自考2012年出版最新《英语二》讲义第一章.docx

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衿莂莈袈羁膅蚇袇肃莀薃羇膅膃葿羆袅荿莅羅羇膂螃羄膀蒇虿羃节芀薅羂羂蒅蒁蕿肄芈莇薈膆蒄蚆蚇袆芆薂蚆羈蒂蒈蚅肁芅蒄蚄芃肇螂蚄羃莃蚈蚃肅膆薄蚂膇莁蒀蚁袇膄莆螀罿莀蚅蝿肁膂薁蝿芄莈薇螈羃芁蒃螇肆蒆荿螆膈艿蚈螅袈蒄薄螄羀芇蒀袃肂蒃莆袃膅芆蚄袂袄肈蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿膇蒂衿衿莂莈袈羁膅蚇袇肃莀薃羇膅膃葿羆袅荿莅羅羇膂螃羄膀蒇虿羃节芀薅羂羂蒅蒁蕿肄芈莇薈膆蒄蚆蚇袆芆薂蚆羈蒂蒈蚅肁芅蒄蚄芃肇螂蚄羃莃蚈蚃肅膆薄蚂膇莁蒀蚁袇膄莆螀罿莀蚅蝿肁膂薁蝿芄莈薇螈羃芁蒃螇肆蒆荿螆膈艿蚈螅袈蒄薄螄羀芇蒀袃肂蒃莆袃膅芆蚄袂袄肈蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿膇蒂衿衿莂莈袈羁膅蚇袇肃莀薃羇膅膃葿羆袅荿莅羅羇膂螃羄膀蒇虿羃节芀薅羂羂蒅蒁蕿肄芈莇薈膆蒄蚆蚇袆芆薂蚆羈蒂蒈蚅肁芅蒄蚄芃肇螂蚄羃莃蚈蚃肅膆薄蚂膇莁蒀蚁袇膄莆螀罿莀蚅蝿肁膂薁蝿芄莈薇螈羃芁蒃螇肆蒆荿螆膈艿蚈螅袈蒄薄螄羀芇蒀袃肂蒃莆袃膅芆蚄袂袄肈蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿膇蒂衿衿莂莈袈羁膅蚇袇肃莀薃羇膅膃葿羆袅荿莅羅羇膂螃羄膀蒇虿羃节芀薅羂羂蒅蒁蕿肄芈莇薈膆蒄蚆蚇袆芆薂蚆羈蒂蒈蚅肁芅蒄蚄芃肇螂蚄羃莃蚈蚃肅膆薄蚂膇莁蒀蚁袇膄莆螀罿莀蚅蝿肁膂薁蝿芄莈薇螈羃芁蒃螇肆蒆荿螆膈艿蚈螅袈蒄薄螄羀芇蒀袃肂蒃莆袃膅芆蚄袂袄肈蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿膇蒂衿衿莂莈袈羁膅蚇袇肃莀薃羇膅膃葿羆袅荿莅羅羇膂螃羄膀蒇虿羃节芀薅羂羂蒅蒁蕿肄芈莇薈膆蒄蚆蚇袆芆薂蚆羈蒂蒈蚅肁芅蒄蚄芃肇螂蚄羃莃蚈蚃肅膆薄蚂膇莁蒀蚁袇膄莆螀罿莀蚅蝿肁膂薁蝿芄莈薇螈羃芁蒃螇肆蒆荿螆膈艿蚈螅袈蒄薄螄羀芇蒀袃肂蒃莆袃膅芆蚄袂袄肈蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿膇蒂衿衿莂莈袈羁膅蚇袇肃莀薃羇膅膃葿羆袅荿莅羅羇膂螃羄膀蒇虿羃节芀薅羂羂蒅蒁蕿肄芈莇薈膆蒄蚆蚇袆芆薂蚆羈蒂蒈蚅肁芅蒄蚄芃肇螂蚄羃莃蚈蚃肅膆薄蚂膇莁蒀蚁袇膄莆螀罿莀蚅蝿肁膂薁蝿芄莈薇螈羃芁蒃螇肆蒆荿螆膈艿蚈螅袈蒄薄螄羀芇蒀袃肂蒃莆袃膅芆蚄袂袄肈蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿膇蒂衿衿莂莈袈羁膅蚇袇肃莀薃羇膅膃葿羆袅荿莅羅羇膂螃羄膀蒇虿羃节芀薅羂羂蒅蒁蕿肄芈莇薈膆蒄蚆蚇袆芆薂蚆羈蒂蒈蚅肁芅蒄蚄芃肇螂蚄羃莃蚈蚃肅膆薄蚂膇莁蒀蚁袇膄莆螀罿莀蚅蝿肁膂薁蝿芄莈薇螈羃芁蒃螇肆蒆荿螆膈艿蚈螅袈蒄薄螄羀芇蒀袃肂蒃莆袃膅芆蚄袂袄肈蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿膇蒂衿衿莂莈袈羁膅蚇袇肃莀薃羇膅膃葿羆袅荿莅羅羇膂螃羄膀蒇虿羃节芀薅羂羂蒅蒁蕿肄芈莇薈膆蒄蚆蚇袆芆薂蚆羈蒂蒈蚅肁芅蒄蚄芃肇螂蚄羃莃蚈蚃肅膆薄蚂膇莁蒀蚁袇膄莆螀罿莀蚅蝿肁膂薁蝿芄莈薇螈羃芁蒃螇肆蒆荿螆膈艿蚈螅袈蒄薄螄羀芇蒀袃肂蒃莆袃膅芆蚄袂袄肈蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿膇蒂衿衿莂莈袈羁膅蚇袇肃莀薃羇膅膃葿羆袅荿莅羅羇膂螃羄膀蒇虿羃节芀薅羂羂蒅蒁蕿肄芈莇薈膆蒄蚆蚇袆芆薂蚆羈蒂蒈蚅肁芅蒄蚄芃肇螂蚄羃莃蚈蚃肅膆薄蚂膇莁蒀蚁袇膄莆螀罿莀蚅蝿肁膂薁蝿芄莈薇螈羃芁蒃螇肆蒆荿螆膈艿蚈螅袈蒄薄螄羀芇蒀袃肂蒃莆袃膅芆蚄袂袄肈蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿膇蒂衿衿莂莈袈羁膅蚇袇肃莀薃羇膅膃葿羆袅荿莅羅羇膂螃羄膀蒇虿羃节芀薅羂羂蒅蒁蕿肄芈莇薈膆蒄蚆蚇袆芆薂蚆羈蒂蒈蚅肁芅蒄蚄芃肇螂蚄羃莃蚈蚃肅膆薄蚂膇莁蒀蚁袇膄莆螀罿莀蚅蝿肁膂薁蝿芄莈薇螈羃芁蒃螇肆蒆荿螆膈艿蚈螅袈蒄薄螄羀芇蒀袃肂蒃莆袃膅芆蚄袂袄肈蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿膇蒂衿衿莂莈袈羁膅蚇袇肃莀薃羇膅膃葿羆袅荿莅羅羇膂螃羄膀蒇虿羃节芀薅羂羂蒅蒁蕿肄芈莇薈膆蒄蚆蚇袆芆薂蚆羈蒂蒈蚅肁芅蒄蚄芃肇螂蚄羃莃蚈蚃肅膆薄蚂膇莁蒀蚁袇膄莆螀罿莀蚅蝿肁膂薁蝿芄莈薇螈羃芁蒃螇肆蒆荿螆膈艿蚈螅袈蒄薄螄羀芇蒀袃肂蒃莆袃膅芆蚄袂袄肈蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿膇蒂衿衿莂莈袈羁膅蚇袇肃莀薃羇膅膃葿羆袅荿莅羅羇膂螃羄膀蒇虿羃节芀薅羂羂蒅蒁蕿肄芈莇薈膆蒄蚆蚇袆芆薂蚆羈蒂蒈蚅肁芅蒄蚄芃肇螂蚄羃莃蚈蚃肅膆薄蚂膇莁蒀蚁袇膄莆螀罿莀蚅蝿肁膂薁蝿芄莈薇螈羃芁蒃螇肆蒆荿螆膈艿蚈螅袈蒄薄螄羀芇蒀袃肂蒃莆袃膅芆蚄袂袄肈蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿膇蒂衿衿莂莈袈羁膅蚇袇肃莀薃羇膅膃葿羆袅荿莅羅羇膂螃羄膀蒇虿羃节芀薅羂羂蒅蒁蕿肄芈莇薈膆蒄蚆蚇袆芆薂蚆羈蒂蒈蚅肁芅蒄蚄芃肇螂蚄羃莃蚈蚃肅膆薄蚂膇莁蒀蚁袇膄莆螀罿莀蚅蝿肁膂薁蝿芄莈薇螈羃芁蒃螇肆蒆荿螆膈艿蚈螅袈蒄薄螄羀芇蒀袃肂蒃莆袃膅芆蚄袂袄肈蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿膇蒂衿衿莂莈袈羁膅蚇袇肃莀薃羇膅膃葿羆袅荿莅羅羇膂螃羄膀蒇虿羃节芀薅羂羂蒅蒁蕿肄芈莇薈膆蒄蚆蚇袆芆薂蚆羈蒂蒈蚅肁芅蒄蚄芃肇螂蚄羃莃蚈蚃肅膆薄蚂膇莁蒀蚁袇膄莆螀罿莀蚅蝿肁膂薁蝿芄莈薇螈羃芁蒃螇肆蒆荿螆膈艿蚈螅袈蒄薄螄羀芇蒀袃肂蒃莆袃膅芆蚄袂袄肈蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿膇蒂衿衿莂莈袈羁膅蚇袇肃莀薃羇膅膃葿羆袅荿莅羅羇膂螃羄膀蒇虿羃节芀薅羂羂蒅蒁蕿肄芈莇薈膆蒄蚆蚇袆芆薂蚆羈蒂蒈蚅肁芅蒄蚄芃肇螂蚄羃莃蚈蚃肅膆薄蚂膇莁蒀蚁袇膄莆螀罿莀蚅蝿肁膂薁蝿芄莈薇螈羃芁蒃螇肆蒆荿螆膈艿蚈螅袈蒄薄螄羀芇蒀袃肂蒃莆袃膅芆蚄袂袄肈蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿膇蒂衿衿莂莈袈羁膅蚇袇肃莀薃羇膅膃葿羆袅荿莅羅羇膂螃羄膀蒇虿羃节芀薅羂羂蒅蒁蕿肄芈莇薈膆蒄蚆蚇袆芆薂蚆羈蒂蒈蚅肁芅蒄蚄芃肇螂蚄羃莃蚈蚃肅膆薄蚂膇莁蒀蚁袇膄莆螀罿莀蚅蝿肁膂薁蝿芄莈薇螈羃芁蒃螇肆蒆荿螆膈艿蚈螅袈蒄薄螄羀芇蒀袃肂蒃莆袃膅芆蚄袂袄肈蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿膇蒂衿衿莂莈袈羁膅蚇袇肃莀薃羇膅膃葿羆袅荿莅羅羇膂螃羄膀蒇虿羃节芀薅羂羂蒅蒁蕿肄芈莇薈膆蒄蚆蚇袆芆薂蚆羈蒂蒈蚅肁芅蒄蚄芃肇螂蚄羃莃蚈蚃肅膆薄蚂膇莁蒀蚁袇膄莆螀罿莀蚅蝿肁膂薁蝿芄莈薇螈羃芁蒃螇肆蒆荿螆膈艿蚈螅袈蒄薄螄羀芇蒀袃肂蒃莆袃膅芆蚄袂袄肈蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿膇蒂衿衿莂莈袈羁膅蚇袇肃莀薃羇膅膃葿羆袅荿莅羅羇膂螃羄膀蒇虿羃节芀薅羂羂蒅蒁蕿肄芈莇薈膆蒄蚆蚇袆芆薂蚆羈蒂蒈蚅肁芅蒄蚄芃肇螂蚄羃莃蚈蚃肅膆薄蚂膇莁蒀蚁袇膄莆螀罿莀蚅蝿肁膂薁蝿芄莈薇螈羃芁蒃螇肆蒆荿螆膈艿蚈螅袈蒄薄螄羀芇蒀袃肂蒃莆袃膅芆蚄袂袄肈蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿膇蒂衿衿莂莈袈羁膅蚇袇肃莀薃羇膅膃葿羆袅荿莅羅羇膂螃羄膀蒇虿羃节芀薅羂羂蒅蒁蕿肄芈莇薈膆蒄蚆蚇袆芆薂蚆羈蒂蒈蚅肁芅蒄蚄芃肇螂蚄羃莃蚈蚃肅膆薄蚂膇莁蒀蚁袇膄莆螀罿莀蚅蝿肁膂薁蝿芄莈薇螈羃芁蒃螇肆蒆荿螆膈艿蚈螅袈蒄薄螄羀芇蒀 Unit 1 The Power of Language 学习方法指南五个方面把握文章1）词 2）句 3）篇 4）义5）背诵或复述重点段落（当天重复，第二天再重复，七天后再重复）课后习题1）结合课文里出现的点，完成题目2）标记不熟练的题目，当天重复一遍，第二天再重复一遍，考前再重复一遍Unit 1 The Power of LanguageA FAMOUS QUOTELanguage is the dress of thought.-Samuel Johnson语言是思维的外衣。-塞缪尔·约翰逊Text A Critical ReadingPre-reading questions1.Do you usually challenge the idea an author represents? What do you think is active reading?2.What suggestions do you expect the author will give on reading critically?Vocabulary 词汇四点要求1.音2.义3.衍生变化4.用法/搭配New Wordscritical adj.involving making fair, careful judgments about the good and bad qualities of somebody/something 有判断力的；判断公正（或审慎的）non-fiction n.books, articles or texts about real facts, people and events 纪实文学position n.an opinion on or an attitude towards a particular subject 观点；态度；立场statement n.something that you say or write that gives information or an opinion 说明；说法；表态question v.to have or express doubts or suspicions about something 表示疑问；怀疑evaluate vt.to form an opinion of the amount, value or quality of something after thinking about it carefully 估计；评价，评估 context n.the situation in which something happens and that helps you to understand it （事情发生的）背景，环境，来龙去脉value n.values pl. beliefs about what is right and wrong and what is important in life 是非标准；价值观represent v.to present or describe somebody/something in a particular way 描述；表现assertion n.a statement saying that you strongly believe something to be true 明确肯定；断言sufficient adj.enough for a particular purpose 足够的；充足的statistic n.statistics pl. a collection of information shown in numbers 统计数字；统计资料integrate v.to combine two or more things so that they work together （使）合并，成为一体authority n.a person with special knowledge 专家；学术权威；泰斗compare v.to examine people or things to see how they are similar and how they are different 比较；对比subject n.a thing or person that is being discussed, described or dealt with 主题；题目；题材consistent adj.in agreement with something 相符的；符合的inconsistency n.a situation in which two statements are different and cannot both be true 不一致assumption n.a belief or feeling that something is true or that something will happen, although there is no proof 假定；假设case n.a particular situation or a situation of a particular type 具体情况；事例directly adv.in a direct line or manner 直接地；径直地identify v.to find or discover somebody/something 找到；发现valid adj.based on what is logical or true 符合逻辑的；合理的；确凿的credible adj.that can be believed or trusted 可信的；可靠的landmark n.an event, a discovery, an invention, ect.that marks an important stage in something （标志重要阶段的）里程碑relevant adj.closely connected with the subject you are discussing or the situation you are thinking about 紧密相关的；切题的current adj.happening now 现时发生的；当前的appropriate adj.suitable, acceptable or correct for the particular circumstances 合适的；恰当的bias n.a strong feeling in favour of or against one group of people, or one side in an argument, often.not based on fair judgement 偏见；偏心；偏向considerably adv.much; a lot 非常；很；相当多地Democrat n.a member or supporter of the Democratic Party of the US （美国）民主党党员，民主党支持者Republican n.a member or supporter of the Republican Party of the US （美国）共和党党员，共和党支持者reflect v.to show or be a sign of the nature of something or of somebody's attitude or feeling 显示；表明；表达informed adj.having or showing a lot of knowledge about a particular subject or situation 有学问的；有见识的重点词汇critical adj.involving making fair, careful judgments about the good and bad qualities of somebody/something 有判断力的；判断公正（或审慎的）eg: Try to develop a more critical attitude, instead of accepting everything at face value.要学会对一切事物一丝不苟, 而不要注重表面现象.其他用法：of or at a crisis; decisive; crucial 危机中的；危急时刻的；决定性的；关键的eg: We are at a critical time in our history.我们正处于历史的紧要关头。衍生：criticize, criticise vt. sb/sth （for sth） point out the faults of sb/sth 批评某人某事物；挑剔；非难eg: Stop criticizing （my work）! 别再挑剔（我那作品）了!  form and express a judgment on （a work of art, literature, etc） 评论（艺术文学等作品）eg: teaching students how to criticize poetry 向学生讲授评论诗歌的方法criticism n.looking for faults; pointing out faults 批评evaluate vt.to form an opinion of the amount, value or quality of something after thinking about it carefully 估计; 评价，评估eg: I can't evaluate his ability without seeing his work.我没有看到他的工作情况, 无法评论他的能力。衍生: Val=value, worth 价值valuable（有价值的）, invaluable（无法估价的）, devaluate（贬值）, evaluate（估价）, undervalue（低估）consistent adj.in agreement with something 相符的；符合的 用法: be with stheg：What you say now is not consistent with what you said last week.你现在说的话与你上星期说过的话不相符。衍生：consistency 一致inconsistency 不一致identify vt.to find or discover somebody/ something 找到；发现eg：She identified the man as her attacker.她认出那个男人就是袭击过她的人。衍生：identification n.means of proving who one is; official papers that do this 身份证明eg： Can I see your identification, please? 请给我看看你的身分证件行吗? identity n who or what sb/sth is 身份eg：There is no clue to the identity of the thief.没有确定窃贼身份的线索。identity card （also ID card） 身份证（通常有相片，供本人携带或佩带）credible adj.that can be believed or trusted 可信的；可靠的eg: a credible witness/statement/report 可信的证人/陈词/报道衍生：-able/ible “可的，能的”believable可信的，acceptable 可接受的，desirable值得要的，accessible可接近，flexible 灵活的credibility n.quality of being believable 可信性；可靠性-ability/ibility “可性”: eg: adaptability 适应能力, dependability 可靠性apply vi. （to sb/sth） be relevant （to sb/sth）; have an effect （与某人/某物）有关；有效；适用eg: These rules don't always apply.这些规则并非总能行得通。make a formal request 申请；请求 apply for stheg: apply for a post/passport/visa 申请职位/护照/签证apply to sbeg: I applied to four universities and was accepted by all of them.我申请了四所大学，并都被他们录取了。课文学习议论文把握观点：中心观点、段落观点把握结构：文章结构、段落结构、衔接手段topic sentence （主题句）topic （主题） controlling idea（观点）篇章核心，段落灵魂Beijing is a modern city.Beijing is an ancient city.结构总分总 总分段落构成1.主题句（Topic Sentence）：点出段落的主题（谈论什么）。2.扩展句（Developing Sentence）：说明和支持主题。3.结尾句（Concluding Sentence）：得出结论。文章观点论证结论Text A Critical ReadingCritical reading applies to non-fiction writing in which the author puts forth a position or seeks to make a statement.Critical reading is active reading.It involves more than just understanding what an author is saying.Critical reading involves questioning and evaluating what the author is saying, and forming your own opinions about what the author is saying.Here are the things you should do to be a critical reader.Consider the context of what is written.You may be reading something that was written by an author from a different cultural context than yours.Or, you may be reading something written some time ago in a different time context than yours.In either case, you must recognize and take into account any differences between your values and attitudes and those represented by the author.Question assertions made by the author.Don't accept what is written at face value.Before accepting what is written, be certain that the author provides sufficient support for any assertions made.Look for facts, examples, and statistics that provide support.Also, look to see if the author has integrated the work of authorities.Compare what is written with other written work on the subject.Look to see that what is written is consistent with what others have written about the subject.If there are inconsistencies, carefully evaluate the support the author provides for the inconsistencies.Analyze assumptions made by the author.Assumptions are whatever the author must believe is true in order to make assertions.In many cases, the author's assumptions are not directly stated.This means you must read carefully in order to identify any assumptions.Once you identify an assumption, you must decide whether or not the assumption is valid.Evaluate the sources the author uses.In doing this, be certain that the sources are credible.For example, Einstein is a credible source if the author is writing about landmark achievements in physics.Also be certain that the sources are relevant.Einstein is not a relevant source when the subject is poetry.Finally, if the author is writing about a subject in its current state, be sure that the sources are current.For example, studies done by Einstein in the early 20th century may not be appropriate if the writer is discussing the current state of knowledge in physics.Identify any possible author bias.A written discussion of American politics will likely look considerably different depending on whether the writer is a Democrat or a Republican.What is written may very well reflect a biased position.You need to take this possible bias into account when reading what the author has written.That is, take what is written with "a grain of salt."By being a critical reader, you will become better informed and may change your views as appropriate.Critical reading involves questioning and evaluating what the author is saying, and forming your own opinions about what the author is saying.Here are the things you should do to be a critical reader.1）Consider the context of what is written.2）Question assertions made by the author.3）Compare what is written with other written book on the subject.4）Analyze assumptions made by the author.5）Evaluate the sources the author uses.6）Identify any possible author bias.语法学习1.把握结构，理解内涵2.结合例句，结合文章关系副词引导的定语从句先行名词+where/ in（on/at） which eg: College is a place where/in which we learn how to learn.大学是学会如何学习的地方。Forest is a place where people can get close to nature.森林是可以接近自然的地方。先行名词+when/in（on/at） whicheg: I'll never forget the day when we first met in the park.我将永远不会忘记我们在公园第一次相遇的那一天。先行名词+why/for whicheg: Do you know the reason why he didn't come to the meeting yesterday morning？你知道他为什么没有参加昨天早上会议的原因吗？What is active reading? What is a critical reader?Exercises I1.Reading non-fiction writing critically involves _.A.supporting the author's opinionB.developing your own opinionsC.understanding what is writtenD.reading without any imagination答疑编号506430010301：针对该题提问 【正确答案】B【答案解析】此题为句意理解题。由文中第。一段Critical reading involves questioning and evalating what the author is saying,and forming your own opinions about what the author is saying 可知，非文学类作品的批评性阅读是要提出自己的观点和摆明自己的态度，选项B,即提出自己的观点，最为恰当。答案为B。2.Before accepting what is written in an article, you should be sure that_.A.enough support for the assertions has been givenB.your values and attitudes have been, reflected in itC.it has been checked from an authoritative sourceD.you have found the differences in the writing styles答疑编号506430010302：针对该题提问 【正确答案】A【答案解析】此题为句意理解题。由文中第三段第三句，Before acceiting what is written, be certain that the author provides sufficient support for any assertions made 可知，选项A符合文中意思，即你在接受作者的观点之前，要确信有足够的论据支持作者的论点。答案为A。3.If there are some inconsistent points in the article, you should_.A.insist on your own opinion and confirm itB.avoid mentioning the inconsistenciesC.emphasize the work of authoritiesD.examine the author's supportive statements答疑编号506430010303：针对该题提问 【正确答案】D【答案解析】此题为句意理解题。由文中第四段末句，If there are inconsistehcies, carefully evaluate the support the author provides for the incbnsistencies 可知，选项D最符令原文即如果文章中有不一致的观点时，你要仔细阅读并检查作者所提出的支持其论点的论证。答案为D。4.Einstein is a relevant source when the article is about_A.physical breakthroughsB.the subject of poetryC.studies in current physicsD.credible writing Sources答疑编号506430010304：针对该题提问 【正确答案】A【答案解析】此题为细节题。由文中第六段第三句,Einstein is a credible source if the author is writing about landmark achievements in physics 可知，如果文章讲的是关于物理学的突破时，爱因斯坦就是相关的例子。答案为A。5.The author believes that by being a critical reader you can_ .A.remember what is written clearlyB.eliminate your own discriminationC.have much more knowledgeD.spend more time in reading答疑编号506430010305：针对该题提问 【正确答案】C【答案解析】此题为文章大意总结题。由课文最后一段结束句，By being a critical reader, you will become better informed and may change your views as appropriate 可知，课文结束说通过做一名有判断力的读者，你会变得见多识广，也能使你的观点更恰当，所以选项C最符合课文的意思。答案为C。