2018高考化学方程式汇总

一、非金属单质.......................................................................................3低价态的还原性...........................................................................7氧化性...........................................................................................7与水的作用...................................................................................8与酸性物质的作用.......................................................................8六、含氧酸...............................................................................................8氧化性...........................................................................................8还原性...........................................................................................8酸性...............................................................................................9不稳定性.......................................................................................9七、碱.......................................................................................................9(1)氧化性...........................................................................................3(2)还原性...........................................................................................3(3)歧化...............................................................................................4二、金属单质...........................................................................................4(1)还原性...........................................................................................4三、非金属氢化物...................................................................................5(1)还原性...........................................................................................5(2)酸性...............................................................................................6(3)碱性...............................................................................................6(4)不稳定性.......................................................................................6四、非金属氧化物...................................................................................6(1)低价态的还原性...........................................................................6(2)氧化性...........................................................................................7(3)与水的作用...................................................................................7(4)与碱性物质的作用.......................................................................7五、金属氧化物.......................................................................................71△O2、O、N、22222△2HSF+H＝)222F＝)△△222＝)24＝)2＝222F＝)△22S＝)222△35S223△△23催化剂3N2322高温高压△N2322＝N＝N22323△2P2432＝22＝2222*＝2223＝浓＝HO2232422＝稀＝O22322＝HN＝)2222422O22222POPO)425O＝F、)234232223△325OP浓＝O2232433422*浓242322＝*244233424)↑22)22↑2△2、、△O)222O222)△2222△粗24O222)△2纯＝↑4222△322粉22＝42△2)＝22↑22322＝22)＝↑222O2224＝O＝2322＝O222222＝O23242O2342＝2＝↑222＝↑244222△42223222O)23*＝O、、H、H)222322232O23△浓2O222OO2323△2O22OO＝O23234222*O＝O△227322O＝23222＝↑＝O322222)↑O242432222＝O△222浓))HOH浓＝O242432222422、CH、)稀O243232稀)OO333224244242↑*O)O222222724243242＝*HO23222224△△22O322＝N△322＝N32245)O3222△H22催化剂△O322O↑222催化剂△O＝↑322222△22HSH*＝2242↑2222＝O△24223)222222224H↑)222H＝H2222224H＝H232322224H＝＝H2222224H)*2323223H＝2222＝O322222)和)223222)34)△33432＝)324424△3223432)2)催化剂△O2226O2232＝O和)22222*＝K＝433232O2223242)O22232*O322232O2232+2＝)2232K)2222323HCH△2652653*O22232△*O22232＝H)2223↑＝H2232323224＝2233↑NO2322523PO冷＝2523PO热＝25234O△25243*PO浓＝2524343＝H＝)O222333322O＝O＝)232423222+)＝24232432、O2223H＝和O制和244324223)↑O＝O)424222322)27O＝↑△2222OO、3422234＝)4△22浓↑OO＝↑242222222O＝O;浓O222222422O＝HOH浓)浓222222243稀＝O)浓)O2244222424322＝)△22浓O24422△2324H浓O＝242222223＝O△22H浓OO＝24222222232OOH稀＝↑222424222442＝4＝O32322＝O△2442浓OO)O322223242432O*浓HO2332422O＝*浓＝HO232233422＝O6HNO+Fe＝Fe(NO)+3NO↑+3HO2233322OO4HNO+Fe＝Fe(NO)+NO↑+2HO2332333230HNO+8Fe＝8Fe(NO)+3NO↑+15HO△33322O浓)O3423236HNO+10Fe＝10Fe(NO)+3N↑+18HO3332230HNO+8Fe＝8Fe(NO)+3NHNO9HO3+33342(2)还原性*HSO+X+H＝HSO+2HX(X表示Cl、Br、I)3224232224222*＝2HSO+O＝2HSOHSO+HO＝HSO+HO33232242322242*＝5HSO+2KMnO＝2MnSO+KSO+2HSO+3HO3234424242＝HHSO+2FeCl+H＝HSO+2FeCl+2HCl232423322428O(3)酸性22＝OHSO(浓)+CaF＝CaSO+2HF↑24242O△22HSO(浓)+NaClNaHSO+HCl↑O244222Al(OH)强热33HSO(浓)+2NaClNaSO+2HClO2424322△△OHSO(浓)+NaNONaHSO+HNO↑(微热)43224343＝O3HSO(浓)+Ca(PO)＝3CaSO+2HPO24342434242322HSO(浓)+Ca(PO)＝2CaSO+Ca(HPO)243424242343HNO+AgPO＝HPO+3AgNO3343432HNO+CaCO＝Ca(NO)+HO+CO↑△333222233O2(用HNO和浓HSO不能制备H、、、(SO)32422等还原性气体)△OO4HPO+Ca(PO)＝3Ca(HPO)(重钙)23234342242HPO(浓)+NaBr＝NaHPO+HBr△3424OOHPO(浓)+NaI＝NaHPO+HI2323424(4)不稳定性△2O22HClO＝2HCl+O见光或受热分解)24HNO＝4NO↑+O+2H见光或受热分解)3222HSO＝HO+SOHCO＝HO+CO23222322H＝HO2＝442323322＝)＝322)＝)2223243424)33O＝↓2232322＝23322O222232O＝O23229△43K↑＝2422223稀O△2332↑稀＝O2233242△232243)↑2322·H＝△23224↑·H3232233234·H＝3323433↑23424↑22424＝H、+＝+O2434233322C+O＝↓+↑32243234＝)2332+＝+322424223＝+＝+323323＝+)322↑、++HO＝333222323↑+++↑33322)＝↑+＝++↑2243232232＝↓、++O＝+H+2323322224+H＝↓+2244SOO)+＝)↓+O22324242224223422、+＝+4322232+HO＝+↑43322222＝、+＝+HO3222+＝+HO△2)↑+HO＝+322222310、+＝33、FeO+6H+2I＝2Fe+I+3HO+―2+22332322+O34、Al+3HCO＝Al(OH)↓+3CO↑3+―3222332+＝+35、2H+[Ag(NH)]＝Ag+2NH++++323232436、HS+OH＝S+HO――2―催化剂△2、+3+O2237、AsO3―+2I―+2H＝AsO3―+I+HO+4322、+O＝++O38、CrO+6Fe+14H＝2Cr+6Fe+7HO2++3+3+2―3232227215、AsO+6Zn+12HCl＝2AsH↑+6ZnCl+3HO39、2I+Cl＝2Cl+I――2332222I++O＝++16、3AsS+28HNO+4HO＝6HAsO+9HSO+28NO↑4―+23323424222+＝↓17、NaSO+SO+HO＝2NaHSO2322344、++＝I+↑+O――+△2222NaHSO3NaSO+SO↑+HOI++HO＝++34+―232222、++＝++18、PO+2NaOH＝2NaPO+HO――253222、+O+＝+O+↑PO+6NaOH＝2NaPO+3HO―4+253322222、++＝19、3NaS+AsS＝2NaAsS――225343++ONaS+SnS＝NaSnS4―22232、++＝20、(CN)+2HS→――2224)↓+O+21、(SCN)+2NaOH＝NaSCN+NaSCNO+HO4223422、++＝++O22、HCl+KOH＝KCl+HO+―322+＝2HI+PbO＝PbI+HO―22、+O＝++H↑23、P固)+5O(气)＝PO(固)+4QkJ+―4241022+＝↓24、固)+O气)＝SO(气)+296kJ―222+O+O＝25、2H气)+O气)＝2H液)+511.9kJ2222223、SO+＝++HO26、CH液)+3O(气)＝2CO+3H液)+2Q+262222322、)＝=K++27、4Al(固)+3O气)＝2AlO(固)+3349.3kJ+422342、＝+28、3Fe+NO+4H＝3Fe+NO↑+2HO+―2+―+3+3244、＝+29、2S+SO+6H＝3S↓+3HO+―2―2―+3244-＝↑30、SiO+2NH＝HSiO↓+2NH+2―342332+＝H↑31、3HO+2CrO+2OH＝2CrO+4HO――2―222422对-＝O+O↑32、Al+2SO+2Ba+4OH＝3+2―2+―4422+＝2BaSO↓+AlO+2HO―42211–＝O+O+＝+―(2)加成反应222–＝O+O+＝++＝HO――222–＝O+HO+＝+―22乙烯还可以和氢气、氯化氢、水等发生加成反应。CH=CH+HCHCH2NaCl+2HO2NaOH+H↑+Cl↑22222233CH=CH+HClCHCHCl（一氯乙烷）2232CH=CH+HOCHCH（乙醇）222322NO+O=2NO(3)聚合反应：222HO2HO+O↑3、苯的主要化学性质2222有机化学反应方程式：点燃（）氧化反应（）取代反应2CH+15O12CO+6HO1、甲烷的主要化学性质66222点燃(1)氧化反应(2)取代反应CH(g)+2O(g)CO(g)+2HO(l)4222FeBr3①+Br2+HBr②苯与硝酸（用H