历年考研英语真题及答案-1996

1996年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及参考答案

PartOne:

1.Doyouenjoylisteningtorecords?Ifindrecordsareoften_____,ofbetter

thananactualperformance.

A.asgoodasBasgoodC.goodD.goodas

2.MypainapparentthemomentIwalkedintotheroom,forthefirstman

Imetaskedsympathetically:"Areyoufeelingallright?”

A.mustbeB.hadC.musthavebeenD.hadtobe

3.Theseniorlibrarianatthecirculationdeskpromisedtogetthebookforme

shecouldrememberwholastborrowedit.

A.eversinceB.muchasC.eventhough.Difonly

4.Observationsweremade___thechildrenatthebeginningandattheendof

pre-schoolandfirstgrade.

A.towardsB.ofC.onD.with

5.Thearticleopensandcloseswithdescriptionsoftwonewsreports,each

onemajorpointincontrastwiththeother.

A.makesB.madeC.istomakeD.making

6.Asafetyanalysis__thetargetasapotentialdanger.Unfortunately,itwas

neverdone.

A.wouldidentifyB.willidentifyC.wouldhaveidentifiedD.willhaveidentified

7.Thenumberofregisteredparticipantsinthisyear，smarathonwashalf.

A.oflastyear*sB.thoseoflastyear'sC.ofthoseoflastyearD.thatoflast

year's

8.Forthere____successfulcommunication,theremustbeattentivenessand

involvementinthediscussionitselfbyallpresent.

A.isB.tobeC.willbeD.being

9.TherewasaveryinterestingremarkinabookbyanEnglishmanthatIread

recentlywhathethoughtwasareasonforthisAmericancharacteristic.

A.givingB.gaveC.togiveD.given

10.Noonewouldhavetimetoreadorlistentoanaccountofeverything

goingonintheworld.

A.itisB.asisC.thereisD.whatis

SectionB（改错）:

11.rdratheryouwouldgobytrain,becauseIcan，tbeartheideaofyourbeing

inanairplaneABC

insuchbadweather.

D

12.It'sessentialthatpeoplebepsychologicalabletoresisttheimpactbrought

aboutbythetran-

ABC

sitionformplannedeconomytomarketeconomy.

D

13.Somebossesdisliketoallowpeopletosharetheirresponsibilities;theykeep

allimportant

ABC

matterstightlyintheirownhands.

D

14.Eachcigarettewhichapersonsmokesdoessomeharm,andeventuallyyou

maygetaserious

ABC

diseasefromitseffect.

D

15.Onthewhole,ambitiousstudentsaremuchlikelytosucceedintheir

studiesthanarethose

ABC

withlittleambition.

D

16.Despitemuchresearch,therearestillcertainelementsinthelifecycleof

the

insectthatis

ABC

notfullyunderstood.

D

17.In1921EinsteinwontheNobelPrize,andwashonoredinGermanyuntilthe

riseofNazism

AB

thenhewasdrivenfromGermanybecausehewasaJew.

CD

18.ThedatareceivedfromthetwospacecraftswhirlingaroundMarsindicate

thatthereismuch

ABC

evidencethathugethunderstormsareoccuningabouttheequatoroftheplanet.

D

19.Generallyspeaking,thebirdflyingacrossourpathisobserved,andtheone

stayingonthe

AB

treenearathandispassedbywithoutanynoticetakingofit.

CD

20.Mercury'svelocityissomuchgreaterthantheEarth'sthatitcompletes

morethanfourrev-

AB

olutionsaroundtheSuninthetimethattakestheEarthtocompleteone.

CD

SectionC:

21.IwasspeakingtoAnnonthephonewhensuddenlywewere__.

A.hungupB.hungbackC.cutdownD.cutoff

22.Shewonderedifshecouldhavetheopportunitytospendheresothat

shecouldlearnmoreaboutthecity.

A.sometimesB.sometimeC.sometimeD.sometimes

23.Ms.Greenhasbeenlivingintownforonlyoneyear,yetsheseemstobe

witheveryonewhocomestothestore.

A.acceptedB.admittedC.admiredD.acquainted

24.HedoesnotasateacherofEnglishashispronunciationisterrible.

A.equalB.matchC.qualifyD.fit

25.Dozensofscientificgroupsallovertheworldhavebeen___thegoalofa

practicalandeconomicwaytousesunlighttosplitwatermolecules.

A.pursuingB.chasingC.reachingD.winning

26.Thediscussionwassoprolongedandexhaustingthat___thespeakers

stoppedforrefreshments.

A.atlargeB.atintervalsC.ateaseD.atrandom

27.Whentravelling,youareadvisedtotaketravellers，checks,whichprovidea

securetocarryingyourmoneyincash.

A.substituteB.selectionCpreferenceD.alternative

28.InevertrustedhimbecauseIalwaysthoughtofhimassucha

character.

A.graciousB.suspiciousC.uniqueD.particular

29.Changingfromsolidtoliquid,watertakesinheatfromallsubstancesnear

it,andthisproducesartificialcoldsurroundingit.

A.absorptionB.transitionC.consumptionD.interaction

30.Ididn,tsayanythinglikethatatall.Youarepurposely___myideasto

proveyourpoint.

A.revisingB.contradictingC.distortingD.distracting

31.Languageculture,andpersonalitymaybeconsidered___ofeachotherin

thought,buttheyareinseparableinfact.

A.indistinctlyB.separatelyC.irrelevantlyD.independently

32.Watchingmepullingthecalfawkwardlytothebarn,theIrishmilkmaid

foughthardto___herlaughter.

A.holdbackB.holdonC.holdoutD.holdup

33.Themanagergaveoneofthesalesgirlsanaccusinglookforher

attitudetowardcustomers.

A.impartialB.mildC.hostileD.opposing

34.I___withthanksthehelpofmycolleaguesinthepreparationofthisnew

column.

A.expressBconfessC.verifyD.acknowledge

35.Itisstrictly___thataccesstoconfidentialdocumentsisdeniedtoallbut

afew.

A.securedB.forbiddenD.regulatedDdetermined

36.Thepollutionquestionaswellasseveralotherissuesisgoingtobe

discussedwhentheCongressisin___againnextspring.

A.assemblyB.sessionC.conferenceD.convention

37.ChristmasisaChristianholydayusuallycelebratedonDecember25th___

thebirthofJesusChrist.

A.inaccordancewithB.intermsof

C.infavorofD.inhonorof

38.Sinceitistoolatetochangemymindnow,Iamtocarryingoutthe

plan.

A.obligedB.committedC.engagedD.resolved

39.Itwasaboldideatobuildapowerstationinthedeepvalley,butit___as

wellaswehadhoped.

A.cameoffB.WentoffC.broughtOutD.madeout

40.Tosurviveintheintensetradecompetitionbetweencountries,wemust

____thequalitiesandvarietiesofproductswemaketotheworld---market

demand.

A.improveB.enhancedCguaranteeD.gear

PartTwo:

Vitaminsareorganiccompoundsnecessaryinsmallamountsinthedietforthe

normalgrowthandmaintenanceoflifeofanimals,includingman.

Theydonotprovideenergy,41dotheyconstructorbuildanypartofthebody.

Theyareneededfor42foodsintoenergyandbodymaintenance.Thereare

thirteenormoreofthem,andif43ismissingadeficiencydiseasebecomes44.

Vitaminsaresimilarbecausetheyaremadeofthesameelements-usually

carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,and45nitrogen.Theyaredifferent46their

elementsarearrangeddifferently,andeachvitamin47oneormorespecific

functionsinthebody.

48enoughvitaminsisessentialtolife,althoughthebodyhasnonutritionaluse

for49vitamins.Manypeople,50,believeinbeingonthe〃safeside〃andthus

takeextravitamins.However,awell-balanceddietwillusuallymeetallthe

body'svitaminneeds.

41.(A)either(B)so(C)nor(D)never

42.(A)shifting(B)transfening(C)altering(D)transforming

43.(A)any(B)some(C)anything(D)something

44.(A)serious(B)apparent(C)severe(D)fatal

45.(A)mostly(B)partially(C)sometimes(D)rarely

46.(A)inthat(B)sothat(C)suchthat(D)exceptthat

47.(A)undertakes(B)holds(C)plays(D)performs

48.(A)Supplying(B)Getting(C)Providing(D)Furnishing

49.(A)exceptional(B)exceeding(C)excess(D)external

50.(A)nevertheless(B)therefore(C)moreover(D)meanwhile

PartIIIReadingComprehension

Passage1

Tight-lippedeldersusedtosay,"It'snotwhatyouwantinthisworld,butwhat

youget."Psych-ologyteachesthatyoudogetwhatyouwantifyouknowwhat

youwantandwanttherightthings.

Youcanmakeamentalblueprintofadesireasyouwouldmakeablueprintofa

house,andeachofusiscontinuallymakingtheseblueprintsinthegeneral

routineofeverydayliving.Ifweintendtohavefriendstodinner,weplanthe

menu,makeashoppinglist,decidewhichfoodtocookfirst,andsuchplanning

isanessentialforanytypeofmealtobeserved.

Likewise,Ifyouwanttofindajob,takeasheetofpaper,andwriteabrief

accountofyourself.Inmakingablueprintforajob,beginwithyourself,for

whenyouknowexactlywhatyouhavetooffer,youcanintelligentlyplanwhere

tosellyourservices.

Thisaccountofyourselfisactuallyasketchofyourworkinglifeandshould

inc1udea1ucation,experienceandreferences.Suchanaccountisvaluable.It

canbereferredtoinfillingoutstandardapplicationblanksandisextremely

helpfulinpersonalinterviews.Whiletalkingtoyou,yourcould-beemployeris

decidingwhetheryour〃wares'andabilitiesmustbedisplayedinanorderlyand

reasonablyconnectedmanner.

Whenyouhavecarefullypreparedablueprintofyourabilitiesanddesires,you

havesomethingtangibletosell.Thenyouarereadytohuntforajob.Getallthe

possibleinformationaboutyourcould-bejob.Makeinquiriesastothedetails

regardingthejobandthefirm.Keepyoureyesandearsopen,anduseyourown

judgement.Spendacertainamountoftimeeachdayseekingtheemployment

youwishfor,andkeepinmind:Securingajobisyourjobnow.

51.Whatdotheeldersmeanwhentheysay,〃It'snotwhatyauwantinthis

world,butwhat

youget.〃？

(A)You'11certainlygetwhatyouwant.

(B)It，snousedreaming.

(C)Youshouldbedissatisfiedwithwhatyouhave.

(D)It'sessentialtosetagoalforyourself.

52.Ablueprintmadebeforeinvitingafriendtodinnerisusedinthispassage

as—.

(A)anillustrationofhowtowriteanapplicationforajob

(B)anindicationofhowtosecureagoodjob

(C)aguidelineforjobdescription

(D)aprincipleforjobevaluation

53.Accordingtothepassage,onemustwriteanaccountofhimselfbefore

startingtofindajob

because_.

(A)thatisthefirststeptopleasetheemployer

(B)thatistherequirementoftheemployer

(C)itenableshimtoknowwhentosellhisservices

(D)itforceshimtobecomeclearlyawareofhimself

54.Whenyouhavecarefullypreparedablueprintofyourabilitiesanddesires,

youhavesomething_.

(A)definitetooffer(B)imaginarytoprovide

(C)practicaltosupply(D)desirabletopresent

Passage2

WiththestartofBBCWorldServiceTelevision,millionsofviewersinAsiaand

AmericacannowwatchtheCorporation，snewscoverage,aswellaslistentoit.

AndofcourseinBritainlistenersandviewerscantuneintotwoBBCtelevision

channels,fiveBBCnationalradioservicesanddozensoflocalradiostation.

Theyarebroughtsport,comedy,drama,music,newsandcurrentaffairs,

education,religion,parliamentarycoverage,children'spragrammesandfilms

foranannuallicencefeeof83poundsperhousehold.

Itisaremarkablerecord,stretchingbackover70years--yettheBBC，sfuture

isnowindoubt.TheCorporationwillsurviveasapublicly-fundedbroadcasting

organization,atleastforthetimebeing,butitsrole,itssizeanditsprogrammes

arenowthesubjectofanation-widedebateinBritain.

ThedebatewaslaunchedbytheGovernment,whichinvitedanyonewithan

opinionofthe

BBC-includingordinarylistenersandviewers—tosaywhatwasgoodorbad

abouttheCorporation,andevenwhethertheythoughtitwasworthkeeping.

ThereasonforitsinquiryisthattheBBC，sroyalcharterrunsoutin1996and

it

mustdecidewhethertokeeptheorganizationasitis,ortomakechanges.

DefendersoftheCorporation-ofwhomtherearemany—arefondofquotingthe

Americanslogan"Ifitain，tbroke,don，tfixit.〃TheBBC〃ain'tbroke”,they

say,

bywhichtheymeanitisnotbroken(asdistinctfromtheword'broke',meaning

havingnomoney),sowhybothertochangeit?

YettheBBCwillhavetochange,becausethebroadcastingworldarounditis

changing.The

commercialTVchannels---TVandChannel4-wererequiredbytheThatcher

Government，sBroadcastingActtobecomemorecommercial,competingwith

eachotherforadvertisers,andcuttingcostsandjobs.Butitistheanivalofnew

satellitechannels--fundedpartlybyadvertisingandpartlybyviewers'

subscriptions-whichwillbringaboutthebiggestchangesinthelongterm.

55.TheworldfamousBBCnowfaces—.

(A)theproblemofnewcoverage(B)anuncertainprospect

(C)inquiriesbythegeneralpublic(D)shrinkageofaudience

56.Inthepassage,whichofthefollowingabouttheBBCisnotmentionedasthe

keyissue?

(A)ExtensionofitsTVservicetoFarEast.

(B)Programmesasthesubjectofanation-widedebate.

(C)Potentialsforfurtherinternationalco-operations.

(D)Itsexistenceasabroadcastingorganization.

57.TheBBC，s"royalcharter”(Line4,Paragraph3)standsfor—

(A)thefinancialsupportfromtherovalfamily(B)theprivilegesgrantedbythe

Queen

(C)acontractwiththeQueen(D)auniquerelationshipwiththeroyalfamily

58.TheforemostreasonwhytheBBChastoreadjustitselfisnootherthan—

(A)theemergenceofcommercialTVchannels

(B)theenforcementofBroadcastingActbythegovernment

(C)theurgentnecessitytoreducecostsandjobs

(D)thechallengeofnewsatellitechannels

Passage3

Inthelasthalfofthenineteenthcentury"capital"and"labour"wereenlarging

andperfectingtheirrivalorganizationsonmodernlines.Manyanoldfirmwas

replacedbyalimitedliabilitycompanywithabureaucracyofsalariedmanagers.

Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementsofthenewagebyengagingalarge

professionalelementandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsocommonly

spoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationafterthe

energeticfounders.Itwasmoreoverastepawayfromindividualinitiative,

towardscollectivismandmunicipalandstate-ownedbusiness.Therailway

companies,thoughstillprivatebusinessmanagedforthebenefitof

shareholders,wereveryunlikeoldfamilybusiness.Atthesametimethegreat

municipalitieswentintobusinesstosupplylighting,tramsandotherservicesto

thetaxpayers.

Thegrowthofthelimitedliabilitycompanyandmunicipalbusinesshad

importantconsequences.Suchlarge,impersonalmanipulationofcapitaland

industrygreatlyincreasedthenumbersandimportanceofshareholdersasa

class,anelementinnationalliferepresentingirresponsiblewealthdetached

fromthelandandthedutiesofthelandowners;andalmostequallydetached

fromtheresponsiblemanagementofbusiness.Allthroughthenineteenth

century,America,Africa,India,AustraliaandpartsofEuropewerebeing

developedbyBritishcapital,andBritishshareholderswerethusenrichedbythe

world'smovementtowardsindustrialisation.TownslikeBournemouthand

Eastbournespranguptohouselarge.〃comfonablez，classeswhohadretiredon

theirincomes,andwhohadnorelationtotherestofthecommunityexceptthat

ofdrawingdividendsandoccasionallyattendingashareholders'meetingto

dictatetheirorderstothemanagement.Ontheotherhand“shareholding”

meantleisureandfreedomwhichwasusedbymanyof

thelaterVictoriansforthehighestpurposeofagreatcivilisation.

The“shareholders"assuchhadnoknowledgeofthelives,thoughtsorneedsof

theworkmenemployedbythecompanyinwhichheheldshares,andhis

influenceontherelationsofcapitalandlabourwasnotgood.Thepaidmanager

actingforthecompanywasinmoredirectrelationwiththemenandtheir

demands,butevenhehadseldomthatfamiliarpersonalknowledgeofthe

workmenwhichtheemployerhadoftenhadunderthemorepatriarchalsystem

oftheoldfamilybusinessnowpassingaway.Indeedthemeresizeofoperations

andthenumbersofworkmeninvolvedrenderedsuchpersonalrelations

impossible.Fortunately,however,theincreasingpowerandorganizationofthe

tradeunions,atleastinallskilledtrades,enabLedtheworkmentomeeton

equaltermsthemanagersofthecompanieswhoemployedthem.Thecruel

disciplineofthestrikeandlockouttaughtthetwopartiestorespecteachother，

sstrengthandunderstandthevalueoffairnegotiation.

59.It'strueoftheoldfamilyfirmsthat_.

(A)theywerespoiledbytheyoungergenerations

(B)theyfailedforlackofindividualinitiative

(C)theylackedefficiencycomparedwithmodemcompanies

(D)theycouldsupplyadequateservicestothetaxpayers

60.Thegrowthoflimitedliabilitycompaniesresultedin_.

(A)theseparationofcapitalfrommanagement

(B)theownershipofcapitalbymanagers

(C)theemergenceofcapitalandlabourastwoclasses

(D)theparticipationofshareholdersinmunicipalbusiness

61.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingaretrueexceptthat_.

(A)theshareholderswereunawareoftheneedsoftheworkers

(B)theoldfirmownershandabetterunderstandingoftheirworkers

(C)thelimitedliabilityQompaniesweretoolargetorunsmoothly

(D)thetradeunionsseemedtoplayapositiverole

62.Theauthorismostcriticalof__.

(A)familyfilmowners(B)landowners(C)managers(D)shareholders

Passage4

Whataccountsforthegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearly

America-breakthroughssuchasthetelegraph,thesteamboatandtheweaving

machine?

Amongthemanyshapingfactors,Iwouldsingleoutthecountry'sexcellent

elementaryschools;alaborforcethatwelcomedthenewtechnology;the

practiceofgivingpremiumstoinventors;andabovealltheAmericangeniusfor

nonverbal,〃spatial〃thinkingaboutthingstechnological.

Whymentiontheelementaryschools?Becausethankstotheseschoolsour

earlymechanics,especiallyintheNewEnglandandMiddleAtlanticstates,were

generallyliterateandathomeinarithmeticandinsomeaspectsofgeometry

andtrigonometry.

AcuteforeignobserversrelatedAmericanadaptivenessandinvelltivenessto

thiseducational

advantage.AsamemberofaBritishcommissionvisitingherein1853reported,

“Withamindpreparedbythoroughschooldiscipline,theAmericanboy

developsrapidlyintotheskilledworkman.〃

Afurtherstimulustoinventioncamefromthe“premium“system,which

precededourpatentsystemandforyearsranparallelwithit.〃fhis

approach,originatedabroad,offeredinventorsmedals,cashprizesandother

incentives.

IntheUnitedStates,multitudesofpremiumsfornewdeviceswereawardedat

countryfairsandattheindustrialfairsinmajorcities.Americansflockedto

thessfairstoadmirethenewmachinesandthustorenewtheirfaithinthe

beneficenceoftechnologicaladvance.

Giventhisoptimisticapproachtotechnologicalinnovation,theAmericanworker

tookreadilytothatspecialkindofnonverbalthinkingrequiredinmechanical

technology.AsEugeneFergusonhaspointedout,〃Atechnologistthinksabout

objectsthatcannotbereducedtounambiguousverbaldescriptions;theyare

dealtwithinhismindbyavisual,nonverbalprocess...Thedesignerandthe

inventor...areabletoassembleandmanipulateintheirmindsdevicesthatas

yetdonotexist.〃

Thisnonverbal"spatial"thinkingcanbejustascreativeaspaintingandwriting.

RobertFultononcewrote,“Themechanicshouldsitdownamonglevers,screws,

wedges,wheels,etc.,likeapoetamongthelettersofthealphabet,considering

themasanexhibitionofhisthoughts,inwhichanewarrangementtransmitsa

newidea.〃

Whenalltheseshapingforces-schools,openattitudes,thepremiumsystem,a

geniusforspatialthinking--interactedwithoneanotherontherichU.S.

mainland,theyproducedthatAmericancharacteristic,emulation.Todaythat

wordimpliesmereimitation.Butinearliertimesitmeantafriendlybut

competitivestrivingforfameandexcellence.

63.Accordingtotheauthor,thegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearly

Americawasina

largepartdueto—

(A)elemental，yschools(B)enthusiasticworkers

(C)theattractivepremiumsystem(D)aspecialwayofthinking

64.ItisimpliedthatadaptivenessandinventivenessoftheearlyAmerican

mechanics—

(A)benefitedalotfromtheirmathematicalknowledge

(B)shedlightondisciplinedschoolmanagement

(C)wasbroughtaboutbyprivilegedhometraining

(D)owedalottothetechnologicaldevelopment

65.Atechnologistcanbecomparedtoanartistbecause—

(A)theyarebothwinnersofawards

(B)theyarebothexpertsinspatialthinking

(C)theybothabandonverbaldescription

(D)theybothusevariousinstruments

66.Thebesttitleforthispassagemightbe—

(A)InventiveMind(B)EffectiveSchooling

(B)WaysofThinking(D)OutpouringofInventions

Passage5

Rumorhasitthatmorethan20booksoncreationism/evolutionareinthe

publisher'spipelines.Afewhavealreadyappeared.Thegoalofallwillbeto

try

toexplaintoaconfusedandoftenunenlightenedcitizenrythattherearenottwo

equallyvalidscientifictheoriesfortheoriginandevolutionofuniverseandlife.

Cosmology,geology,andbiologyhaveprovidedaconsistent,unified,and

constantlyimprovingaccountofwhathappened."Scientific"creationism,which

isbeingpushedbysomefor“equaltime"intheclassroomswheneverthe

scientificaccountsofevolutionareeivel,isbasedonreligion,notscience.

Virtuallyallscientistsandthemajorityofnonfundamentalistreligiousleaders

havecometoregard〃scientific"creationismasbadscienceandbadreligion.

ThefirstfourchaptersofKitcher，sbookgiveaverybriefintroductionto

evolution.Atappropriate

places,heintroducesthecriticismsofthecreationistsandprovides

answers.Inthelast

threechapters,hetakesoffhisglovesandgivesthecreationistsagoodbeating.

Hedescribestheir

programmesandtactics,and,forthoseunfamiliarwiththewaysofcreationists,

theextentoftheirdeceptionanddistortionmaycomeasanunpleasantsurprise.

Whentheirbasicmotivationisreligious,onemighthaveexpectedmore

Christianbehavior.

Kitcherisaphilosopher,andthismayaccount,inpart,fortheclarityand

effectivenessof

hisarguments.Thenon-specialistwiUbeabletoobtainatleastanotionofthe

sortsofdataand

argumentthatsupportevolutionarytheory.Thefinalchapteronthecreationists

willbeextremely

cleartoall.Onthedustjacketofthisfinebook,StephenJayGouldsays:"This

bookstandsfor

reasonitself."Andsoitdoes-andallwouldbewellwerereasontheonlyjudge

inthecreationism/

evolutiondebate.

67.“Creationism"inthepassagerefersto—

(A)evolutioninitstruesenseastotheoriginoftheuniverse

(B)anotionofthecreationofreligion

(C)thescientificexplanationoftheearthformation

(D)thedeceptivetheoryabouttheoriginoftheuniverse

68.Kitcher，sbookisintendedto—.

(A)recommendtheviewsoftheevolutionists

(B)exposethetruefeaturesofcreationists

(C)cursebitterlyatthisopponents

(D)launchasurpriseattackoncreationists

69Fromthepassagewecaninferthat_

(A)reasoninghasplayedadecisiveroleinthedebate

(B)creationistsdonotbasetheirargumentonreasoning

(C)evolutionarytheoryistoodifficultfornon-specialists

(D)creationismissupportedbyscientificfindings

70.Thispassageappearstobeadigestof—

(A)abookreview(B)ascientificpaper

(C)amagazinefeature(D)anewspapereditorial

PartIVEnglish-ChineseTranslation

Thedifferencesinrelativegrowthofvariousareasofscientificresearchhave

severalcauses.

71)Someofthesecausesarecompletelyreasonableresultsofsocialneeds.

Othersarereasonable

consequencesofparticularadvancesinsciencebeingtosomeextent

self-accelerating.Some,however

,arelessreasonableprocessesofdifferentgrowthinwhichpreconception

oftheformscientific

theoryoughttotake,bypersonsinauthority,acttoalterthegrowthpattern

ofdifferentareas.

Thisisanewproblemprobablynotyetunavoidable;butitisafrighteningtrend.

72)Thistrend

beganduringtheSecondWorldWar,whenseveralgovernmentscametothe

conclusionthatthe

specificdemandsthatagovernmentwantstomakeofitsscientific

establishmentcannotgenerally

beforeseenindetail.Itcanbepredicted,however,thatfromtimetotime

questionswillarise

whichwillrequirespecificscientificanswers.Itisthereforegenerallyvaluable

to

treatthescientific

establishmentasaresourceormachinetobekeptinfunctionalorder.

73)Thisseemsmostly

effectivelydonebysupportingacertainamountofresearchnotrelatedto

immediategoalsbutof

possibleconsequenceinthefuture.

Thiskindofsupport,likeallgovernmentsupport,requiresdecisionsaboutthe

appropriate

recipientsoffunds.Decisionsbasedonutilityasopposedtolackofutilityare

straightforward.But

adecisionamongprojectsnoneofwhichhasimmediateutilityismoredifficult.

Thegoalofthe

supportingagenciesisthepraisableoneofsupporting"good"asopposedto

〃bad〃science,buta

validdeterminationisdifficulttomake.Generally,theideaofgoodscience

tendstobecomeconfused

withthecapacityofthefieldinquestiontogenerateaneleganttheory.

74)However,the

worldissomade