How-to-Write-the-Introduction(如何写SCI-introduction).ppt

1、How to Write the Introduction,The Best Time to Write the Paper,It is wise to do it while you are still working on the problem. It is advisable to go off writing in all directions at once while the research still in progress.,The Definition of the Introduction,A part of a book or treatise preliminary

2、 to the main portion.,The Purpose of the Introduction,Written to introduce the paper,On the Part of the Reader,Deductive(推论) instead of Inductive (归纳),Better Understand the Purpose,“Reading a scientific article isnt the same as reading a detective story. We want to know from the start that the butle

3、r did it.” Ratnoff, 1981,In Comparison with the Abstract,Desirably redundant with the corresponding parts in the Abstract,Omission of the Subtitle Introduction,Omit it as required by the target journal.,The Coverage of the Introduction,The literature review; The definition of the problem; The purpos

4、e of the present study; The choice of methods; The statement of principal results To direct the reader to the specific sources for newsworthy information; To show your moral integrity(诚实); To acknowledge others intellectual property rights.,The Format of Citation,Follow the format by decided by your

5、 target journal. Acknowledge the source no mater whether it is a direct quote or it is your paraphrase.,The Voice of the Sentence,Try to be consistent within a particular paragraph.,Follow the Following Guidelines for Writing a Good Introduction,-Review the pertinent literature to orient the reader.

6、,Present, with all possible clarity, the nature and scope of the present study.,State the purpose of the present study.,State the method of the investigation.,Use the present tense while referring to the problem and the established knowledge relating to it.,Use the past tense while discussing the no

7、tions and performances in the past.,Write “I/We conducted the study to ” (active voice) rather than “The study was conducted to” (passive voice),Reorganize your pastes(黏贴) in your own text.,Make sure that you are fully aware of what you are doing with the literature review and citation.,Be logic and

8、 confident in presenting the definition of the problem as well as the value of your investigation.,LETS READ AN EXAMPLE AND BE CRITICAL.,Chronic Daily Headache: Identification of Factors Associated with Induction and Transformation Marcelo E.Bigal. MD, Phd; Fred D. Sheftell, MD; Alan M. Rapoport, MD

9、; Stewart J. Tepper, MD; Richard B. Lipton, MD,Chronic daily headache (CDH) is one of the more frequently encountered headache syndromes at major tertiary care centers.1-3 Its prevalence is almost 5% in the general population, and it is the most common headache problem seen in clinics specifically d

10、evoted to headache management.4-6 Most patients with CDH report their role functioning and well-being to be frequently and severely impaired, with a consequent reduction in quality of life.7.8,It is clear that comorbid factors play a significant role in the development and maintenance of headache th

11、at occurs on a daily or near-daily basis.9.10 Originally coined by Feinstein,11 the term comorbidity is used to refer to the greater than coincidental association of two conditions in the same individual.12,Psychiatric issues are prominent among patients with more difficult headache syndromes, parti

12、cularly CDH. Studies have shown that depression occurs in 80% of patients with chronic migraine (CM), the most common type of CDH.13.14 Compared with controls, stressful life events such as divorce, widowhood, separation, and problems with children are more likely to occur in individuals with CDH.15

13、 Assessment of psychopathology shows a characteristic profile of hypochondria(疑病症), depression, and hysteria in patients with CHD (with the revised version of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2).16,Potential somatic(躯体的) comorbidity in CDH has received less study than the psychologica

14、l aspects. Hypertension,17-20 alcohol overuse,21 and sleep disturbances have been reported to be associated with CDH.22 What factors specifically contribute to the transformation from episodic into CM and to the de novo (再次) development of new daily persistent headache (NDPH) remain largely unknown.

15、,The purpose of this study was to identify somatic factors and behaviors associated with the development of CM and NDPH.,The Coverage of the Introduction,The literature review; The definition of the problem; The purpose of the present study; The choice of methods; The statement of principal results The definition of the problem; The purpose of the present study; The choice of methods; The statement of principal results Find a well-written Introduction; High