基于单片机的温度控制外文文献及中文翻译

1、-emratre ContolUsing acrocotroller:n nteriscinry Undrraduae Eginering Dein jectJames S.cDnaldDeartment o Engnering cicerinit UniesitySan noni， 7822Abact：Tis pape descres an nediilinarydsign ojectwhch as oe under t authorssupevisio by a goup of forsenir studens he Departent Engneer Science at Trnty U

2、niversty The oective f teproec was to deveop a teratuecontrol ystem or an i-fill came. The systemwsto alow nr ofa sirdcmbr emperatuein a prescribd ngead to exht ovesoot andteady-tteeeature eror of lesshan dgreKevin i te ctualchametemeraturestep respone. dails f te dein developed byths grofstudnts, b

3、ase on a Morla M68HC05 il micocntroller， are dribd. The agogical vue ofth roblem is also discussed troug a descrition of some ofthe key te n the esignrocs.It i shwn thtte solutio requires broad knoeg drawn rm veral engiering diciplnes incluin lectria, mchnca， and ontl systemsengineering1 Introductio

4、ne desin rject hich i te sujc of ths pr oiinae from eal-wold aplicaton. A rotoy o micrsope lide yer hd ben dveoped arondOma oel -30 tmerure controler, and the ojev as develo acutoemerturecotrol system epce he Oga system The oiatiws at acuom contole taetedspcically o eapitinshould b able acheve thsae

5、 functionlitya auchloecost，as the Ome system s uessarily versatl an epped o hanl a wide varityof apicationsh echnical laou of th slie dryer rotpe sshon i Figur 1.h main eent o the dryer isa lre,iuled, air-flld hambe n whichmroscope slies， e th atssue smpensed iraf, ca b et o caddie. Inorer hatthe pa

6、raffi minain the proeronsisen， the tmperature inthe sldechmer must e maitnd tdesird (constant) temperatre Aseod hamr (te letrnis encsure) ouses a reisie eatendthe empert contrlle, adafnuntd nhe f the dryr blo ai across he heater, carryng eat no th sldchabeThi design rjecwas aie t durng acemc yr 199

7、by or uent under e auhor upervisionas aSeior Dei projecinhe Deprtment fEninering Science at Tinty Unersit. The urpose f this pp isto describthe problem an he studentssolutio isoe detail， an to dicusssome te pedagol oportuntes offdby ainriscipln deign prjet ofthstp. Th stdeso eor was prsnte ahe 199ti

8、nl onferc on Uneraduat Reseach .Sectio 2ive a more detaied sttemen ofeproblem, incuding perfranceseciiations, ad Sctio descrbes the student deign. ecion 4 makes up the buk of the per， and iscuses someeti veaaspes othe dsig pocss ch offer iqu pdaogicaloporities. Fialy， Section ffrs soe conclusions. P

9、rolmStatemetTe bscidea of the poject is o eacethe relvant pars of the fncioltyofn Oega CN-39 temeratuecontroler ung cutmdesignd sstem. hepaion dictsthat eperature ettings are ualkept constat fr longeios f time, buisnonethelesimpor tat step chan be racke in a “reasonble” anner. Ths he mai equrment bo

10、ildon t·lloi aamer tmperatr sepoint obenee,·displaying boh etpoint nd actul temperure, and·trackng st chags ne-pi tempraureth acceale risie， ta-stte error, and versht.ltougho expliily a artofth speciicaions in Table ， i was cea that the custome si digialdisla of set-oint an ctualtmpet

11、re, and thatst-inteperatue enry shouldbe igitalas well (as pposd t,y, thoga otentioeter etn).3 SysesgThe equirments fo digital mperatur isy and setpint e aloe ae enogh to dictetha miccontrolebaseddsgn slikly th mstapropiat.ige2 shows lockdiagrm o the student esign. Te microcorole， a MooolaMC68HC05B1

12、 （680 forshort), is hehearto te syste. It acetins rom ple for-keykeypd hic allw pcficatiofthe e-oi tperature, nd it dislays th set-pi andmased chame teertures usi two-diiteve-eet LDisaycontrl by a dispa drive. Al thse inpts and oututs aeaccomodae y palel ptson he 680. Cabertemperare issensd usin a r

13、-alirated tristr nd inu via nof the 80s nlog-to-diitl inuts. Finally, a puls-idthmoduaion (PWM) outp n the 680 is seto rve reay whch swtesline powerto t ressivheaer of ad onFire 3 shs a more detied shemic of te lectros and her ntrfacingth605 T kpad， a Som 3K04110, asfur keyswih are intfced topis PA0

14、PA3 ofPortA， onfigued as ins.One ey functons aa mode sith.Two es aesuprted： et modand runde. In et moetwo fthe ter ksre used to specif theetpintemrtu:one icemet it and nedecreetsh fort ke isuusea esent. The LED dipay edrivn by a Hais emouct M7212 isplyrivernteaced t ins PBPB6 f Port ，ongure as outpu

15、. Th tempetr-seni hrmior dives， ugh volage divd, pin AN0 (one of ihtanalog inputs）.nal, pin PMA （ono woWM outputs）dries the heate relay.Softwr o th 6805 mplemnt te temperure cotrolagtm, maintains te teauedisplays， a altrs he et-pon in resposeeypad input. Becauseitisnot copete at iswiting, ftware ill

16、 oe dicssed in detaiin hs per. he control algorithm i paticular st endetmied， but it iskel to b a impeproportional ontller andainly romplexthan a ID. Some otrol design issesil b iscussed in Secto4, however.4 The Dign ProcsAlthough ssentially he proect is jus bild athersta， i psents manynice pedaggal

17、 opprnis.h klede n epeien bof a ser enineering unerguate arjut nou tobrighim r hrto hbink f a sutin t arious asets of prolm. et,inch case， realwrd onideration coplcate thsitaton signifiantl.Fornately thse complicaions a not inurmountbl, and e result avery benefiial dsig experience Tremiderfthi scton

18、looat afew sec oh robem hih preent he typeof leanngpportuniy jutdecribed. Sectio4.1 discusses ome of th fatus of aimifiedmatheatial oel o thhema propetiesofte syst and ow i canbe asil validate exerimentally. Section4. dsrbes how realisc cont lgithmdegns an be arrived t uig itducry conets in ot desig

19、n. Sectio4.3 pointou sm imoantdeficencis of such aiplifie modeing/control desin rocessand how they cnbe ovecom troug silatio. inaly, Scti 4. gives n ovrview of o oftemicrcontrole-rlate esig suewhic arise an larin oportnitiesoffered.4. Mathemaicalodelumd-elemnt emalsstemsare dsribd n alostany introdu

20、ctorylir corolstems txt， anjust this sotf mol s applcb tthe slidedryer prolem.Figr 4 sws scnd-oder lume-elemen hrmal od o te lide dryer. estateaiabes ar thetemperatures T fheirin thband Tb of thebox itsef. The input to thsystemare the wer uut q(t） of t heater ad hambien temerature T¥m nd mb ar

21、the aesof thair adthe bo, especvely, ada and b hr pecf hat. 2 a at ransfercoficent from te ar to ebx d fromthe box to t exteralwol, resetvly.I nt hard to so at h （leizd) at eutionscorespondigto Figre 4 reTaking Lplae trasfom of (1） ad （2) d olvin foTa(s）,hiis thutut of eret, giveste folowing openloo

22、modelo th themly：here is a costant ad D(s)s a second-oder olynomilK, tz, andthe fficet o （s) are uctios f he vrosaraetersparng i (1)an (2).Of course theaious parametes i (1) an （) arecomplely unknow， butits othard o sowtht, gadle of her vlues, () as to eal zeros. Therefo th main tfe funtion o iteres

23、t (whic i he onefom(s), ince wl aumeconstantabient teperaue)an rittenMoreove,t n to ard to show ha 1=tp1<=tz<=tp2, .， hatth zero lie beten the w poes. o of these are excelle xeces forttudent,ndthereul s e oenloop pole-rodiarm of Figure.taniga cpete themal mdel, ten, is reducedt ientifyin te cn

24、tntK and the three unknw me contants in (3).Fu uknow paaetr i qu a few, but smp expeimetshotat =tp1 _ =tz；1=tott tz；tp _0 a garxmations. Thu t open-loop ysem is essenallyfirst-oerand an theefor e writte(whrete subsip p asee opped).iple opnlop stepespne eerimts show tht，fr a wie ranf inia eperaurs an

25、d het ns, K 0：_Wand t 295 s.14. ConroSyste Dsnsng the firstordermodel of ()for te ope-loptransferfunctoGa(s) ad ssuming for the momet tha linr conrol of the heate wotut q(t) is ossb,hebock igr o Fige 6 epresens the csed-lop ytm. Td(s） i te esired, oset-oin,temperue,C() is h mpensatortrae fuion， and

26、Q() is thehe ouput n atts.Gietis siple tuaton, itodutory linear contol desgn ouch as ro csmehca be used to arieata C(s) whh meets the e rpone rquments orise te, stadytate error, nd ovrsht specified in Tble Theuphot,of cor, isht aprootionl cntroller wit uffcient gain an meet alecfiationsOverhot is mp

27、osib, n incesing gains deresesbothseadyte err and risetim.fortaely， sufcient gain to meet the speiiatons ma euire larerhea outpus tateher is capale f poducig. This waneed te casefthis ystem， and he result i t he ris tie specifationcaob met It is uite revealig to huden how ufu such aovsimpled del, ar

28、efulyarrived a, can b in detriningovll rfrmance limittions.43 Simulin MolGross erformance an its lmitatonsan b determinedingthe impfi odl of Figre6, thee are a umberofther aspect of theclosedlopsyste whose efts n perfmane are tssipl modeled. Ciemonthes re·quntizaio err i anlogo-diita onvsio of

29、he mase teerture and· te ue of PWM t cnrol he heater.Bth of theseae nnlina andime-aryi efect, ad the ony prctica wa to suytem is tough siulaton (or exerimet,ocoue）.igur sows aSimulinkT ck diagram ofthe csed-lootem hich inorpras thesfets. A/D conre quntizatio an saturatin reoeled usin sanarmlink

30、 quizr nd atuto lock. odeli WM is more compicaed and reuiresa custo S-funtio o epresnt itTisilat o as prvnarticlarlyuseflngagigthe effts ofvaryn thebasi WM araeer nd enceselcing hem aropratel. (I.e, th longer theperio, thelargr theteeratu error PWM ntoduces. Ot other hand, a g pid deira oavod cessiv

31、erela “haer,” mn oter hing)PWM isoten difficl for sudents oap, and h siultion mel allows an explorat o it oerato and effects whic is uteealing.TeMiroontrollerSiplclose-oop cntrol, kpd reding, an disply cntrol ae omo h clasic appicati of microonrolls,and this projec icorporaes all th. I isherefore an

32、ecent all-aoudexrisein micrcontrollapplication.I adtion, bese he rjec s t rdcean acualacageptotye,it wont d use a simple evaluatin oad wit hI/ insjumpered to e tagt system.nsted， is cesry developaomlee embddplicatio.Thsenail h choiceo n approprie par romthe broa rne frd n typical microorller fmiy nd

33、 aing tou a fasophisticatedevelpmtenronmen. Fnaly, a custm pind-ciuit brd for the micrcontller ndpeiperalsmustbe dsine and fabicaed.Mocorller Slecton. I viewf xist cal exptse,th Motorola lieofirocontrollerswas chosen for thsprojec. till, this doe not narow he chice down much. A fairly disipn tdy o s

34、ystereuirments iscessaytospeif whic microcontrolr, out f scores of variant, is eqiedforheob. This is ifict fr stents,aste eraly ac theeerience and ituition neded awell th venceo wethrugh mnuacturers slecton gues.Part f th probemsn chooin methodsforiterfacing the various priprals (e.g.,wht kindof spd

35、rver should e ued?). sud of relevant Moorol ppicatinne ，3, prvevery hpfli udestndingwabacpoches reaailable， and wharocntroll/prpherl comitions should becoserdThMC68C70B6 w fnlchsenn the bsis oit avalableA/D nputs and WMoutu s wel s 24 digita /Olnes.n retroetthisis proab verkil, as ony one A/D nne,on

36、e PWM channe， nd11 IO pins re actualyrqurd (see Figure3). Te deision wa mde toerr on the safe sidbcausea complt devlomentsstemspifi techoeart ws necssry, an thepjecbuet dd not pei a sond suc ysteto b purhae shld th rstpove adequate.Mironroller Applion elopmet. radboardin of the erphral hrdwar,eelome

37、nt of microcontrollr oftare,ad nldebugginad estig fcustom pintedcircuitbord for te ontroll andperpheral allqire develomeneviromen of somekn.The choice of a deveopetevironmen, lithat of the mcrocontleriself, ca bewildingan uires sme faclteertse.Motola mkes threerae f delopnt envirnmntangin from simpl

38、e evauatio boars (ataoud 0) to ful-bl real-tiein-ircut emulator （at morlike500). Themidde optio as chen for thsprojec: h MEVS， hi consst of a latf boar (wicporsall 6-ail parts), _ a eator modul(cifc o B-seespars)， d _ a abead tret head adpter(acage-pifc). Overal, th syse costsabo $900 and provid， wi

39、h sm mitions, in-ircuitemlationcapbiliy.t so comes wththe iplbt uffcint stwareelomn evirnmnt RP Suesinearnin to use thistyeof systemchaegi， bu he expernethey gain iealwold crcontroller aplication development ray exceeds the tpcal fstcoure experience using smple evalation oardsrnte-Cicuit Board. Thel

40、ayu oa siple (hogh einitynotvl)rid-circui bard i anote pracial larnin oruty prnte by this rjec Thefna bordlou, with acgeolne,ishown(at0% o actuasze） in Figr 8. Th rltive smplicty he circuit makemuplemn ad roin pacticaln fac, t ikely givs bterrslts han utt i an appicatilik hind te sudent is therefre

41、expoed to fundamentalisues of prined-iut lyou an bic desin ruls The lyout sftwre sdwas the ery nce ckage cb,2andthe boar as fabrcedin-housewitthe id of r af eecrnis ehniin.中文翻译:单片机温度控制:一个跨学科的本科生工程设计项目amesSMDonald工程科学系三一大学德克萨斯州圣安东尼奥市7822摘要:本文所描述的是作者领导由四个三一大学高年级学生组成的团队进行的一个跨学科工程项目的设计。该项目的目标是设计一个气室内温度控

42、制系统。该系统的要求是:当实际气室的温度阶跃响应时,规定范围内的温度进入气室后，稳定时的温度误差和超调量必须少于一个绝对温度。本组学生开发设计是基于摩托罗拉C8H5系列单片机。该问题的教学价值也通过某些步骤的关键描述在本文说明。研究结果表明,解决该方案需要具有广泛的工程学科知识,包括相关电子、机械和控制系统工程的知识。1引言该设计项目来自一个实际应用问题，一个关于显微镜载玻片干燥剂温控器欧米茄CN390温度控制器，而这个设计的目标是研发一个自定义的通用温度控制系统取代欧米茄系统、一个以更低的成本实现相同功能的自定义控制器，就像欧米茄系统一样，并不需要能够全方位的处理各种问题。该载玻片干燥机的机

43、械布局如图1所示。干燥机的主体是一个足够大的绝缘充气室,里面依次存放着薄纸包着的石蜡。为了使石蜡保持适当稳定性，载玻片气室的温度必须维持稳定。第二个气筒（电子围绕元件)设有一个电阻加热器、一个温度控制器以及一个安装在干燥机上的风扇,是为了把风吹过加热器，把热量带到载玻片气室。图1-载玻片干燥机的机械布局 自196-97学年来,本文作者带领四位三一大学工程科学系的高年级学生开展此项目的研究。本文的目的说明了提出一些问题并详细阐述学生的一些解决方案,而且讨论了这种类型的跨学科设计项目在教学方面应用的问题。这份学生报告曾经在99年全国本科毕业生研讨会上提出过并讨论过。第2节给出该设计的更多详细情况，

44、包括性能规格。第3节具体 学生的设计。第4节是论文的主体，讨论该设计在教学应用方面的实施问题。最后,第5节全文总结。问题阐述该项目基本的思想是设计一个自定义温度控制系统来取代相关的欧米茄CN-3温度控制器。温度时通常保持在一个稳定的常数,但重要的是阶跃变化可以被“合理”的跟踪。因此主要要求如下:·可以对空气室的温度进行设定,·同时显示设定值和实际温度，·以及在设定温度值情况下,可接受范围内的跟踪阶跃变化，稳态误差，超调量。设定温度接口设定温度显示室内温度显示范围精度准确度6-91°±1°C室内温度阶梯响应范围(稳定状态)精度(稳定状态

45、）最大超调设定时间(到±°)0-9±1°C 1°C20s表1精确的规格说明尽管表1部分说明并不明确,但是它清楚的反映了人们对数字显示器在设定值和实际温度的要求和温度应该通过数值输入来设定（而不是,通过电位器设置）。3系统设计根据微控设计,数字温度显示和单点输入的要求可能是最合适的。图2为学生的设计框图。图2-2温度控制器硬件结构图摩托罗拉C68HC05B16（简称68），是系统的核心。它通过一个简单的4键小键盘对温度进行设定，同时使用两个显示驱动控制7段L数码管来显示定值和气室温度的测量值。所有这些，输入和输出信号与605的并行口相连。气室的温

46、度值使用预校准热敏电阻测量，并通过680的数模转换输入。最后，6085的脉冲宽度调制(PWM）输出用来驱动一个继电器,以控制线性电阻加热器的闭合和断开。图3更详细的显示了605的接口和电子器件。使用暴风3010型号四键键盘，通过PA0-PA3端口进行数据输入。其中一个重要的功能是进行模式切换。两种模式:固定模式和运行模式。在固定模式下,其他两个键用于设定温度,一个增加,一个减少,第四个按键暂无作用。LE显示屏由哈里斯半导体I722进行驱动，通过PB0-P6端口与芯片相连,作为输出。热敏电阻由电压分频器驱动,通过AN针脚(八个模拟输入端口中的一个)相连。最后，PLMA针脚（两个WM输出端口中的一个）驱动加热继电器。图2-3 单片机原理图图3单片机原理图是关于用软件实现温度控制算法、保持温度显示以及改变键盘输入响应，这将不会在本文详细讨论，因为这并不是本文的重点，也没有编译完成。软件部分还没有确定控制算法，但很可能是一个简单的比例控制,比PD算法简单。一些控制设计的问题将在第四节讨论。4 设计过程虽然该项目的本质是建立一个恒温器，但它有许多很好的契机可以供教学借鉴。高级工程本科教育的知识只