2018年12月大学英语6级真题第三套

--PAGE1-2018年12月大学英语六级考试真题（第3套）PartI Writing (30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessayonhowtobalanceworkandleisure.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200words.PartII ListeningComprehension (30minutes)20181222PartIII ReadingComprehension (40minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.arerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.maynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions26to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.InprobablythecraziestheadlineI’veeverwritten,I’vereportedthat26inlivestockprotectionarehappeningwithscientistspaintingeyesonthebuttsofcows.Theexperimentisbasedupontheideathatfarmerswho’reprotectingtheirherdfromlionswouldshootandkilllionsinanefforttoprotecttheirlivestock.Whilethismakesalotofsense,itresultsinmanyliondeathsthat27wouldhavebeenunnecessary.ResearchersinAustraliahavebeen28andtestingamethodoftrickerytomakelionsthinktheyarebeingwatchedbythepaintedeyesoncowbutts.Thisideaisbasedontheprinciplethatlionsandother29arefarlesslikelytoattackwhentheyfeeltheyarebeingwatched.Asconservationareasbecomesmaller,lionsareincreasinglycomingintocontactwithhumanpopulations,whichareexpandingtothe30oftheseprotectedareas.Effortslikepaintingeyesoncowbuttsmayseemcrazyatfirst,buttheycouldmakeactualheadwayinthefightforconservation.“Ifthemethodworks,itcouldprovidefarmersinBotswana—and31—withalow-cost,sustainabletooltoprotecttheirlivestock,andawaytokeeplionssafefrombeingkilled.”Lionsare32埋伏sowhentheyfeeltheirpreyhas33them,theyusuallygiveuponthehunt.Researchersare34testingtheirideaonaselectherdofcattle.Theyhavepaintedhalfofthecowswitheyesandlefttheotherhalfasnormal.Throughsatellitetrackingofboththeherdandthelionsinthearea,theywillbeableto35iftheircalillrkohelpkeepfarmersfromshootinglions.A)advancesB)boundariesC)challengingD)currentlyE)determineF)devisingG)elsewhereA)advancesB)boundariesC)challengingD)currentlyE)determineF)devisingG)elsewhereH)neverthelessI）otherwisepredatorsL）retortedM）spottedN)testimoniesO）wrestleSectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.maychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.ResilienceIsAboutHowYouRecharge,NotHowYouEndureAsconstanttravelersandparentsofa2-year-old,wesometimesfantasizeabouthowmuchworkwecandowhenoneofusgetsonaplane,undistractedbyphones,friends,ormovies.racetogetallourgroundworkdone:packing,goingthroughsecuritydoingalast-minuteworkcall,callingeachotherthenboardingtheplaneThenwhenwetrytohavethatamazingworksessioninflight,wegetnothingdone.Evenworse,afterrefreshingouremailorreadingthesamestudiesoverandoverwearetooexhaustedwhenwelandtosoldieronwith（继续处理）theemailsthathaveinevitablystillpiledup.Whyshouldflyingdepleteus?justsittingtheredoingnothingWhycan’twebetoughermoreresilient（有复原力的）anddeterminedinourworksowecanaccomplishallofthegoalswesetforourselvesBasedonourcurrentresearch,wehavecometorealizethattheproblemisnotourhecticscheduleortheplanetravelitself;theproblemcomesfromamisconceptionofwhatitmeanstoberesilient,andtheresultingimpactofoverworking.oftentakeamilitaristic,“tough”approachtoresilienceanddeterminationlikeaMarinepullinghimselfthroughthemud,aboxergoingonemoreround,orafootballplayerpickinghimselfupoffthegroundforonemorebelievethatthelongerwetoughitout,thetougherweare,andthereforethemoresuccessfulwewillbe.However,thisentireconceptionisscientificallyinaccurate.Theverylackofarecoveryperiodisdramaticallyholdingbackourcollectiveabilitytoberesilientandsuccessful.Researchhasfoundthatthereisadirectcorrelationbetweenlackofrecoveryandincreasedincidenceofhealthandsafetyproblems.Andlackofrecovery—whetherbydisruptingsleepwiththoughtsofworkorhavingcontinuouscognitivearousalbywatchingourphones—iscostingourcompanies$62billionayearinlostproductivity.Andjustbecauseworkstops,itdoesn’tmeanwearerecovering.stop”worksometimesat5pm,butthenwespendthenightwrestlingwithsolutionstoworkproblems,talkingaboutourworkoverdinner,andfallingasleepthinkingabouthowmuchworkwe’lldotomorrowInastudyjustreleased,researchersfromNorwayfoundthat7.8%ofNorwegianshavebecomeworkaholics（工作狂）Thescientistsciteadefinitionof“workaholismasbeingoverlyconcernedaboutwork,drivenbyanuncontrollableworkmotivation,andinvestingsomuchtimeandeffortinworkthatitimpairsotherimportantlifeareas.”believethatthenumberofpeoplewhofitthatdefinitionincludesthemajorityofAmericanworkers,whichpromptedustobeginastudyofworkaholismintheU.S..Ourstudywillusealargecorporatedatasetfromamajormedicalcompanytoexaminehowtechnologyextendsourworkinghoursandthusinterfereswithnecessarycognitiverecovery,resultinginhugehealthcarecostsandturnovercostsforemployers.hesilienceisoftenbredfromanearlyageParentstryingtoteachtheirchildrenresiliencemightcelebrateahighschoolstudentstayingupuntil3amtofinishasciencefairproject.Whatadistortionofresilience!Aresilientchildisawell-restedone.Whenanexhaustedstudentgoestoschool,heriskshurtingeveryoneontheroadwithhisimpaireddriving;hedoesn’thavethecognitiveresourcestodowellonhisEnglishtest;hehaslowerself-controlwithhisfriends;andathome,heismoodywithhisparents.Overworkandexhaustionaretheoppositeofresilienceandthebadhabitsweacquirewhenwe’reyoungonlymagnifywhenwehittheworkforce.AsJimLoehrandSchwartzhavewritten,ifyouhavetoomuchtimeintheperformancezone,youneedmoretimeintherecoveryzone,otherwiseyouriskburnout.Gatheringyourresourcesto“tryhard”requiresburningenergyinordertoovercomeyourcurrentlylowarousallevel.Italsoworsensexhaustion.Thusthemoreimbalancedwebecomeduetooverworking,themorevaluethereisinactivitiesthatallowustoreturntoastateofbalance.Thevalueofarecoveryperiodrisesinproportiontotheamountofworkrequiredofus.Sohowdowerecoverandbuildresilience?Mostpeopleassumethatifyoustopdoingatasklikeansweringemailsorwritingapaper,yourbrainwillnaturallyrecover,sothatwhenyoustartagainlaterinthedayorthenextmorning,you’llhaveyourenergyback.Butsurelyeveryonereadingthishashadtimeswhenyoulieinbedforhours,unabletofallasleepbecauseyourbrainisthinkingaboutwork.Ifyoulieinbedforeighthours,youmayhaverested,butyoucanstillfeelexhaustedthenextbecauserestandrecoveryarenotthesamething.Ifyou’retryingtobuildresilienceatwork,youneedadequateinternalandexternalrecoveryperiods.AsresearchersZijlstra,CropleyandRydstedtwriteintheir2014paper:“Internalrecoveryreferstotheshorterperiodsofrelaxationthattakeplacewithintheframesoftheworkdayortheworksettingintheformofshortscheduledorunscheduledbreaks,byshiftingattentionorchangingtootherworktaskswhenthementalorphysicalresourcesrequiredfortheinitialtaskaretemporarilydepletedorexhausted.Externalrecoveryreferstoactionsthattakeplaceoutsideofwork—hefreetimebetweentheworkdays,andduringweekends,holidaysorvacations.”Ifafterworkyouliearoundonyourbedandgetirritatedbypoliticalcommentaryonyourphoneorgetstressedthinkingaboutdecisionsabouthowtorenovateyourhome,yourbrainhasnotreceivedabreakfromhighmentalarousalstates.Ourbrainsneedarestasmuchasourbodiesdo.Ifyoureallywanttobuildresilience,youcanstartbystrategicallystopping.Giveyourselftheresourcestobetoughbycreatinginternalandexternalrecoveryperiods.Blanksondescribeshowtostrategicallystopduringthedaybyusingtechnologytocontroloverworking.ShesuggestsdownloadingtheInstantorMomentappstoseehowmanytimesyouturnonyourphoneeachcanalsouseappslikeOfftimeorUnpluggedtocreatetechfreezonesbystrategicallyschedulingautomaticairplanemodes.Theaveragepersonturnsontheirphone150timeseveryIfeverydistractiontookonly1minute,thatwouldaccountfor2.5hoursaInaddition,youcantakeacognitivebreakevery90minutestochargeyourbatteries.tonothavelunchatyourdesk,butinsteadspendtimeoutsideorwithyourfriends—nottalkingaboutwork.allofyourpaidtimeoff,whichnotonlygivesyourecoveryperiods,butraisesyourproductivityandlikelihoodofpromotion.Asforus,we’vestartedusingourplanetimeasawork-freezone,andthustimetodipintotherecoveryphase.Theresultshavebeenfantastic.areusuallytiredalreadybythetimewegetonaplane,andthecrowdedspaceandunstableinternetconnectionmakeworkmorechallenging.insteadofswimmingupstream,werelax,sleep,watchmovies,orlistentomusic.Andwhenwegetofftheplane,insteadofbeingdepleted,wefeelrecoveredandreadytoreturntotheperformancezone.Ithasbeenfoundthatinadequaterecoveryoftenleadstopoorhealthandaccidents.Mentalrelaxationismuchneeded,justasphysicalrelaxationis.Adequaterestnotonlyhelpsonerecover,butalsoincreasesworkefficiency.Theauthoralwayshasahectictimebeforetakingaflight.Recoverymaynottakeplaceevenifoneseemstohavestoppedworking.Itisadvisedthattechnologybeusedtopreventpeoplefromoverworking.Contrarytopopularbelief,restdoesnotequalrecovery.Theauthorhascometoseethathisproblemresultsfromamisunderstandingofthemeaningofresilience.olsistrtdibutesilieceayhaedeeoedfromteirubrigig.Peopletendtothinkthemoredeterminedtheyare,thegreatertheirsuccesswillbe.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Childrenwithattentionproblemsinearlychildhoodwere40%lesslikelytograduatefromhighschool,saysanewstudyfromDukeUniversity.Thestudyincluded386kindergartenersfromschoolsintheFastTrackProject,amulti-siteclinicaltrialintheU.S.thatin1991begantrackinghowchildrendevelopedacrosstheirlives.Withthisstudy,researchersexaminedearlyacademicattentionandsocio-emotionalskillsandhoweachcontributedtoacademicsuccessintoyoungadulthood.Theyfoundthatearlyattentionskillswerethemostconsistentpredictorofacademicsuccess,andthatlikabilitybypeersalsohadamodesteffectonacademicperformance.Byfifthgrade,childrenwithearlyattentiondifficultieshadlowergradesandreadingachievementscoresthantheirpeers.Asfifth-graders,childrenwithearlyattentionproblemsobtainedaveragereadingscoresatleast3%lowerthantheircontemporaries’andgradesatleast8%lowerthanthoseoftheirpeers.ThiswasaftercontrollingforIQ,socio-economicstatusandacademicskillsatschoolentry.Althoughthesemaynotseemlikelargeeffects,theimpactofearlyattentionproblemscontinuedthroughoutthechildren’sacademiccareers.Lowerreadingachievementscoresandgradesinfifthgradecontributedtoreducedgradesinmiddleschoolandtherebycontributedtoa40%lowerhighschoolgraduationrate.“Thechildrenweidentifiedashavingattentiondifficultieswerenotdiagnosedwithattentiondeficithyperactivity注意力缺乏多动症althoughsomemayhavehadthedisorderOurfindingssuggestthatevenmoremodestattentiondeanofTrinityCollegeofArts&Sciences,whoseresearchhasfocusedonADHDandinterventionstoimproveacademicperformanceinchildrenwithattentiondifficulties.Socialacceptancebypeersinearlychildhoodalsopredictedgradesinfifthgrade.Childrennotaslikedbytheirfirst-gradepeershadslightlylowergradesinfifthgrade,whilethosewithhighersocialacceptancehadhighergrades.“Thisstudyshowstheimportanceofso-called‘non-cognitive’orsoftskillsincontributingtochildren’spositivepeerrelationships,which,inturn,contributetotheiracademicsuccess,”saidKennethDodge,directoroftheDukeCenterforChildandFamilyPolicy.Theresultshighlighttheneedtodevelopeffectiveearlyinterventionstohelpthosewithattentionproblemsstayontrackacademicallyandforeducatorstoencouragepositivepeerrelationships,theresearcherssaid.“We’relearningthatstudentsuccessrequiresamorecomprehensiveapproach,onethatincorporatesnotonlyacademicskillsbutalsosocial,self-regulatoryandattentionskills,”Dodgesaid.“Ifweneglectanyoftheseareas,thechild’sdevelopmentlags.Ifweattendtotheseareas,achild’ssuccessmayreinforceitselfwithpositivefeedbackloops.”WhatisthefocusofthenewstudyfromDukeUniversity?A)Thecontributorstochildren’searlyattention.Thepredictorsofchildren’sacademicsuccess.Thefactorsthataffectchildren’semotionalwell-being.Thedeterminantsofchildren’sdevelopmentofsocialskills.Howdidtheresearchersensurethattheirfindingsarevalid?Byattachingequalimportancetoallpossiblevariablesexamined.Bycollectingasmanytypicalsamplesaswerenecessary.BypreventingthemfrombeingaffectedbyfactorsnotunderByfocusingonthefamilybackgroundofthechildrenbeingstudied.WhatoernmdingsoftheDukestudy?Modeststudentsaregenerallymoreattentivethantheircontemporaries.Therearemorechildrenwithattentiondifficultiesthanpreviouslythought.C)Attentiondeficithyperactivitydisorderaccountsformostacademicfailures.D)Children’sacademicperformancemaysufferfromevenslightinattention.WhatdoestheDukestudyfindaboutchildrenbetteracceptedbypeers?A)Theydobetteracademically. B)Theyareeasytogetonwith.C)Theyareteachers’favorites. D)Theycarelessaboutgrades.WhatcanweconcludefromtheDukestudy?A)Children’ssuccessisrelatedtotheirlearningenvironment.B)Schoolcurriculumshouldcoveragreatervarietyofsubjects.Socialskillsareplayingakeyroleinchildren’sdevelopment.Anall-roundapproachshouldbeadoptedinschooleducation.PassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassageOnJan.9,2007,SteveJobsformallyannouncedApple’s“revolutionarymobilephone”—adevicethatcombinedthefunctionalityofaniPod,phoneandInternetcommunicationintoasingleunit,navigatedbytouch.Itwasahugemilestoneinthedevelopmentofsmartphones,whicharenowownedbyamajorityofAmericanadultsandareincreasinglycommonacrosstheglobe.Assmartphoneshavemultiplied,sohavequestionsabouttheirimpactonhowweliveandhowwework.Oftentheadvantagesofconvenient,mobiletechnologyarebothobviousandtakenforgranted,leavingmoresubtletopicsforconcerneddiscussion:Aresmartphonesdisturbingchildren’ssleep?Isaninabilitytogetawayfromworkhavinganegativeimpactonhealth?Andwhataretheimplicationsforprivacy?Buttoday,onthe10thanniversaryoftheiPhone,let’stakeamomenttoconsideralessobviousadvantage:thepotentialforsmartphonetechnologytorevolutionizebehavioralscience.That’sbecause,forthefirsttimeinhumanhistory,alargeproportionofthespeciesisincontinuouscontactwithtechnologythatcanrecordkeyfeaturesofanindividual’sbehaviorandenvironment.Researchershavealreadybeguntousesmartphonesinsocialscientificresearch,eithertoquerypeopleregularlyastheyengageintheirnormallivesortorecordactivityusingthedevice’sbuilt-insensors.Thesestudiesareconfirming,challengingandextendingwhat’sbeenfoundusingmoretraditionalapproaches,inwhichpeoplereporthowtheybehavedinreallifeorparticipateinrelativelyshortandartificiallaboratory-basedtasks.Suchstudiesarejustfirststeps.Asmoredataarecollectedandmethodsforanalysisimprove,researcherswillbeinabetterpositiontoidentifyhowdifferentexperiences,behaviorsandenvironmentsrelatetoeachotherandevolveovertime,withthepotentialtoimprovepeople’sproductivityandwellbeinginavarietyofdomains.Beyondrevealingpopulation-widepatterns,therightcombinationofdataandanalysiscanalsohelpindividualsidentifyuniquecharacteristicsoftheirownbehavior,includingconditionsthatcouldindicatetheneedforsomeformofintervention—suchasanunusualincreaseinbehaviorsthatsignalaperiodofdepression.Smartphone-baseddatacollectioncomesatanappropriatetimeintheevolutionofpsychologicalscience.Today,thefieldisintransition,movingawayfromafocusonlaboratorystudieswithundergraduateparticipantstowardsmorecomplex,real-worldsituati