七大高频结构

1、七大高频结构英国著名作家、评论家和辞书编纂家Samuel Johnson说，“The joy of life is variety.”写 作也是如此。长句短句交杂，各种句式相揉，就能使文章变动流畅而不会流于阻滞单调。纵 观考研高分作文，它们似乎都对五大主力句型情有独钟：总会不失时机地在适当场合交替使 用强调结构、排比结构、平行结构、倒装结构、虚拟结构、无人称结构和比较结构。正是由 于这七大高频结构的交替使用才使得整篇文章一扫沉闷之气，轻松活泼之势跃然纸上。七大 结构各有所长：强调结构彰显思想、加强力度；排比结构形式整饬、音韵铿锵；平行结构并 行不悖、节奏相同；倒装结构形式突兀、凸显观点；虚拟结

2、构语气婉约、柔中带刚；无人称 结构注重尾重、严谨客观；比较结构变换灵活、使用频繁。强调结构强调结构是写作中运用较多的一种结构，它的一般结构是It is +被强调部分+that/who。如果被强调部分是指物，后面就用that引导；如果被强调部分是指人，后面 就用who或that引导。例如：例 1 As a matter of fact, it is parents7 excessive love and caring that deprives their kids of the freedom to be independent and to temper their will.例2 In a

3、n odd way, however,_it_is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal.例 3 Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes.that

4、 together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.例 4 And itis in the public schools that we find the full expression of societys understanding the knowledge, hopes, and fears that passed on to the next generation.例5 Perhaps it is humankinds long suffering at the me

5、rcy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the water to do our bidding so fascinating.例6 It is not simply to raise everyones job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens.倒装结构倒装结构形式多变，具有强调和修辞等作用。倒装结构分为两大类型：部分倒装结构和 全倒装结构。部分倒装结构是指将助动词或情态动词提前，放在句子主语

6、的前面；全倒装是 指将句子的主语和谓语完全调换位置，即把谓语放在主语之前。例如：例 1 Only in this way can we really solve the problem of air pollution caused by automobiles.例2 In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.例 3 Coupled with the

7、growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enables the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever possible before.例 4 Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geolo

8、gists as hot spots.例 5 And so it does-and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.例 6 Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reach a near stands

9、till.例7 Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too-and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterdays baby born” generations reached its childbearing years.例8 Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.例9 Nor, if regularity and conf

10、ormity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientists as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team.”例 10 There is no denying

11、that the Internet does bring us human beings a lot of conveniences, but its dark sides can not be neglectd either.例 11 There is no doubt that giving or taking bribes is still prevalent in our society and there is still a lot of work to do before it is thoroughly addressed.排比结构排比结构一般由三句或三句以上句式结构相同、字数

12、相等的句子组成，具有很强的气势。写作中适当运用排比结构，往往能收到很好的表现效果。排比结构尤其适用于论证说理和抒发感情。例如：例 1 Is it humane, for example,that a terminally ill patient is thus caused to feel guilty for remaining alive because he does not want to die? Is it wise that a patient is killed alive simply because of a mistaken terminal diagnosis? And

13、 is it possible that euthanasia could be taken advantage of for some ulterior or even criminal purposes?例 2 Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences.Do we think were shy and indecisive? Then our sense of tim

14、idity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think were slow to adapt to change or that were not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.例 3 Let us visualize if China tu

15、rned out hundreds of Yuan Longping, the father of Chinese hybrid rice, would we worry about the invasion of foreign agricultural products? If we were to set up our own legions of Bill Gates and make Sino-something Softs available to the world, should we fear a Windows monopoly? If we should we have

16、a multitude of negotiators, should we falter in the drawn-out bargaining? Again, if we initiated our own Bell Labs and R&D departments, might we flinch from a high-tech embargo? Surely, the answer is in the negative.例 4 Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at a

17、utomated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robo-drivers.平行结构平行结构是指一个句子中两个或两个以上词性相同、结构相同且字数相等的部分。写作 中适当使用平行结构往往能使句式表达整齐匀称，朗朗上口。写作中使用平行结构的例子比 比皆是：例 1 It can increase our contentment when we are cheerful and happy

18、, and lesson our pain when we are sad or lonely.例2 Its scientists were the worlds best, its workers the most skilled.例3 What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions, professional innovators see as solid possibilities.例4Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely

19、 to live inupscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and theyre less likelyto go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community.例5 Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, t

20、he majority of earnest people trying to get on in life.例6 Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen: and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced.

21、例7 The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of family is positively harmful.例8 Think of Gallileos 17 th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blakes harsh remarks against the mechanistic w

22、orldview of Issac Newton.例9 If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries: alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.例 10 In this process, the journey never really ends, there are

23、always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.例 11 We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the ne

24、rve.例 12 The workers who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.例 13 Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once

25、enjoyed: 12-hour working days, pressured deadlines, the fearful strain of office politics and the limitation of being a parent on “quality time”.虚拟结构虚拟结构是用表示与过去、现在或将来事实相反的一种假设。虚拟句的形式繁多，一搬 可分为(should)be型和were型。(should)be型虚拟结构一般用于表示命令、决定、建议等词 语之后的that分句或由if, though等引导的分句中；were型虚拟结构一般用于某些状语从 句或名词性从句中。例

26、如：例 1 If this approach were adopted, children would be strong enough to withstand any “storm” in their life.例 2 It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer.例 3 If its message were confined merely to information-and that in itself would bedifficult if not i

27、mpossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive-advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention.例 4 Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, for example, learned behavior that might have been correct a decade ago ma

28、y no longer be.例 5 What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be_thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar.例 6 That concept implies educational opportunity for all children-the right of each child to receive help in learnin

29、g to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great.例 7 If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine could be made less by good g

30、rades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy.例 8 And so it does-and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.例 9 When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected more Christian behavior.例 10 As personal injury

31、 claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldnt have changed anything.例 11 How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree?例 12 NBAC will ask that Clintons 90-day ban on

32、federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law.无人称结构无人称结构是指形式主语it引导的各种结构，具有客观严谨的表达特点。无人称结构一 般主要有三种形式：It is+过去分词+that结构，It is +adj. +that结构和It is +n.+that结构。1) It is+过去分词+that结构这种无人称结构很多，在作文中随处可见。常见的有：It is reported that.据报道It is hoped that.人们/人们希望It is men

33、tioned that.有人提至 UIt is learned that.据了解It is authoritatively learned that.据权威消息获悉/了解It is predicted that .据预测.It has been found that.有人/人们发现It is usually considered that.人们通常认为It is universally accepted that.人们通常认为It is generally recognized that.大家普遍承认的是It is established that.据规定It was noted above

34、that.根据以上所述It will be seen that.从此可以看出It will be seen from this that.从此可以看出It must be admitted that.必须承认的是It must be pointed out that.必须指出的是It may be safely said that.我们可以放心地说It has been illustrated that. 已经说明的是It has been proved that.必须指出的是It must be said without exaggeration that.可以毫不夸张地说It is all

35、eged that.据称It cannot be denied that.不可否认的是It is assumed that. 大家/人们认为It has been viewed that.大家/人们认为It is understood that .大家/人们认为It is believed that.大家/人们认为It is generally considered that.人们普遍认为It is claimed that.有人认为It is asserted that.可以断定的是It is hoped that.人们希望It is expected that.可以预料/期望的是It is

36、 pointed out that.必须指出的是It is estimated that.据估计It is recommended that.有人建议It is proposed that.有人建议It is stressed that.必须强调的是2) It is +adj. +that 结构这种无人称结构后面的that分句中需要使用(should)be型的虚拟结构。常用的结构有:It is important that.重要的是It is essential that.至关重要的是It is crucial that.十分关键的是It is vital that.重要的是It is cri

37、tical that.十分关键的是It is indispensable that.不可缺少的是It is necessary that.很有必要的是It is imperative that.必要的是It is appropriate that .正确的是； 是恰当的It is advisable that是合理的或明智的It is apparent that.明显的是； 显然It is clear that.显然It is evident that是不言而喻的It is strange that.奇怪的是It is likely that.可能It is possible that.可能I

38、t is preferable that.更可取的是It is desirable that.更可取的是；应该It is true that.说真的；诚然3） It is +n.+that 结构这种无人称结构虽没有以上两种那么多，但在写作也常常用到。常见的有：It is a pity that.遗憾的是It is a shame that.令人可耻的是It is （high/tall） time that.是时间到了；应该是时候了It is a coincidence that.凑巧的是It is a truism that.不言而喻的是6.比较结构比较结构在写作中运用之广令人惊叹。这里所说的

39、比较结构除了常规意义上的more.than或less. than之类的一般比较结构，还包括其他更为复杂的强调比较结构（主要 用来加强语气）和特殊比较结构。例如：例 1 Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of, （more than引导一般比较级，表示“比更”）例 2 By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, sice

40、by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way, （much more 引导强调比较级，表示“比更.得多”）例 3 The individual now has more information available than any genegration, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or heer specific problem is complica

41、ted, time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming, （more.than any.以比较级形式表示最高 级的含义，表示“比任何更.”）例 4 Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been poss

42、ible before, （more.than has ever been.以比较级形式表示最高级的含义，表示“比以往任何时候.都更.”）例 5 Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.（ nowhere /nothing is more.than以比较级形式表示最高级的含义，表示“没有比更.”）例 6 Few pastimes bring a family closer than gathering around

43、and listening to mother or father read stories, and discussing our problems, or playing games and having a family outing. （few things are more.than.以比较级形式表示最高级的含义，表示“没有 比 更”）例 7 As a result, Californias growth rate dropped during the 1970s , to 18.5 percent一little more than two thirds in the 1960s g

44、rowth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.（little more than表示“只是，仅仅，不过是”）例 8 Knowledge can no more be acquired without hard work than swimming can be learned without constant practice.（no more.than 表示“同一样不）例 9 He is not a poet any more than I am a scholarnot.any more than 表示“同

45、 一样不”） 例 10 Your explanation does not so much enlighten us _as confuse us.（not so much.as 表示“与 其.不如”或“不是.而是”）例 11 She is no less selfish than she used to be. （no less.than 表示“和一样”）例 12 His analysis of the poem is nothing like/near as /so penetrating as yoursX nothing like/near as/so.as表示“远远不象.那样”）例

46、13 Even if its true that the presidenfs announcement was nothing more than a bit of election-year candy, its getting some very serious attention from some very smart people.（nothing more than表示“只不过是，只是，仅仅是，无非是”）例 14 When Japanese scientists diagnosed a cow with bovine spongiform encephalopathy （BSE）

47、 in September 2001, it was nothing less than a national crisis. （nothing less than 表示“不亚于，简直 是，就是”）例 15 Hitlers mistakes gave Roosevelt the victory; just as at waterloo it was less Wellington who won than Napoleon who lost.（less.than 表示“与其说不如说或“不是而是）例 16 Their lives are no less empty than those of t

48、heir subordinates. （no less.than 表示 “和.一样”）例 17 One can tell the difference almost at a glance for a spider has eight legs and an insect never more than six. （never/ no/nothing more than表示“只是，仅仅，不过是）例 18 Although not yet finalized, the takeover has sparked fears, in South Korea that China might soon

49、 pose more of a threat than an opportunity /more.than 表示“不是 而是或“与其 说.不如说”或“不是.而是”）例 19 It is not easy to impart knowledge any more than it is to acquire knowledge. （not A anymore than B表示“既不是B,也不是A”或“A和B都不是”）例 20 If machines really thought as man do, there would be no more reason to fear them than t

50、ofear man. （no more A than B表示“不正如不”或“A和B 都不”）英译汉比较级California on the whole has a climate milder all the year round than that of any other places in the Continental United States.译文1与美国大陆其它地方相比，大体上加州全年气候更为温和。译文2大体上说，美国大陆哪个地方的全年气候也没有加州那么温和。译文3大体上说，在整个美国大陆上，加州的全年气候是最温和的。Even though the United States p

51、roduces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports large number of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there is a market for them in the United States.译文1尽管美国生产的汽车比其他国家要多，但它仍从德国、日本和瑞典大量 进口汽车，这主要是因为美国市场有这种需求。译文2尽管美国的汽车产量居世界首位，但它仍从德国、日本和瑞典进口大量 汽车，这主要是因为美国市场这一需求。It is

52、 well known that ice is not as dense as water and therefore floats.译文1众所周知，冰的密度没有水大，因而能否在水上。译文2众所周知，冰上密度比水小，因而能浮在水上。4 .He left the white house a wiser but sadder man.译文他离开白宫时比以前更睿智，但也更伤感。5. It would perhaps be more natural, as well as in better conformity with the will of God, if there were more cel

53、ibates and if those who were married had larger families.译文如果有更多的人不结婚，如果结婚的人子女再多些，这也许将更符合上 帝的旨意，符合自然之道。二.特殊比较级英语的比较句式除了用于表示常见的比较意义以外，还有一些特殊的用法值 得注意。American presidents tend to be judged less by the good deeds they set in motion than by how well they respond to crises.译文Hitlers mistake gave Roosevelt the victory; just as at Waterloo it was less Wellington who won than Napoleon who lost.译文Charles is more cautious than decisive.译文It is not advice as much as approval that he seeks.译文5.If you ask my opinion, Id say he is a man who is more brave than wise.译文三.比较级表示强调英语里将比较式用作强调的情况屡见不鲜，初学者常会混