格列佛游记中的讽刺艺术的研究

thehideousbestialityofhumanbeingsrepresentedbyYahu.Swiftalsouseddungtostronglymockpeople.Inhisworks,humanbeingsareregardedastheillusionofYahu,whoiscoveredwithdungmorethanallotheranimals,andYahurepresentsthenaturalcoreofhumananimalnature.Furthermore,theHouys'extremerationality,whichisbasedonastricthierarchy,isalsoaninhumanexistence.Withoutlove,therelationshipisonlyforthecontinuationoftherace;alackofreverenceforlife.InthecountryoftheHouyhnms,theHouyhnmsdonotlearntrickeryandhypocrisy.Onthecontrary,theylearnindustriousnessandfraternity,whichformsastrongcontrastwiththeBritishsociety.GulliverfinallyrealizedthecorruptionanddepravityoftheBritishsociety. ChapterFourTheAllusionsofSatiricalArtinRealityAnallusioncanbedefinedasanindirectorsubtleobservationofanobjectorperson.Itiscriticalordisparaginginnature.ThereisnodoubtthatmanysatiricalthingsandcharactersinGulliver'sTravelshaverealisticconnotations.4.1TheAllusionofGreedinRealityGreedisthedesiretoacquiremoney,materialpossessions,orphysicalsatisfactionfarbeyondone'sownneeds.Greedyindividualsareoftenseenasharmfultosocietybecausetheirmotivesoftenignorethewelfareofothers.However,greedgraduallybecameacceptedinWesternculture,asthedesiretoacquirewealthwasconsideredanimportantpartofcapitalism.InGulliver'sTravels,inSwift'seyes,YahuofTheCountryofTheHouyhnhnmsisugly,greedyandmoney-loving.Meanwhile,theauthoroftenusesthedescriptionofdungtosetoffhisdislikeforYahu.The18thcenturywastheheydayofthefoppery'spleasure.TheBritishupperclassheldvariousbanquetsandballs.Thetheatre,thegamblingtable,thehabitofdrinking,thedisputesovermoney,thetricksoflove,theintriguesofseductionandtheduelscausedbythemoccupiedthedaysandnightsofthearistocracy.Inthe18thcentury,thesexualmoralityoftheBritishupperclasswasprominent,suchaskeepingmistresses,adulteryandvisitingprostitutes,whichalsoinducedofficialcorruptionandledtothedeclineoftheprestigeofthegovernment.Withtheirspecialstatusandvariousresources,theupperclassnaturallybecomesthetargetofthosewhoseekprofits.Whethertheyarematchmakersfortheromanticaffairsoftheupperclass,orthosewhoofferthemselves,theyallhopetoobtainvariousinterestssuchastitlesandwealth.Someoftheupperclassusetheirresourcesasbargainingchipstoexchangeforsexualhappinessoutsideofmarriagelife.Thisisdirectlyreflectedinthesocialreality,whichisthesocialphenomenonthatsomecapitalclassesinBritainatthattimeconstantlytookriskstocommitcrimesinordertoobtainmorehigheconomicbenefitsinthefuture,andoppressedtheelderlyandthecommonpeople,andmadeprofoundtheoreticalcriticismontheillegalcrimeandevilideologyofusingmoney.4.2TheAllusionoftheStruggleForPowerinRealityInGulliver'sTravels,thepeopleofLilliputformedtwofactionsoverwhethertheywouldbreakthebigendorthesmallendfirstbyeatingeggs:theBigTeamandtheSmallTeam.Thetwofactionsfoughtmanywarsoverdifferentideas.Theemergenceofthetwofactionsisdestinedtoexistanddisappear,whichalludestothestrugglebetweentheToriesandtheWhigsintheEnglishperiod.AtthebeginningoftheHanoveriandynasty,GeorgeI,becausetheTorieshadinterferedwithhissuccessiontothethrone,andbecausehehadbeenintroublewiththeremnantsofJamesII'sparty,wantedtoputtheWhigsinfavoroftheTories.TheWhigpartynaturallybecamethegoverningparty.TheblowtotheTorieswasalmostfatal.TheToriesdeclineddramaticallyinthelate1740sand1750s,fromwhichtheybecamedisorganizedandnolongeractiveinpolitics.ThedeclineoftheTorypartywastheriseoftheWhigParty.CoupledwithGeorgeIandGeorgeII'sneglectoftheEnglishgovernment,theWhigPartywasabletoflourish,sothattheperiodfrom1714to1783hasbeencalledbysomehistorianstheageofWhigoligarchy.ThedevelopmentprocessoftheWhigPartyandtheTorypartyseemedtobechaotic,buttheyproducedgoodinstitutionsconducivetothedevelopmentofthecountryandsociety,andmadeBritainanempireonwhichthesunneversets.InLilliputiansitisthewayofficialsareelectedthatistrulyridiculous.Thekingselectedofficialsaccordingtowhocoulddancebestonthejumprope,andonlythosewhowerewaitingforimportantpositionsinthecourtandwantedtobefavoredbythekingwereeligibletoenterthecompetition.Ordinarypeoplehadnochancetowinofficeatall.Thisishowtheycompeteforpower.Britainwasinaperiodofstruggleamongvarioussectsandpowercompetingamongvariouspartiesarisingfromthetransitionoftherulingclass.Intheprocessofpowerseizing,eachsectandpartyputtheirowninterestsfirst,ratherthanthesurvivalofthecommonpeopleortherulesandregulationsthatarereallyhelpfultosocialdevelopment.Theyaresimplybasingtheirinterestsonthesufferingofordinarypeople.Therefore,whenreaderswatchthework,theycanseethatthepoliticalinstitutionsofLilliputobviouslyinvolvethepoliticalstrugglesbetweensectsandparties,aswellasthearrogantbehaviorofLilliputtryingtodominatetheworld.AllthesereflectthepoliticalstrugglesofBritainatthattime.4.3TheAllusionofViolentRuleinRealityTheruleofviolenceexistsinalltimesandinallperiods.InGulliver'sTravels,therulerofLaputahastworulingmethods:oneistostaytheflyingislandoverthecitywherethepeoplelive,deprivingthemoftherighttogetsunshineandrain;theotheristothrowthestonesontheflyingislanddownward,smashingthecitywherethepeoplelive.ThiskindofviolentrulewascommoninSwift'senvironment.TheconflictbetweenBritainanditscolonieswasalsogrowing.Astheweakandmarginalside,theAmericanscouldnotfindamechanismtoprotecttheirownparticularityintheemergingimperialsystem,whiletheBritishgovernment,asthestrongandcentral,couldnotunderstandtheworriesandtroublesofthecoloniesforvariousreasons.ThesupremacyandlegislativepoweroftheBritishParliamentthroughoutthecolonieswasseenbymostpeopleinEnglandasthekeytothemaintenanceoftheempire.IfBritainallowedthecoloniestogovernthemselvesinthewaytheyweregoverned,andallowedthelocalparliamentstohavepowerslikethenationalparliaments,thentheywouldnecessarilyhaveeveryqualificationofsovereignty,andthusindependencefromGreatBritain.ThepeoplehadamiserablelifeundertheBritishrulers.TherulerofLuputaisareferencetotheBritishruler,makingthepeoplemiserable.ChapterFiveConclusionGulliver'sTravelsisafantasytravelnovelonthesurface,butitisactuallyasatiricalrealitynovel.SwiftsatirizesthedecadenceandabsurditiesoftheBritishrulingclasswiththehelpofwhatGulliversawandheardinLilliput.Therulerslaunchaggressivewarsandcausecrimestothecolonialpeople.WiththehelpofGulliver'sexperienceintheBrobdingnag,theauthorexposesandcriticizesthehypocrisyofrulersandofficialdom,theuglypartystruggleoftherulingclassforpoliticalinterests,andsatirizestherulersandbourgeoisiewhodoeverythingforinterests.WhatGulliversawinLaputatosatirizethedecayofBritishscienceandacademicsystem;Gulliver'sexperienceandfeelingsinthecountryoftheHouyhnhnmswereusedtoexpresshisyearningandpursuitoftheidealsocietyandhisdesiretorestorethegoodnessandpurityofhumannature.Gulliver'sTravelsnotonlyhasaprofoundideologicalconnotation,butalsohasarelativelyperfectartform.TherearemanyaspectsofSwift'sartisticskillsthatwecanlearnfromandlearnfrom.SwiftusedfictionalplotsandfantasytechniquestodepictthesocialrealityofBritainatthattime.Atthesametime,healsocreatedacolorful,fairy-talefantasyworldbasedontherealityofEnglandatthattime.Swift'sfantasyworldisbasedonreality,andthecontradictionsofrealityaremoreconcentratedandprominentinthefantasyworld.Everythingisarrangedinasensibleandflawlessway,givingtheworkasenseofartistictruththatissocontagiousthatsatirecanbehighlyeffective.Inshort,inGulliver'sTravels,SwiftusedalargenumberofironictechniquestocriticizeandsatirizethedarksocietyandpoliticalcorruptioninBritaininthe18thcentury,writingthefatuous,decadentandoppressivepeopleoftherulers,theirstruggleforpoliticalinterests,andthecrimestheycommittedtoseizecolonialwealthandresources.Furthermore,itexpressesthevoiceofoppressedpeopleandleadsreadersintoahumoroussatiricalliteraryworld.Notes①InEngland,knightswereofhumbleorigin,andtheirnameswereoftenlistedalongsideserfsinthebookofrightsofthearistocracy,asaccessoriestochurches,manors,millsandwoodlands.②InEurope,theslavetradesupportedalargenumberofpeople.Forexample,ManchesterinEnglanddevelopedbymakingclothesforslaves.Manycapitalistcountriesmadehugeprofitsbybuyingandsellingslaves.Bibliography[1]AnnaLeszkiewicz.Successionandthedarkartofsatire[J].NewStatesman,2021(1）:30-33.[2]Abrams,M.H.AGlossaryofLiteraryTerms[M].BeijingPekingUniversityPress,(2009):134-136.[3]Baldick,C.TheOxfordConciseDictionaryofLiteraryTerms[M].Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignEducationPress,(2004):169-178.[4]JacobEnemona,ONOJA.AnAssessmentofSatiricalArtForms[M].NetworkandComplexSystems,2015(32):41-45.[5]JiachenLIN,ChangbaoLI.TraslationandReceptionofJonathanSwift’sGulliver’sTravelsinChina[J].StudiesinLiteratur