神经科学讲座情感1

Emotion&

Motivation

ChristopherT.Sege,Ph.D.

AssistantProfessor

DepartmentofPsychiatry&BehavioralSciences

Sleep&AnxietyTreatment&Research

LisaM.McTeague,Ph.D.

AssociateProfessor

DepartmentofPsychiatry&BehavioralSciences

BrainStimulationDivision

FundamentalsofNeuroscience3/28/22ClinicalpsychologistsExperimentalcognitiveandaffectiveneuroscienceEvidenced-basedcognitive-behavioraltherapy,neuropsychologicalassessment,behavioralmedicine,primarycareBrain-stimulation-basedadjunctsforcognitive-behavioraltherapytargetingcircuitsintegraltocognitiveandaffectiveprocessingAlittlebitaboutus….AutonomicmeasuresEMGEEG&ERPsfMRIspTMS-fMRIOutline:PartIAnimalmodelsofemotionFearconditioningOperantaversiveconditioning–AvoidanceOperantappetitiveconditioning–Reward-seekingHumanstudyofemotionStudiesofsubjectiveemotionalexperienceStructureofAffectivespaceWhatisemotion?AnimalModelsofEmotionRevealingtheBasicFoundationsofEmotionBasicFoundationsofEmotionFrijda,1986–humanemotionsaredispositionstowardactionLeDoux,2012–humanemotionisbuiltonanimal“survivalcircuits.”Circuitsare:Context-dependent(notasinglecircuit)Dynamic(changingpatternsofactivationovertime)Animalmodelsrevealsurvivalcircuitfoundationsofemotion“Fight-or-flight”systemsAppetitive(reward)systemsAnimalModelsofUnpleasantEmotion:

FearConditioningFearconditioning:repeatedpairingofaconditionedstimulus(CS;e.g.,light)withanaversiveunconditionedstimulus(UCS;e.g.shock)Conditionedresponse-freezingConditionedFearCircuit:TheAmygdalaLateralamygdalareceivessensoryinputfromallmodalitiesviaassociationcortexOutputthroughcentralamygdalamediatesconditionedresponseConditionedFearCircuit:TheAmygdalaCentralamygdalamediatescoordinatedresponseviavariouseffectornucleiConditionedFearResponseAnumberofconcomitantresponses(e.g.,ultrasonicvocalizations,fear-potentiatedstartle)accompanybehavioralfreezingFear-PotentiatedStartleAnimalModelsofUnpleasantEmotion:

FearConditioningVariationsoftraditionalfearconditioning:Contextconditioning–pairUCSwithasituation(e.g.,cage),notaCSMediatedbyextendedamygdala(BNST),notcentralnucleusTraumaticconditioning–chronicorprolongedpresentationofuncontrollableUCSesLeadsto“kindling”ofamygdala,then“learnedhelplessness”Avoidanceconditioning–aspecificbehaviorterminatesaCS(andpreventstheUCS)Operant,ratherthanclassical,conditioningAnimalModelsofUnpleasantEmotion:OperantAvoidanceConditioningOperantAvoidanceCircuit:BasalGangliaBasalgangliamodulatescorticalactivationviacomplexgatingofcorticalinputVariousdistinctcortex-gangliapathwayscoordinatemorecomplexprocessesDirectPathway–Cortexexcitesstriatum,whichinhibitsinternalglobuspallidus,whichinhibitsthalamicexcitationofthecortex(inhibitorygate)

IndirectPathway–Cortexexcitesstriatum,whichinhibitsexternalglobuspallidus,whichinhibitsthalamicexcitationofthecortex(inhibitorygate)HyperdirectPathway–Cortexexcitessubstantianigra,whichexcitesinternalglobuspallidus,whichenhancesthalamicexcitationofthecortex(excitatorygate)OperantAvoidanceCircuit:TransitionfromAmygdalatoBasalGanglia(Striatum)AvoidancelearningshiftsactivationfromcentraltobasalamygdalaBasalamygdalaprojectstoventralstriatumBlockingdopamineindorsalstriatumreduceslong-termavoidancememoryDopamineantagonistindorsalstriatumNote:dopamineblockadedoesnoteffectescape2000OperantAvoidanceResponse:ReductionsinConditionedFearwithIncreasingAvoidanceAsanimalslearntoavoidduringaCS,theirexpressionsof“fear”tothatCSreduceNote:thisalsoincludesfear-potentiatedstartleNote:animalsarestillescapingUCSesduringearlysessionsZoomingOut:ContextualizedDefenseIntherealworld,changingdefensivetacticsaremediatedbydifferentbrainregionsinthesamecontextAmygdalalesionsdon’tpreventrunningfromcat……buttheydostopjumpingoutoftheboxoncefurtheraway2004ZoomingOut:ContextualizedDefenseHigher-orderbrainregionsneededtocoordinatemoredynamicbehaviorExecutivecentersidentifiedasparticularlycritical:Hippocampus–integratingspatialinformationMedialprefrontalcortex–regulatingmotivationAnteriorcingulatecortex–responseconflictmanagementHippACCmPFCZoomingOut:ContextualizedDefenseSubcorticalregions(amygdala,hippocampus)interactwithbrainstem(e.g.,PAG)andcortex(e.g.,mPFC)toselectresponsesInreal-worlddefensesituationsthatarecontinuouslychanging,circuitslikethisexecutenecessaryrapidbehaviorshiftsZoomingOut:ContextualizedDefenseInfact,motiveresponding(inanimalsandhumans)iswidelydistributedthroughoutthebrain,integratingmultipleprocessingsystemstocarryoutcomplextasksmPFC&ACCAmygdalaBrainstemWhatAboutPleasure?AnimalModelsofPleasantEmotion:

OperantAppetitive(Reward)ConditioningOlds&Milner,1954:self-administrationofstimulationtobrainstemarea(ventraltegmentalarea)actsasreinforcerDopaminergicinnervationofventralstriatum(nucleusaccumbensRatsoftenchooseitoverfoodorsexRewardCircuit:MesolimbicDopamineCircuitRewardcircuitrylaidoutinanimalreward(e.g.self-stimulation,drug,orfoodstudies)Limitedasamodelofhumanemotions(e.g.,love,happiness)?Potentialoverlapswithdefensecircuitry?ContextualizedDefenseandRewardBroadorganizationofrewardsystemsissimilartothatofdefensesystemsEachinvolvefeedforwardinputfrombrainstem/subcorticalregionstoexcitemotivatedaction…andalsotop-downmodulationfromthecortexthroughsubcorticalregionstothebrainstemtomodulaterespondingPossiblymultiplepointsofoverlapthatexecutesimilarfunctionsforeachsystem(e.g.,actionarousal,selectionofagoal-directedbehavior)SummaryAnimalmodelsofhumanemotionreveal:Basicmechanismsofsimplephenomena(stimulus-specificfear,simplereinforcedbehaviors)Broadercircuitsthatexecutedynamicbehavior,shiftingbetweenresponsesThisanimalsurvivalcircuitryistheevolutionarybasisuponwhichmorenuancedhumanemotionisbasedCanasimilarparadigmofmovingfromsimpleprocessestobroadphenomenabeappliedinhumans?HumanExperimentalModelsHowdoesallthisgetintegratedintoemotional“experience”?Note:thisiswherewegetintomoreuncertainterritoryModelsofEmotionalExperienceHistoricalTheories:James–LangeTheory(1880s):Physiologicalresponsetoenvironmentoccurs,andthenleadstoperceptionofanemotion(“Irun,thereforeI’mafraid”)Cannon–BardTheory(1920s):Subjectivefeelingstate(thalamus)andphysiologicalresponse(hypothalamus)occursimultaneouslySchachter–SingerTwo-FactorTheory(1962):Higher-ordercognitivesystemsintegratephysiologicalinformationwithinformationfromtheenvironmentto“appraise”thestate(e.g.,isitgoodorbad?Isitintenseorcalm?)Howdowestudyhumanemotionalexperience?

SubjectiveReportsandBehavioralPerformanceStudiesofemotionrecognition/labellingStudiesofemotionlanguage/judgmentsStudiesofemotionaldecision-making/cognitionOriginalSchacter–SingerAppraisalStudy1962Study:Participantsweretoldtheywouldbeinjectedwithadrugtotesteyesight,andthenreceivedeitherepinephrineorplacebo4groups:Receivedepinephrine–toldtoexpectdrug-relatedsideeffects(informed)Receivedepinephrine–nottoldtoexpectsideeffects(ignorant)Receivedplacebo–toldtoexpectphysiologicaleffects(misinformed)Receivedplacebo–nottoldtoexpectphysiologicaleffects(control)TheninteractedwithaeuphoricorangryconfederateIgnorantandmisinformedgroupslabelledinteractionswithconfederateasmoreemotionalthantheothergroupsInterpretedthateachgrouphadaphysiologicalexperiencethattheyhadtoexplainusingcuesfromtheenvironmentOtherStudiesofEmotionLabellingEkmanFaceStudiesPeoplefromvariouscultures,ethnicitiesandcountriesaskedtolabelfacialexpressionsAdiscretenumberofspecificlabels(e.g.,anger,fear,disgust)areconsistentlyappliedacrossallgroupsConsideredevidenceforuniversalityoffeelingsStudiesofEmotionLabelling:

RevealingthestructureofaffectivespaceRussell&FeldmanBarrett:examiningstructureofemotionlanguageContendthatemotionlanguageisorganizedina“circumplex”Emoti