九年级英语语法-动词(定义、分类、时态、形式)

9thGradeEnglishGrammar-Verbs(Definition,Classification,Tense,Form)CATALOGUE目录VerbOverviewClassificationofverbsVerbtenseVerbalformVerbphrasesandfixedsettlementsSkillsforusingverbsinsenses01VerbOverviewAverbisawordthatexpressesanaction,occurrence,orstateofbeingItisthepartofspeechthatdescribeswhatsomeoneorsomethingdoes,whathappens,orwhatisDefinitionVerbsareessentialinformingthepredicateofapresence,whichexpressestheactionorstateofthesubjectTheycanalsoexpressvariousaspectssuchasduration,frequency,orcompletionofanactionFunctionDefinitionandFunctionThepositionofverbsinapresenceIntrinsicVerbs:TheseVerbsexpressanactionthatdoesnotrequireadirectobjectTheycompletetheirmeanswithintheverbitselfForexample,"Shefailed."Here,"failed"isaninvasiveverbasitdoesnotrequireanobjecttocompleteitsmeaningTransitionalVerbs:TheseVerbsexpressanactionthatrequiresadirectobjecttocompleteitsmeaningForexample,"Heatetheapple."Inthissense,"ate"isatransitionalverbasitrequiresanobject,"theapple,"tocompleteitsmeaningLinkingVerbs:TheseVerbsconnectthesubjectofapresencetoacompletionthatfurtherdescribesthesubjectForexample,"Shelookshappy."Here,"looks"isalinkingverbconnectingthesubject"she"tothecomplete"happy,"whichdescribesherstateAustralianVerbs:Theseverbshelpthemainverbtoexpressthetense,mood,orvoiceofthesentimentTheyaddadditionalinformationabouttheactionorstateexpressedbythemainverbForexample,in"Shehaseatentheapple,""has"isanauxiliaryverbhelpingthemainverb"eaten"toexpressthepresentperfecttense02ClassificationofverbsDefinition01Actionverbs,alsoknownasdynamicverbs,expressphysicalormentalactionsExamples02run,jump,think,feelUsage03TheyareoftenusedinthesimplepresentationorsimplepasttensetodescribeactionsthatarehappeningorhavehappenedActionverbLinkingverbs,alsocalledcopulas,connectthesubjectofapresencetoacompletionthatdescribesoridentifiesthesubjectDefinitionbe,see,appear,comeExamplesTheydonotexpressactionbutratherastateofbeingorarelationshipbetweenthesubjectandthecompletionUsageLinkingverbs03UsageTheyhelptoformverbphrasessuchas"haveeaten,""isrunning,"or"didstudy."01DefinitionAuxiliaryverbs,orhelpingverbs,areusedtogetherwithmainverbstoexpresstheverb'stense,mood,orvoice02Exampleshave,be,do,willAuxiliaryverbsDefinitionModalverbsareusedtoexpressmodality,whichreferstothespeaker'sidentityoropinionabouttheactionorstatedescribedbythemainverbExamplescan,could,may,right,must,shall,should,will,wouldUsageTheyareoftenusedtoexpresslikelihood,probability,necessity,permission,opposition,orfutureModalverbs03VerbtenseThepresentsimpletenseisusedtotalkaboutactionsthathappenregularlyorhabitually,aswellasgeneraltruthsorfactsDefinitionThebasicformofthepresentsimpletenseisthebaseformoftheverb(e.g.,"Ieat,""heplays")FormItiscommonlyusedineverydayconversationandwritingtodescriberoutineactions,suchas"Igotoschooleveryday"or"Shealwayswearsasmile."UsePresentsimpletenseSimplepasttenseItisusedtorentpasteventsortalkaboutpastexperiences,suchas"Yesterday,Iwanttothemovies"or"Shevisitedhergrandparentslastweek."UseThesimplepasttenseisusedtotalkaboutactionsthathappenedataspecifictimeinthepastDefinitionThebasicformofthesimplepasttenseisthepastparticleoftheverb,commonlyendingin"-ed"(e.g.,"Iate,""heplayed")FormFuturedefineFormThebasicformofthefuturedefinetenseis"will+baseformoftheverb"(e.g.,"Iwilleat,""hewillplay")DefinitionThefuturedefinetenseisusedtotalkaboutactionsthatwillhappeninthefuture,buttheexacttimeisnotspecifiedUseItisusedtoexpressfutureplans,predictions,orintentions,suchas"Iwillstudyforthetesttomorrow"or"Theywillprobablydrivelate."DefinitionThepresentcontinuoustenseisusedtotalkaboutactionsthatarehappeningnoworthatareinprogressFormThebasicformofthepresentcontinuoustenseis"tobe+-ingformoftheverb"(e.g.,"Iameating,""heisplaying")UseItisusedtodescribeactionsthatarecurrentlyongoing,suchas"Iamstudyingformyexam"or"Theyareplayingsoccerinthepark."PresentcontinuoustenseDefinitionThepastcontinuoustenseisusedtotalkaboutactionsthatwerehappeningataspecifictimeinthepastandwereinprogressFormThebasicformofthepastcontinuoustenseis"was/were+-ingformoftheverb"(e.g.,"Iwaseating,""hewasplaying")UseItisusedtorentpasteventsthatwereinterruptedortodescribebackgroundactions,suchas"WhileIwasstudying,myfriendcalledme"or"Theywereplayingwhenthetrainstarted."PastcontinuoustenseDefinitionThepresentperfecttenseisusedtotalkaboutactionsthatstartedinthepastandhavecontinueduptothepresenttimeoractionsthathaverecentlybeencompletedFormThebasicformofthepresentperfecttenseis"have/has+pastparticleoftheverb"(e.g.,"Ihaveeaten,""hehasplayed")UseItisusedtoexpressexperiencesorachievementsthatarestillrelevantinthepresentation,suchas"Ihavestudiedforthreehourstoday"or"TheyhavevisitedEuropetwice."Presentperfecttense010203DefinitionThepastperfecttenseisusedtotalkaboutactionsthatwerecompletedbeforeanotheractioninthepastFormThebasicformofthepastperfecttenseis"had+pastparticleoftheverb"(e.g.,"Ihadeaten,""hehadplayed")UseItisusedtoshowtheorderofpasteventsortoexpresssecretsorwishfulthinking,suchas"Ihadfinishedmyhomebeforedinner"or"IwishIhadknowledgeaboutthepartyspeaker."Pastperfecttense04VerbalformPrototypeThebasicformofaverb,alsoknownastheinfinitiveform,whichendsin"-ing"formostverbsForexample,"walk"istheprototypeformoftheverbThirdPersonSingularFormsVerbsinthethirdpersonsingulartakean"-s"or"-es"endinginthepresenttenseForexample,"hewalks"or"shegoes."PrototypeandThirdPersonSingularFormsPasttenseandpastparticleformPastTenseVerbsinthepasttensetypicallyendin"-ed"orhaveavowelchangeForexample,"walked"or"wet."PastArticleFormThepastarticleisusedwithhave/has/had+pastarticletoformperfecttenseItusuallyendsin"-ed"or"-en."Forexample,"havewalked"or"hasgone."PresentArticleForm:Thepresentarticle,alsoknownasthe-ingform,isusedtoformprogressivetensionsandasanobjectiveItendsin"-ing"andisformedbyadding-ingtotheverb'sbaseform.Forexample,"walking"or"going."Presentparticleform05VerbphrasesandfixedsettlementsExamplesandusageofcommonverbphrasesToHave:OneofthemostcommonverbphrasesinEnglishis"tohave."Itcanbeusedtoexpressownership("Ihaveacar"),session("Shehasredhair"),orrelationship("Theyhaveagoodmarriage")ToDo:Thisverbphraseisextremelyversatileandcanbeusedtoexpressawiderangeofactionsorstates,suchas"todohomework,""todothedishes,"or"todowellinschool."ToGo:"Togo"isoftenusedtotalkaboutmovementortravel,asin"I'mgoingtothestore"or"Theywentonvacation."Itcanalsobeusedinthecontextofleavingorexiting,asin"It'stimetogo."ToGet:Thisverbphraseisusedtoexpressacquisition,receipt,orattachment,asin"Igotanewjob"or"ShegotanAonthetest."Itcanalsobeusedinthesenseofcomingorreachingacertainstate,asin"Hegotanangle."ExamplesandusageoffixedcombinationsVerb+Advanced:SomeverbsareoftenfollowedbyspecificadvertisementsthatmodifytheirmeaningForexample,"tolookup"meanstosearchforinformation,while"tolookdown"meanstoviewsomethingfromahigherpositionOthercommoncombinationsinclude"tobreakdown"(tostopworkingorfunctioning)and"totakeoff"(toremoveorpart)Verb+Preparation:VerbscanalsobefollowedbypreparationstoformfixedcombinationswithspecificmeansForexample,"todependon"meanstorelyonsomethingorsomeone,while"toapologizefor"meanstoexpressregisterforsomethingOthercommoncombinationsinclude"todreamof"(toimageoraimtosomething)and"tocompressabout"(toexpressdissatisfactionwithsomething)Verb+Object+Preparation:Insomecases,averbmayrequirebothanobjectandapreparationtoformacompletemeaningForexample,"tousesomeoneofsomething"meanstochargesomeonewithacrimeorfaultOtherexamplesinclude"toremindsomeoneofsomething"(tocausesomeonetoremembersomething)and"toconditionsomeoneofsomethin