学习的过程影响着我们的情绪。为什么我们会喜欢一些人而不喜