新编英语教程复习资料

ANewEnglishCourse(Book6)UnitOneTextITwoWordstoAvoid,TwotoRememberArthurGordonI.Pre-readingBrainstorming:1.Makeaguessofthetwowordstheauthoradvisesthereadertoavoidandthetwowordstoremember.Theanswerstotheprecedingquestionare“nexttime”and“ifonly”.Whichtwodoyouthinkarethewordstoavoidandwhichtwotoremember?Giveyourreasonsforyouranswer.II.Comprehension:MainIdea:Inthepresentnarration,byrelatinghismeetingwithhispsychiatristfriend“theOldMan”,thewriteraimsatdemonstratingthepowerofpositivethinking.Duetohisfailuretocompleteanimportantproject,thewriterwasfrustratedanddepressed.Theoldmanadvisedhimtoshiftthefocus,tosubstitute“nexttime”whichisforwardandpositivefor“ifonly”whichisbackwardandnegativesoastogetoutofthedepressedstateofmind.OrganizationandDevelopment(paras1-3)Introduction:presentingthebackgroundinformationofthisnarration——thetimeandplaceofthemeeting,therelationshipbetweenthewriterandtheoldman.(paras4-31)Thewriter’smeetingwiththeOldManandtheadvicegivenbytheOldManonhowtogetridofdepression.(paras32-33)Conclusion:whatthewriterlearnsfromtheOldMan:wheneverIfindmyselfthinking“ifonly”,Ichangeitto“nexttime”.ComprehensionQuestions:Howweretheauthorandtheoldmanrelated?Theoldmanwasaneminentpsychiatristandtheauthorwasaclientofhis.Accordingtotheauthor,howmuchdidthesessionwithhispsychiatristfriendthatafternoonmeantohim?Tohim,thesessionwasjustlike“aflashofinsightthatleaveshimachangedperson——notonlychanged,butchangedforthebetter.”Whydidtheoldmanlettheauthorlistentothethreespeakersonthetape?Thetreespeakersonthetapewereallunhappy,andthetwowordstheyallusedfrequentlyinwhattheysaidwere“inonly”.Whattheoldmanwantedtopointouttotheauthorwasthattokeepsaying“ifonly”wouldnotchangeanything;onthecontrary,itonlykeptthepersonfacingthewrongway——backwardinsteadofforward.Thusitdidmoreharmthangoodtothepersonwhokeptsayingthem.Whatdidtheoldmanadvisetheauthortodotogetoutofhisdepressedstateofmind?Shiftthefocus:substitute“nexttime”for“ifonly”.Inwhatwayarethetwophrases“ifonly”and“nexttime”different?Theypointtoentirelydifferentmentaldirections:oneisbackwardandnegative,andtheotherforwardandpositive.Whatdoyouthinkisthetoneofthepassage?Instructiveandinspirational.DifficultSentencesforParaphrasingorTranslation1)Themostinspiringandgratifyingfactoflifeistheunexpectedsparkofenlightenmentthatmakesyoudifferentandabetterpersonthanbefore.(ll.1-2)2)Atlasthewalkedoverfromtheothersideofthestreet,wrappedinhisold-fashionedovercoat,hisbaldheadcoveredbyashapelessfelthat.Helookedlikeadwarfisholdmanfullofenergyratherthanawell-knownpsychiatrist.(ll.11-13)3)Thenextspeakeronthetapewasawomanwhohadremainedsinglebecauseshethoughtshewasobligedtotakecareofhermotherwhowasawidow.Shestillrememberedandtoldothersmiserablyaboutallthechancesofmarriageshehadmissed.(ll.39-40)4)Eventually,ifyouformahabitofsaying“ifonly”.Thephrasecanreallyturntoanobstruction,providingyouwithanexcuseforgivinguptryinganythingatall.(ll.58-59)5).…youarealwaysthinkingofthepast,regrettingandlamenting.Youdidnotlookforwardtowhatyoucandointhefutureatall.(ll.65-66)6)TheOldMansaidtometrickily,usingthephrase“ifonly”onpurpose,“Ifonlywe’dgotheretensecondsearlier,we’dhavecaughtthecab.”Ilaughedandunderstoodwhathemeant.SoIfollowedhisadviceandsaid,“NexttimeI’llrunfaster.”(ll91-93)TextIITheRomanceofWordsWilfredFunkandNormanLewisI.Pre-readingBrainstorming:1.Whatromancedowordshave?2.Makeaguessatthesubjectmatterofthepassage.II.Comprehension:1.MainIdeas:Inthepresentexposition,byusinganalogiesandvariousexamples,thewritersexplaintheoriginsofwords,wordsfamiliesandwordsmeaningsofthelanguageinordertoshowthedynamicnatureofwords,inthehopeofcallingthereaderstopaymoreattentiontowords,whichtheytendtotakeforgranted.2.OrganizationandDevelopment:A.(paras1-2)Introduction:purposeofwriting.B.(paras3-19)Explanationof:=1\*romani.thetootofaword——theoriginsofwords(para3-11)=2\*romanii.thebranchesofourlanguage——thewordfamilies(para12-15)=3\*romaniii.theleavesofourlanguage——thewordsthemselvesandthewordmeanings(para16-19)C.(paras20-21)Conclusion:echoingthebeginningparagraphsinthewritingpurpose.ComprehensionQuestions:1)Whatisthewriters’purposeofwriting?Whereintheessayisitfirstmadeclear?Isitechoedsomewhereelse?Thewriters’purposeofwritingistocalluponthereaderstopaymoreattentiontowords,whichtheytendtotakeforgranted.Thisismadeclearattheverybeginningofthearticlebythesentence“Fromnowonwewantyoutolookatwordsintently,tobeinordinatelycuriousaboutthemandtoexaminethemsyllablebysyllable,letterbyletter.”Thisisechoedbythesentenceinthelastparagraph:“Fromthistimeon,asweenterourwordstudies,trytobecomeself-consciousaboutwords.”2)Toshowthedynamicnatureofwords,thewritershaveusedtwoanalogies.Whatarethey?Whichonedotheyconcentrateon?Thetwoanalogiesthewritershavemadeare“humanbeings”and“livingtrees”.Butinthearticletheyconcentrateontheanalogyof“livingtrees.”3)Whereintheessaycanyoufindthewriters’explanationsoftherootofaword,thebranches,andtheleavesofourlanguagerespectively?Theirexplanationscanbefoundinparas.6,12,and16respectively:Thestoryoftherootofawordisthestoryofitsorigin.Thebranchesofourlanguagetreearethosemanygroupsofwordsthathavegrownoutfromoneoriginalroot.Theleavesofthislanguagetreewouldbethewordsthemselvesandtheirmeanings.4)Whatistherootofaword?Givefiveexamplesoftherootsofwordswithexplanations.Therootofawordreferstotheoriginoftheword.Examples:=1\*romani.etymology—thestudyoforiginsofwords;thetrueknowledgeofwords.Roots:Greekwordetymon(true)andGreekendinglogia(knowledge).=2\*romanii.calculate—findoutanamountbyusingnumbers.Root:Latinwordcalculus(pebble).InRomantimes,pebblesinthehodometerinavehicleforhirewerecountedattheendofatriptocalculatethebillorfare.=3\*romaniii.surplus—excess;morethanwhatisneeded.Roots:Frenchsur(over)andFrenchplus(more).=4\*romaniv.supercilious—haughty.Root:Latinsupercilium(eyebrowthathasjustbeenraised).=5\*romanv.companion—mate,friend.Roots:Latincum(with)andLatinpanis(bread),i.e.,onewhoeatsbreadwithyou.=6\*romanvi.broker—apersonwhosellsandbuysstocksandbonds.Root:MiddleEnglishbrocour,abroacher(onewhoopensacasktodrawoffthewineorliquor).5)Giveexamplesofyourown,showingthechangesinwordmeanings:AquotationfromQuirk(1963):“…Changeofmeaningisacommonplace,andindeeditwouldappeartobefundamentalinlivinglanguage.……almosteverywordweusetodayhasaslightlydifferentmeaningfromtheoneithadacenturyago:andacenturyagoithadaslightlydifferentmeaningfromtheoneithadacenturybeforethat.”Examples:AdmirationinShakespeare’sdaymeantastonishment;toseasonmeant“tomoderate”.So,whenHaratiosaystoHamlet,“Seasonyouradmirationforawhile……”,heisnottellingHamlet“toincreasehisrespect(thecurrentmeaningofadmiration)forsomething”,but“tomoderatehisastonishment.”WhenJuliettellsRomeo,“Iamtoofond,”sheisnotclaimingshelikesRomeotoomuch.Shemeans“Iamtoofoolish.”PencilisfromaLatinwordmeaning“alittletail”or“afinebrush,”likeourChinese“pen”（毛笔）.Later,whenitwasmadeofwoodandgraphite,itwasstillcalleda“pencil”.PapercomesfromtheGreeknameofaplant,thepapyrus,thatgrowsinEgyptandfromwhichtheEgyptiansmadetheirpaper.Nowpaperismadefromalargenumberofothermaterials,butthewordpaperhadcontinuedinuse.Feedbackoriginallyusedasinelectronics,meaning“response”incommonuse,asin“Theteacherlikestohavefeedbackfromhisstudents.”Anabundanceofexamplescanbefoundinpopularweblanguage,suchas恐龙、粉丝、美眉、烘培鸡、偶稀饭,etc.UnitTwoTEXTITheFineArtofPuttingThingsOffMichaelDemarestI)Pre-readingBrainstorming:Doyouoftenputthingsoffornot?Why?Howcan“puttingthingsoff”beafineart?Comprehension:MainIdea:Throughdepictingpopularityofprocrastinationinnearlyallthefields,thewriterwantedtoprovethat“delaycanofteninspireandreviveacreativesoul”and“toputoffmakingdecisionisitselfadecision”andthereforeitcanbeafineandusefulart.PurposeofwritingandTone:Inhalfseriousandhalf-jokingmannerandhumoroustone,Demarestexpresseshisviewonprocrastinationthatwhileinsomecasesitisirrationalandencumberingtodelay,itisjustifiedandfruitful.3)OrganizationandDevelopment:Introduction:(P1-2)Theworldisprobablydividedbetweendelayersanddo-it-nowers;Body:(1)(P3-7)Delayisnotwithoutitsadvantages:itcanofteninspireandreviveacreativesoul;Conclusion:(P8-9)Explanationandconclusionofprocrastination;ORGANIZATIONANDDEVELOPMENTTheuseoftheword"yet"atthebeginningofpara.3indicatesthatinthisparagraphthereaderwillfindsomethingcontrarytowhathehasreadaboutintheprecedingone.(Para.2illustratesthetroubleprocrastinationmayincurwhilepara.3tellsthereaderthatdelaycanofteninspireandreviveacreativesoul.)Atthebeginningofpara.4,theword"cunctator"isrepeated,itsfirstoccurrencebeinginpara.1.Para.5beginswiththeparodyoftheproverb"Wherethereisawill,thereisaway".Theword"will"intheparodyrepeatstheword"will"inthelastsentenceofpara.4."Hispoint"atthebeginningofpara.6referstowhatManderbachsaysintheprecedingparagraphs.Theuseoftheword"also"inthefirstsentenceofpara.7referstoasimilarsituationmentionedpreviously.4)ComprehensionQuestions:l.Inwhatsenseistheword“art”usedinthetitle?method,skill2.HowdoesDemarestbeginhisessay?Isitaneffectivebeginning?HebeginswiththefamoussayingofChesterfield'sandinstancesofnon-complianceofsomehistoricallywell-knownfigures.Yes.Thiseffectivelyremindspeoplethatprocrastinationisnotunderallcircumstancesanon-recommendablepractice:sometimespeopledohaveagoodreasontowaitbeforetheytakeaction.3.WhydoesDemarestrefertovisittothebarber,thedentist,andthedoctoras“Faustianencounters”(para.2)?"Faustianencounters"refertoFaust'sencounterswiththedevilMephistopheles.Naturallytheyareundesirable.Mostpeopleareunwillingtovisitbarbers,doctors,anddentists.4.Howdoyouunderstandtheword“blessedly”usedinpara.?Itmeans"fortunately".ThenatteringTelexwouldhavefacilitatedthesupplyofweaponsanddispatchoftroops,deprivingtheproconsuloftheexcusetodelayaction.5.ExplainDemarest’sdistortionoftheproverb“wherethereisnowill,thereisaway”atthebeginningofpara.5.Theauthorisplaying/punningontheword"will".Therepetitionofthewordservesasacohesivetiebetweenthetwoparagraphs.Butmindthatthewordisusedindifferentsensesinthetwoinstances.Intheprecedingparagraph,"will"meansastatementinwritingsayinghowsomeonewisheshispropertytobedistributedafterhisdeath.Inthedistortedversionoftheoldsaying,theword"will"isusedinthesenseof"volition".Thusitmeans"Evenwhenthereisnowilltoprocrastinate,thereisawaytodoso."Hegoesontoillustratehispointbygivingexamples.1)pun双关;2)parody诙谐模仿6.Howdoyouexplaintheparenthesis(at50-plusanhour)inp.8?Thisisahumoroustouch.Thisreferstowhatthepsychologists(moreexactlypsychiatristsorpsychoanalysts)chargetheirclientsfortheconsultations.Thisexplainswhytheyalwaysdelaycuringtheirpatients.7.ThinkofoneortwoexamplestoillustratewhatDr.Greensonsays“Allfrightenedpeoplewillthenavoidthemomentoftruthentirely,orevadeorpostponeituntilthelastpossiblemoment.”Forexample,apersonwhohasabadtoothtendstodelayhisvisittothedentistuntilthepainbecomesintolerable.8.WhilethepointsDemarestmakesabouthissubjectmatterareserious,thetoneofhiswritingisamixtureoftheseriousandhumorous.Identifyhisshiftintonefromonetotheother.Whilethestatementatthebeginningofpara.3"delaycanofteninspireandreviveacreativesoul"isaseriousone,thefollowingillustrationsdonotsoundtobeso.ButrememberJeanKerrwasahumorist.Whathesaysabouttheprocrastinationinthearmy,thoughabitoverstated,maystillbeseriouslymeant.Thetwoillustrativeexamples,especiallytheoneoftheU.S.general'stakingasportingdayofftodelaythebattle,areinstancesofhumoratthecostofcredibility.Inthelastparagraphtheinclusionof"thecreationofanentree"addsahumoroustouchtootherseriousillustrationssuchasthecreationofagreatpainting,abookandabuilding.DifficultSentencesforparaphrasing1.MosespleadedaspeechdefecttorationalizehisreluctancetodeliverJehovah’sedicttoPharaoh.(L.6-7)MosesjustifiedhisunwillingnesstopassJehovah'sordertoPharaoh,sayingthathewas"slowofspeech".2.Yetforallthetroubleprocrastinationmayincur,delaycanofteninspireandreviveacreativesoul.(L.15-16)Delayleadstoproblems.Howeverinmanycases,itcanoftenstimulatethecreativityinanartist.3.Henotesthatspeedyactioncanbeembarrassingorextremelycostly.(L.34-35)Itpointsoutthathastinessmaygiverisetodecisionswhichturnouttobehumiliatingorexpensive.4.Bureaucratization,whichflourishedamidthegrowingburdensofgovernmentandthegreatercomplexityofsociety,wasdesignedtosmotherpolicymakersinblanketsoflegalism,compromiseandreappraisalandtherebypreventhastydecisionsfrombeingmade.Excessivered-tapedevelopedbecausepublicadministrationwasexpandinginscopeandbecausesocietywasgrowingmoreandmorecomplicated.Inthissense,red-tapehelpedthoseinchargeofpolicytobefullyengagedinalenormousamountofpaperworkandjudgment,thusmakingitimpossibleforanimmaturedecisiontoresult.5...manyofmyfriendsgothroughagonieswhentheyfaceablankpage.…manyofmyfriendshaveahardtimethemomenttheyattempttoputpentopaper.UnitTwoTEXTIIGossipFrancineProseI)Pre-readingBrainstorming:Howwouldyoudefinetheword“gossip”?Whatfunctionsdoesgossiphave?II)MainIdeaofthepassage:Throughclarifyingthepresentmisunderstandinganddistortingoftheword“gossip”,thewriteremphasizesthestrengthofgossipastheheritage,asthelegacyofacertaincommunityandotherfunctionsthatitcanplayinthesociety.Structureofthepassage:Introduction:(P1-2)Gossipheritage,birthrightBody:(P3-9)Whatisgossip?Howhasitbeendistorted?Whatarethefunctions/rolesofgossip?Conclusion:(P10)I’llcontinuetocherishgossip.V)ComprehensionQuestions:1.Whydoestheauthorbeginheressaywiththesmalltown’sreactiontothedomesticarrangementsofapairofSiamesetwins?Proseidentifiesgossipwiththecommunityinwhichitiscarriedout;itispartofthecommunity,contributingtolinkingallitsmembersintoawhole.ThedomesticarrangementsoftheSiamesetwins,thoughaneventsensationalenoughtoarousemuchtowntalk,wasinthewoman'sopinion,incomparabletowhathadbeenhappeninginthetownitself.Notethatinthequotationofthewoman,thetwowords"nothing"and"before"aremadeprominentbybeingitalicized.2. HowisProse’sthesisechoedintheconcludingparagraph?Gossipmakesherfeelclosetothoseplaceswhereshehadoncelived.WhatProsewantstoemphasizeisthestrengthofgossipastheheritage,asthelegacyofacertaincommunity.3. MostpeoplemakeadistinctionbetweengossipingandexchanginginformationasProse’smotherdoes.DoesProseherselfagreetosuchadistinction?No,shedoesn't,althoughsometimessheseemstobefollowingthetrendandmakingsuchadistinction.(Refertopara.4.)Yetthetruthisthatsheisdoingsooutofthepressureimposedbysocialstrainorsimplyoutofcourtesy.4. WhatpointdoesProsewanttomakebytracingtheoriginoftheword“gossip”inpara.6?Toshowthatgossipisasynonymforconnection,forcommunity.Itthusshouldnotberegardedasawordwithnegativeconnotations.5. WhydoesProsethinkgossip’sanalyticalcomponentismoreimportant?Toexaminewhysomebodydoessomethingcontributestoone'smoraldevelopment.6. WhatnegativeaspectofgossipdoesProsetouchonneartheendofessay?Howdoessheexplainitaway?Nosiness.Butthisisunavoidableforwewereallborntobecurious.AnswerforTrueorFalseQuestions1.F(Tothiswoman,thefactaboutChangandEngseemedlessimportantthanthegleewithwhichshesaidit.Inotherwords,shewasmoreinterestedingossipthanChangandEng'slife.)2.T3.F(Almostallofusgossip,buthardlyanyoneisreadytoadmittoitordefendit.)4.F(Tileterm"oraltradition"mightshowthat"gossip"isfrecfromblame.)5.F(Accordingtotheauthor,gossipandliteraturesharesomeessentialqualities.)UnitThreeTEXTIWallsandBarriersEugeneRaskinI)Pre-readingBrainstormingPre-readingQuestionsWhywastheGreatWallbuiltinChina?Whatwasitsmainfunctionwhenitwasfirstbuilt?TheGreatWallofChinawasfirstbuiltfollowingtheunificationofChinabytheFirstEmperoroftheQinDynastyin221B.C.Itwasrenovatedandrebuiltinsucceedingdynasties.Initspresentform,itsubstantiallydatesfromtheMingDynasty(1368-1644).ItstretchesfromGansuProvincetoShanhaiguan,Hebei,windingcontinuouslyacrossnorthernChinaandtotaling6,700kilometersinlength.ThewallwaserectedtoprotectChinafromnortherntribes.Whatistherelationbetween“walls”and“barriers”?Awallisdefinedasacontinuousandusuallyverticalandsolidstructureofstones,bricks,concrete,etc.,servingtoencloseorprotectordivideofftown,house,room,field,etc.Abarrierisdefinedasamaterialobjectthatservesasanobstructionoranobstacletopreventcommunicationortocheck(e.g.,theadvanceofanenemy).Intheolddays,wallswereerectedasbarriersagainstdangerfromwithout,andtheGreatWallofChinacanserveasatypicalexampleofthis.MostwallsinChinafunctionasbarriers.II)Comprehension:1)MainIdea:Thispassagecomparesclassicalandmodernarchitectureaswellasoldandnewviewsofmoney,anditcontraststhemodernnotionofwall-as-windowwiththeancientconceptionofwall-as-barrier.Thewriter’sConclusion/pointofview:Architectureisanexpressionofpeople’smentality(attitudes,prejudices,taboos,andideals);therefore,changesintheirviewsoftheworldandofthemselvesareboundtobemirroredinarchitecture.2)PurposeofwritingandTone:Raskinin“WallsandBarriers”intendstoillustrateandpromoteanopinionthatchangesintheirviewsoftheworldandofthemselvesareboundtobemirroredinarchitecture.Heachieveshispurposethroughlogicalreasoning(inductiveanalysis,makingcomparisonandcontrastsandcause-and-effectanalysis)OrganizationandDevelopment:Introduction:(P1-2)OpeningofthepassageBody:(1)(P3-5)comparesclassicalandmodernarchitectureaswellasoldandnewviewsofmoney(2)(P6-10)contraststhemodernnotionofwall-as-windowwiththeancientconceptionofwall-as-barrier.Conclusion:(P11)Ourchangingconceptionsofourselvesinrelationstotheworlddeterminehowweshallbuildourwalls.ORGANIZATIONANDDEVELOPMENT1.Listofcontrasts:a.architecturaldesignsofbanks paras.3&4b.functionofbank para.4c.classicalandnewcriticismofarchitecture para.6d.attitudetowardpossiblehostilityinprimitiveandmodernworldparas.7&9e.attitudetowardprivacy paras.8,9,&102.Commentontheopeningofthepassage:Hisfatherismadetorepresenttheearliergeneration;hisvoiceisavoicefromthepast.Raskin'sisavoiceofthepresent,representingthenewgeneration.Aswhathewantstodoistocontrasttheoldviewswiththemodernones,quotinghisfatherisaneffectivewayofstartingtheessay.ComprehensionQuestions:1.WhydoyouthinkRaskin’sfatherandpeopleofhisgenerationtakeanegativeattitudetowardabankwithglasswalls?TopeopleofRaskin'sfather'sgeneration,moneyisatangiblecommodity.Todepositmoneyinabankistokeepitinthesafethebankerprovides.Thereforeabankmustbesolidlyconstructedtoperformthisfunction.Abankwithglasswallsfallsshortoftheexpectationsofthesepeople.Whywasitnecessaryforbanksinthepasttohaveheavywallsandbronzedoors?First,moneywasatangiblecommodity,andtherewasmuchmorecashincirculationthen.Soitwasnecessarytohaveastrong"safe"tokeepallthemoneyin.Second,toattractcustomersbysatisfyingthempsychologically.Whatchangeshaveoccurredinpeoplesnotionofmoney,inthefunctionofthebank,andaccordingly,initsarchitecturalfeatures?WhatpointsdoesRaskinwanttoillustratebydealingwiththesechanges?Money:usedtobeatangiblecommodity;beinglesstangiblenow,lesscashbeingused,beingreplacedlargelybycredit.Functionofthebank:provisionofasafebefore;provisionofservicesnow.Architecture:usedtohaveanimpregnableappearance;hasbecomeacubicalcageofglass,thedoorbecomingawindowdisplay.Thepointillustrated:Architectureisamediumfortheexpressionofhumanbeliefsandattitudes.HowdoesRashkincontrast“classical”and“new”theoriesofarchitecture?Ref.topara.6.Classicalarchitecturemeasuresexcellencebyformwithlittleregardtofunction.Thenewtheoryofarchitecturestressestheintegrationofformandfunction,especiallythefunctionofarchitectureasamanifestationofhumanmentality.Whatdothewords“Andthen”atthebeginningofpara.8indicate?Theparagraphisacontinuationofthediscussionofwallsasbarrierscarriedoutintheprecedingparagraph,butfromanotheraspect.Whatpointistheexampleinpara.7supposedtoillustrate?Thclastsentenceinpara.6,i.e.,wallsarenotsimplywallsbutphysicalsymbolsofthebarriersinmen'sminds.WhatevidencedoesRaskingivetoprovethatpeopleinsomeMediterraneanculturesattachedgreatimportancetotheirprivatelifeandinnerworld?Behaviorwentaboutinguardedlittersorveiled.Architecturalfeaturessurroundingwalls,roomsfacingapatio,etc.Decorativeartsintricateandrich.Philosophycontemplative.InwhichtwoaspectsoflifedoesRaskincontrastthemodernmenandtheirpredecessors?Inwhatwaydothedifferencesaffectarchitecture?One..attitudetowardthreatandhostilityfromtheworldwithout.Two:attitudetowardprivacy.Effectonarchitecture:Heavywallsareobsolete,moredelicatematerialsareusedinstead.Whyareglasswallsbecomingpopularinarchitecture?Thetraditionalfunctionsofwallshavechanged,andglasswallscanperformthefunctionswallsareexpectedtoperforminmodernarchitecture.What'smore,glasswallsadequatelyexpressthebeliefsoftilemodernman.WhatgeneralconclusioncanyoudrawwithregardtotherelationbetweentheformandfunctionofarchitecturefromRaskin’sarticle?Theformofarchitectureisdeterminedbyitsfunction.DifficultSentencesforparaphrasing1.Ofcourse,myfatherisagentlemenoftheoldschool,amemberofthegenerationtowhomagooddealofmodernarchitectureisunnerving;butIsuspectImorethansuspect,Iamconvinced,thathisnegativeresponsewasnotsomuchtothearchitectureastoaviolationofhisconceptofthenatureofmoney.(L.4-7)Broughtupintileoldtradition,myfatherisnaturallynotpreparedtoaccepttheideaofmodernarchitecture;hisobjectiontoit.Iwouldassume,indeedIshouldsayIamprettysure,isnotaresultofhisstrongdislikeoftilephysicalbuildingitself,butratherthatofhisrefusaltochangehisattitudetowardsmoney.2.Ifabuilding’sdesignmadeitappearimpregnable,theinstitutionwasnecessarilysound,andthemeaningoftheheavywallasanarchitecturalsymboldweltintheprevailingattitudetowardmoney,ratherthaninanyaesthetictheory.(L.11-14)Ifabuildingwasmadetolooksturdy,invulnerable,itwouldbeaccordinglyregardedasreliable,andthesignificanceofthethickwallswouldbemeasurednotbytheirartisticvalue,butbytheirseemingabilitytoprovideasafelocationformoney.Inaprimitivesociety,forexample,menpicturetheworldaslarge,fearsome,hostile,andbeyondhumancontrol.(L.34-35)Peopleinaprimitivesociety,forexample,sawtheworldasanenormousplanetfulloffear,hatredanddisorder.Theprincipalfunctionoftoday’swallistoseparatepossiblyundesirableoutsideairfromthecontrolledconditionsoftemperatureandhumiditywhichwehavecreatedinside.(L.61-62)Todayawallservesmainlyasaphysicalmeanstoprotectibcdesiredatmosphereinsidefrombeingdisturbedbyanythingunwelcomeoutside.Torepeat,itisnotouradvancedtechnology,butourchangingconceptionsofourselvesinrelationtotheworldthatdeterminehowweshallbuildourwalls.(L.70-71)Again,thedecisivefactorthatcaninfluencethedesignofawallisnottheadvancementofscienceandtechnology,butourever-changingattitudetowardsourplaceinthisworld.UnitThreeTEXTIIBarrierSignalsDesmondMorrisI)Pre-readingBrainstorming:1)Whatisbodylanguage?Whatdoyouknowaboutit?nonverbalcommunication;bodylanguage/kinesicsmessageofspace:space;territoriality;proxemics;2)Whatisbarriersignal?Whatarefunctionsofbarriersignals?3)Examplesofbarriersignals?II)MainIdeaofthepassage:Thisessay,intheformofextendeddefinitionanddevelopedlargelythroughexamples,illustratestheBody-cross,themostpopularformofBarrierSignalsIII)Structureofthepassage:Introduction(P1-2):theoriginanddevelopmentofbar