山东省莱芜市高中英语Module3素材附件外研版必修5

附件I.课文注释与疑难解析Ithadhitarockandwashalfinandhalfoutofthewater.hit在此处意为“撞到”。有时也用于比喻意义。e.g.Theareausedtobehitbyflood.这个地区过去一向遭受水灾。Alotofshipswerejustoutsideoftheharbourwhenthehurricanehit.飓风袭来时，不少船还正在港外。和hit意思相近的词还有strike,knock,beat等。Hesoundsasifhe’sgoingtodieoffright.asif=asthough“好像”,后面跟句子dieof死于 表示死因，一般用diefrom或die。九其区别为：dieofillness(hearttrouble,cancer,afever,etc.)死于疾病(心脏病，癌症，发烧等)；若死因是由环境造成的(主要指事故等)，一般用from：diefromanearthquake(atrafficaccidentetc.)死于地震(交通事故等)；若死因是环境影响到体内，即两方面共有的原因，用of,from均可：dieof(from)adrink(awound,overwork,starvation,hungerandcold,etc.)死于饮酒(受伤，劳累过度，饥饿寒冷等)。在实际运用中，两者混用的情况较多。Oftenthelivesofwritersresemblethelivesofthecharacterstheycreate.resemble+n.相似，像；不可用于被动态和进行时。e.g.Heresembleshisfatherclosely.他和他的父亲一模一样。LikeHuck,MarkTwainledanadventurouslife.leada...life=livea...life过一种 生活e.g.Withtheimprovementofeconomy,peopleliveahappylife.随着经济生活的提高，人们过上了快乐的生活。Heleftschoolearly,andasanadolescent,determinedtomakehisfortuneinSouthAmerica,setofffromhishomeinHannibal,Missouri,forNewOrleans.leaveschool辍学makea/one'sfortune发财setoff出发；动身；启程determinetodo决心，决意(要 )e.g.Hefirmlydeterminedtoriseintheworldwhateverittook.他下定决心，无论如何要出人头地。HearrivedinNewOrleanswithoutapennyinhispocketonlytofindthattherewerenoboatsforSouthAmerica.(1)without+名词+介词短语这个复合结构在句中做状语。其类似的“with复合结构”在句中做方式状语。此结构主要表状态或说明背景情况，常做伴随，方式，原因，条件等状语。具体结构如下：with+名词+介词短语e.g.Hewasasleepwithhisheadonhisarm.Themancameinwithabookinhishand.(Themancamein,bookinhand.)with+名词+形容词e.g.Withtheweathersocloseandstuffy,itisgoingtorainpresently.Heusedtosleepwiththewindowsopen.with+名词+副词e.g.Thesquarelooksmorebeautifulthaneverwithallthelighton.with+名词+-ed分词（强调名词是-ed分词动作的承受者或动作已经发生）e.g.Withthisproblemsolved,theywenthomehappily.Alltheafternoonheworkedwiththedoorlocked.with+名词+-ing分词（强调名词是-ing分词的动作的发出者或某动作、状态正在进行）e.g.Iwon’tbeabletogoonholidaywithmymotherbeingill.Hefeltmoreuneasywiththewholeclassstaringathim.with+名词+todo（不定式动作尚未发生）e.g.Sointheafternoon,withnothingtodo,Iwentonaroundofthebookshops.Ican’tgooutwithallthesedishestowash.（2）onlyto表示出乎意料的结果e.g.Hetriedonlytofail.他试过，结果却失败了。7.TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinnissetintheUSAinthemid-19thcentury.setvt.为（故事等）构设背景；使（故事、剧情）以……为背景；布置（舞台等）set+名词+副词（常用被动语态）e.g.Thenovelissetin18thcenturyParis.那本小说以18世纪的巴黎为背景。II.语法知识动词的各种形式小结动词的一ing,—ed形式和动词的不定式在句子中充当除谓语以外的各种句子成分。我们把他们统称叫做非谓语动词。现就非谓语动词在句子中做宾语、宾语补足语与主语补足语、表语等成分来区分其用法和细微含义。一、动词不定式（一）作宾语有些及物动词常用动词不定式作宾语。这些动词有：like,want,wish,hate,prefer,hope,mange,try,offer,start,ask,forget,promise,pretend,intend,begin,attempt,decide,desire,agree,learn,choose,expert等等。如：（1）Don’tforgettobringyourdictionary.不要忘记把你的字典带来。（2）Hecan’taffordtobuyacar.他买不起小汽车。注意：有些动词后面跟有复合宾语时，常用it作形式宾语，而把作真实的宾语一一不定式放在宾语补足语之后。常见的这类动词有：find（发现），think（认为），consider（认为），feel（觉得），make（使得）等。如：（1）Thedustyairmakesitdifficulttogetaclearpictureofspace.大气中的尘埃使人难以获取太空清晰的图像。（2）HefounditimportanttostudythesituationinRussia.他觉得研究俄国的形势很重要。（二）作宾语补足语与主语补足语不定式可以和名词或代词构成复合结构，作动词的宾语，称为复合宾语，不定式作复合宾语中的宾语补足语。这可以分为三种情况。.带to的不定式作宾语补足语要求用这种结构的常见的动词有：advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,callon,consider,drive,encourage,expect,force,get,hate,invite,know,like,love,teach,oblige,order,persuade,permit,request,require,tell,want,warn,wish等。如：Thepatientwaswarnednottoeatoilyfoodaftertheoperation.病人被告之手术后不要吃油腻的食物。.不带to的不定式作宾语补足语要求用这种结构的动词有：make,let,have,hear,watch,notice,feel,see等。如：Theownersofslavesmadethemworkveryhardontheirfarms.奴隶主迫使他们在农场里卖力的劳动。注意：当上述动词在用于被动句时，原来省略了的动词不定式符号“to”要再重新加上。.在help后带to或不带to都可。Youmusthelpmedothecookingthisafternoon.今天下午你必须帮我做饭。Willyouhelpmeplantthistree,please?你愿意帮我种这棵树吗？当含有复合宾语的句子由主动语态变为被动语态时，原来的宾语补足语变为主语补足语。如：Whyispotatothoughttobeaveryusefulplant?为什么马铃薯被认为是一种非常有用的作物？Thisbookwasconsideredtobeanimportantsummaryoftheknowledgeoffarming.这本书被认为是农业知识方面很重要的一份总结。（三）作表语作表语的不定式往往说明主语的内容，这时主语通常是hope,idea,job,mistake,plan,suggestion,wish,work,aim,purpose,thing,business等。如：Tothedoctor,themostimportantthingistosavepeople’slives.对医生来说，最重要的是拯救生命。二、动词-ing形式（一）作宾语.有些动词只能跟—ing形式（短语）作宾语，不能跟不定式短语作宾语。这类动词常见的有：consider,dislike,delay,enjoy,escape,finish,cannothelp,imagine,keep（on）,mind,miss,practise,cannotstand,suggest等。Shecan'thelpcryingaftershelistenedtothesadstory.听了那忧伤的故事，她禁不住哭了起来。Isuggestedtryingitinadifferentway.我建议换一种方法试试。.—ing形式（短语）除了可以作动词的宾语外，还可以作介词宾语。如：Hestudiedwaysofkeepingseeds.他研究了种子的保存方法。Shewasveryinterestedinworkingforourcompany.她对为我们公司工作很感兴趣。注意：—ing形式与不定式作宾语时的区别。（二）作宾语补足语与主语补足语-ing形式短语也可以在感官动词（如see,watch,hear,notice,find,feel）后作宾语补足语，表示宾语的行为正在进行。WhenIenteredtheroom,IfoundhimwatchingTV.进屋时我看见他正在看电视。Ifeltthebusshakingterrible.我感到汽车摇晃的很厉害。2.当上述这样的句子由主动语态变为被动语态时，原来的宾语补足语就变为了主语补足语。如：Themissingboywaslastseenplayingneartheriver.丢失的小男孩最后一次被看到是在河边玩。注意：-ing形式与不定式作宾语补足语时的区别。不定式短语作宾语补足语时，表示动作已经发生，指事情的全部过程，已经结束；-ing形式短语作宾语补足语时则表示动作正在进行。试比较：Didyouseeanyonecomeoutoftheroom?你看见有人从房间里出来了吗？Iseesomeonecomingoutoftheroom.我看见有人正从房间里出来。（三）作表语-ing可以用来做表语。这时-ing形式多表示主语所有的特征，-ed形式多表示主语所处的状态。用作表语的-ing形式，-ed形式几乎已经变成了形容词，可有比较形式，也可以被very修饰，表示“很”或“非常”的概念。这样的词常用的有：amusing,charming,disappointing,exciting,interesting,astonishing,encouraging,convincing,pressing,surprising,confusing,excited,amused,disappointed,interested,astonished,encouraged,convinced,confused,surprised,amazed,exhausted,worriedsatisfied等等。如：Thenewsisencouraging.这消息很令人鼓舞。Sheisencouragedverymuch.她深受鼓舞。Theresultisalittledisappointing.结果有点令人失望。Helookedverydisappointed.他显得很失望。三、动词-ed形式作宾语补足语在某些动词如hear,see,make，find,keep等后可用-ed作宾补，表示一个被动的已经完成的动作。Whenhewokeup,hefoundhimselftiedonatree.当他醒来时，发现自己被绑在一棵树上。文化背景知识AboutTheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinnTheprimarythemeofthenovelistheconflictbetweencivilizationand“naturallife”.Huckrepresentsnaturallifethroughhisfreedomofspirit,hisuncivilizedways,andhisdesiretoescapefromcivilization.Heisbroughtupwithoutanyrulesandhasastrongresistancetoanythingthatmight“civilize”him.ThisconflictisintroducedinthefirstchapterthroughtheeffortsoftheWidowDouglas:ShetriestoforceHucktowearnewclothes,giveupsmoking,andtolearntheBible.Throughoutthenovel,Twainseemstosuggestthattheuncivilizedwayoflifeisbetter;hedrawsontheideasofJeanJacquesRousseauinhisbeliefthatcivilizationcorruptsratherthanimproveshumanbeings.Thethemeofhonorisonethatpermeatesthenovel.ItisfirstintroducedinthesecondchapterwithrespecttoTomSawye’rsband:Tombelievesthatthereisagreatdealofhonorassociatedwithbeingrobbers.Thisthemecanbetracedthroughouttherestofthebook.HuckandJimencounterrobbersontheshipwreckedboatandlatertheyareforcedtoputupwiththeKingandtheDauphin,bothofwhom“rob”everyonetheymeet.Tom’srobberbandisalsoparalleledbythefactthatTomandHuckbothbecomeliteralrobbersattheendofthenovel.TheybothresolvetostealJimoutofslavery,andintheprocesstheyacthonorably.Thushonor,andactinginawaytoearnhonor,becomesacentralthemethatHuckwillhavetodealwith.Thethemeoffoodisonethatoccursinmanypartsofthenovel.ItisbasedonthefactthatHuckgrewupfightingforfoodwithpigs,eatingoutof“abarrelofoddsandends.”Thus,wheneverthereismentionoffood,itisasignthatHuckhassomeonetotakecareofhim.Forexample,inthefirstchapteritistheWidowDouglaswhofeedsHuck.LatersheisreplacedbyJim,whotakescareofHuckonJackson’sIsland.FoodisagainmentionedwhenHuckliveswiththeGrangerfordsandtheWilks.Anothertheme,andprobablyoneofTwain’sfavorites,isthemockeryofreligion.Twaintendedtoattackorganizedreligionateveryopportunity,andthesarcasticcharacterofHuckFinnisperfectlysituatedtoallowhimtodoso.Theattackonreligioncanalreadybeseeninthefirstchapter,whenHuckindicatesthathellsoundslikealotmorefunthanheaven.Thiswillcontinuethroughoutthenovel,withoneprominentsceneoccurringwhenthe“King”convincesareligiouscommunitytogivehimmoneysohecan“convert”hispiratefriends.SuperstitionisathemethatbothHuckandJimbringupseveraltimes.Althoughbothofthesecharacterstendtobequiterational,theyquicklybecomeirrationalwhenanythingremotelysuperstitioushappenstothem.Theroleofsuperstitionistwo-fold:itshowsthatHuckandJimarechild-likeinspiteoftheirotherwiseextremelymaturecharacters.Second,itservestoforeshadowtheplotatseveralkeyjunctions.Forexample,spillingsaltleadstoPareturningforHuck,andlaterJimgetsbittenbyarattlesnakeafterHucktouchesasnakeskinwithhishands.SlaveryformsoneofthemainthemesthathasbeenfrequentlydebatedsinceHuckFinnwasfirstpublished.Twainhimselfwasvehementlyanti-slavery;HuckleberryFinncaninmanywaysbeseenasanallegoryforwhyslaveryiswrong.TwainusesJim,aslavewhoisoneofthemaincharacters,asawayofshowingthehumansideofaslave.EverythingaboutJimispresentedthroughemotions:JimrunsawaybecauseMissWatsonwasgoingtosellhimSouthandseparatehimfromhisfamily;Jimistryingtobecomefreesohecanbuyhisfamil’ysfreedom;JimtakescareofHuckandprotectshimontheirjourneydownriverinaverymaterialisticmanner.Thus,Twain’spurposeistomakethereaderfeelsympathyforJimandoutrageagainstthesocietythatwouldharmhim.However,atthesametimethatTwainisattackingslavery,healsopushestheissueintothebackgroundformostofthenovel.Thus,HuckandJimneverdebateslaveryitself.Eventheotherslavesinthenovelarenoticeablyminorcharacters.OnlyattheveryenddoesTwaincreatethecentralconflictconcerningslavery:ShouldHuckfreeJimfromslaveryandthereforebecondemnedtogotohell?Thismomentislife-alteringforHuckbecauseitforceshimtorejecteverythingthat“civilization”hastaughthim;hemakesthedecisiontofreeJimbasedsolelyonhisownexperiencesandnotbasedonthewhathehasbeentaughtfrombooks.Thethemeofmoneyisthreadedthroughthenovelandisusedtohighlightthedisparitybetweentherichandthepoor.TwainpurposelybeginsthenovelbypointingoutthatHuckhasoversixthousanddollarstohisname;thissumofmoneydwarfsalltheothersumsandmakesthemseeminconsequentialbycontrast.ItisalsowithinthiscontextthatHuckisabletoshowsucharelaxedattitudetowardswealth.Havingsomuchmoney,hedoesnotviewmoneyasanecessity.Inaddition,Huck’supbringingonthelandhasmadehimindependentenoughthatheviewsmoneyasaluxury.Huck’sviewsonmoneyaremeanttocontrastwithJim’sviews.Jimseesmoneyasequivalenttofreedom;withmoneyhecanbuyhisfreedomandthatofhisfamily.Moneyalsowouldallowhimtolivelikeawhiteperson,thusraisinghisstatusinthesociety.Thus,throughoutthenovelJimconstantlytriestogetmoneywhereasHucktakesanapatheticattitudetowardsthesubject.MajorbooksbyMarkTwainTheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty(1867)TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCountywasfirstpublishedintheNovember18,1865,editionofTheNewYorkSaturdayPressunderthetitleJimSmileyandHisJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty,issetinagold-miningcampinCalaverasCounty,California,andhasitsoriginsinthefolkloreoftheGoldRushera.ItwasoneofTwain’searliestwritings,andhelpedestablishhisreputationasahumorist.Heeventuallyincludeditasthetitlestoryinhisfirstcollectionoftales.TheAdventuresofTomSawyer(1876)(FromthePreface)Mostoftheadventuresrecordedinthisbookreallyoccurred;oneortwowereexperiencesofmyown,therestthoseofboyswhowereschoolmatesofmine.HuckFinnisdrawnfromlife;TomSawyeralso,butnotfromanindividual—heisacombinationofthecharacteristicsofthreeboyswhomIknew,andthereforebelongstothecompositeorderofarchitecture.Theoddsuperstitionstoucheduponwereallprevalentamongchildrenandslavesinthewestattheperiodofthisstory—thatistosay,thirtyorfortyyearsago.Althoughmybookisintendedmainlyfortheentertainmentofboysandgirls,Ihopeitwillnotbeshunnedbymenandwomenonthataccount,forpartofmyplanhasbeentotrytopleasantlyremindadultsofwhattheyoncewerethemselves,andofhowtheyfeltandthoughtandtalkeda,ndwhatqueerenterprisestheysometimesengagedin.ThePrinceandPauper(1881)EdwardTudorandTomCantyaretheageandsharethesamefeaturesonlyoneofthemisapauper’schildandtheotheristheheirtothethroneofEngland.Whenchancebringstheboystogether,theydecideforfuntoswitchclothes,butfatesuddenlycaststhemintoeachother’sworlds.Tomlearnswhatistobecaughtinthepompandfollyoftheroyalcourtandtheyoungprincelearnswhatitistosurviveinthelowerdepthsof16thcenturyEnglishsociety.ThroughtheswitchidentitiesMarkTwainhasfashionedbothascathingattackonsocialhypocrisyandinjustice,andanirresistiblecomedyimbuedwiththesenseofspiritedplaythatbelongstothiscreativeperiod.ThedelightfulfableofThePrinceandthePauperhasdelightedreadersyoungandoldforover100years.AdventuresofHuckleberryFinn(884)MarkTwain’sclassicnovel,AdventuresofHuckleberryFinn,tellsthestoryofateenagemisfitwhofindshimfloatingonaraftdowntheMississippiRiverwithanescapingslave,Jim.Inthecourseoftheirperilousjourney,HuckandJimmeetwithadventure,