英语本科毕业论文-礼貌原则的应用

河北工业大学毕业论文作者学号103203系外语系专业英语题目礼貌原则的应用THEAPPLICATIONOFPOLITENESSPRINCIPLE指导者讲师评阅者讲师2012年6月14日毕业论文中文摘要礼貌原则的应用摘要礼貌是体现人类文明的一种常见现象，它存在于所有的语言和文化中，并且在人们的交流中扮演着十分重要的角色。它帮助维持和巩固和谐的人际关系，促进和谐的社会交际。礼貌原则是语用学中至关重要的研究课题，在人们日常交际中有着重大意义。1967年美国格赖斯提出了合作原则，并在哈佛大学的威廉詹姆斯课堂上演讲发表，然而著名的英国语言学家里奇杰弗里认为合作原则是不充分不全面的。于是里奇于1983年提出了礼貌原则以拯救陷入困境的合作原则。然而在中国礼貌原则的真正的研究始于80年代。此时语用学才刚刚传入中国。现在，中国在此领域的代表性的人物是顾曰国，他提出一系列自己的礼貌原则理论。基于里奇提出的礼貌原则，本文阐述了礼貌原则的定义及其相关理论，包括里奇的礼貌原则和顾曰国的五个中国礼貌原则，还进一步说明了礼貌原则在英语和汉语中的应用差异。本文指出，英语学习者应该重视礼貌原则的重大意义和文化特色，从而达到提升人格魅力，创造优雅的交流氛围的效果。总的来说，通过了解每一个国家的文化价值,更好地理解礼貌原则，可以帮助英语学习者游刃有余的进行跨文化交际。关键词礼貌礼貌原则里奇理论文化差异毕业论文外文摘要TITLETHEAPPLICATIONOFPOLITENESSPRINCIPLEABSTRACTPOLITENESSISAUNIVERSALPHENOMENON,THATEMBODIESHUMANCIVILIZATIONITCANBEOBSERVEDINALLLANGUAGESANDCULTURESANDPLAYSANIMPORTANTROLEINHUMANCOMMUNICATIONITHELPSESTABLISH,MAINTAINORCONSOLIDATEHARMONIOUSINTERPERSONALRELATIONSHIPSANDFACILITATEHARMONIOUSSOCIALINTERACTIONSPOLITENESSPRINCIPLE,ANESSENTIALRESEARCHTOPICINTHEPRAGMATICS,ISGREATLYMEANINGFULINPEOPLESDAILYCOMMUNICATIONIN1967,HPGRICE,AMERICANPHILOSOPHERANDLINGUIST,PROPOSEDTHECOOPERATIVEPRINCIPLEABBREVCPINWILLIAMJAMESLECTUREANDDELIVEREDATHARVARDUNIVERSITYHOWEVER,GEOFFREYNLEECH,THEFAMOUSBRITISHLINGUIST,CONSIDEREDITISNOTSUFFICIENTANDTHOROUGHIN1983,LEECHPROPOSEDPOLITENESSPRINCIPLEABBREVPPSOASTORESCUETHECPFROMSERIOUSTROUBLEINCHINA，HOWEVERTHEREALSTUDYOFPOLITENESSONLYBEGANINTHE1980SWHENPRAGMATICSWASINTRODUCEDINTOCHINAINMODERNTIMES,THEMOSTIMPORTANTFIGUREINTHISAREAISGUYUEGUOHEPUTSFORWARDHISOWNSETOFPOLITENESSMAXIMSINHISPOLITENESSWITHATHEORELICALBASISOFPOLITENESSPRINCIPLEPUTFORWARDBYLEECH,THISPAPEREXPLAINSTHEDEFINITIONANDRELEVANTTHEORIESOFPOLITENESSPRINCIPLE,INCLUDINGLEECHSMAXIMSANDGUYUEGUOSFIVEMAXIMSOFCHINESEPOLITENESSPRINCIPLETHISPAPERISALSOABOUTTHEDIFFERENTAPPLICATIONOFPOLITENESSPRINCIPLEINENGLISHANDCHINESETHISPAPERSTATESTHATENGLISHLEARNERSSHOULDATTACHMUCHSIGNIFICANCETOPOLITENESSPRINCIPLEANDCULTURALCHARACTERISTICSANDRAISEPEOPLESCONSCIOUSNESSSOASTOHELPENGLISHLEARNERSBEAUTIFYTHEIRPERSONALITYANDCREATEANELEGANTCONVERSATIONATMOSPHEREINGENERALSPEAKING，THROUGHTHEREVEALINGTOTHEVALUEOFEACHNATIONALCULTUREANDBETTERUNDERSTANDINGOFPOLITENESSPRINCIPLECANHELPENGLISHLEARNERSSUCCEEDINCROSSCULTURALCOMMUNICATIONKEYWORDSPOLITENESSPOLITENESSPRINCIPLELEECHSMAXIMSDIFFERENTCULTURECONTENTS1INTRODUCTION12POLITENESSANDPOLITENESSPRINCIPLE221WHATISPOLITENESS222THEDEVELOPMENTOFPOLITENESSPRINCIPLE323THEDEFINITIONOFPOLITENESSPRINCIPLE424THEFEATURESOFPOLITENESSPRINCIPLE53LEECHSMAXIMS531SIXMAXIMS632THERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHEMAXIMS933FACEANDPOLLITENESSSTRATEGIES94THECHINESEPOLITENESSPRINCIPLE1041THEDEVELOPMENTOFCHINESEPOLITENESSPRINCIPLE1042FIVEMAXIMSOFCHINESEPOLITENESSPRINCIPLE115DIFFERENTAPPLICATIONOFPOLITENESSINENGLISHANDCHINESE1251DIFFERENTMAXIMISCHOSENBECAUSEOFDIFFERENTCULTURE1452COLLECTIVISM1453CONFUCIANISMANDHIERARCHY16CONCLUSION20BIBLIOGRAPHY21ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS23河北工业大学2012届本科毕业论文11INTRODUCTIONPOLITENESSASASOCIALPHENOMENONCANBEOBSERVEDINALLLANGUAGESANDCULTURES，ANDITHASLONGBEENMADEANIMPORTANTOBJECTOFSTUDYINLINGUISTICSTHEREALLYSERIOUSSTUDYOFPOLITENESSINTHEWESTERNLINGUISTICCIRCLESCANBETRACEDBACKTOTHEGERMANROMANTICMOVEMENTINTHEEARLY1920SINRECENTYEARS，ALONGWITHTHERAPIDMOVEMENTTOWARDSPRAGMATICS，POLITENESSHASBECOMETHECENTRALTHEMEASACOMMONSOCIALPHENOMENON，POLITENESSISNOTONLYAUNIVERSALLYHIGHLYVALUEDVIRTUE，BUTALSOAWIDELYEMPLOYEDSTRATEGYTOREALIZETACTFULANDEFFECTIVECOMMUNICATIONDESPITEITSUNIVERSALITYOFPOLITENESS，THEWAYSTOREALIZEPOLITENESS，ANDTHESTANDARDSOFJUDGMENTDIFFERINDIFFERENCECULTURESBEINGUNAWAREOFSUCHDIFFERENCESWOULDPROBABLYLEADTOTROUBLEORFAILUREINCULTURALCOMMUNICATIONIN1983,ONTHEBASISOFCOOPERATIVEPRINCIPLEPUTFORWARDBYAMERICANPHILOSOPHERHPGRICE,ENGLISHLINGUISTGNLEECHSETFORTHINFLUENTIALPOLITENESSPRINCIPLE,CONSIDERINGASPECTSOFRHETORICANDSTYLISTICSBEINGINDEPENDENTOFCOOPERATIVEPRINCIPLE,POLITENESSPRINCIPLEISANECESSARYCOMPLEMENTFORCOOPERATIVEPRINCIPLE,EXPLAININGTHEREASONSWHYTHESPEAKERUSEPOLITENESSPRINCIPLETOEXPRESSHISREALINTENTIONIMPLICITLYONSOMEOCCASIONSTHEREAREMANYAPPLICATIONSOFPOLITENESSPRINCIPLEWHICHARETOTALLYDIFFERENTINTHEEASTANDWEST,BECAUSETHEYHAVEDIFFERENTCULTUREBACKGROUNDSBASEDONTHEAPPLICATIONOFPP,ITALSOHAVEDEVELOPEDINCHINA,ANDHASFORMEDCHINESEPOLITENESSPRINCIPLETHISPAPEREXPLAINSTHEDEFINITIONANDRELEVANTTHEORIESOFPOLITENESSPRINCIPLE,INCLUDINGLEECHSMAXIMSANDGUYUEGUOSFIVEMAXIMSOFCHINESEPOLITENESSPRINCIPLETHISPAPERISALSOABOUTTHEDIFFERENTAPPLICATIONOFPOLITENESSPRINCIPLEINENGLISHANDCHINESETHISTHESISSTATESTHATWESHOULDATTACHMUCHSIGNIFICANCETOPOLITENESSPRINCIPLE河北工业大学2012届本科毕业论文2ANDCULTURALCHARACTERISTICSANDRAISEPEOPLESCONSCIOUSNESSSOASTOHELPPEOPLEBEAUTIFYHISPERSONALITYANDCREATEANELEGANTCONVERSATIONATMOSPHEREINGENERALSPEAKING，THROUGHTHEREVEALINGTOTHEVALUEOFEACHNATIONALCULTUREANDBETTERUNDERSTANDINGOFPOLITENESSPRINCIPLECANHELPPEOPLESUCCESSFULLYINCROSSCULTURALCOMMUNICATIONONTHEOTHERHAND,THROUGHTHEDIFFERENTAPPLICATIONSOFTHEPOLITENESSPRINCIPLE,THECONNOTATIONOFDIFFERENTCOUNTRYSCULTUREISDEEPLYEXPLOREDSUCHAS,INCHINA,THEREARECOLLECTIVISM,CONFUCIANISMANDHIERARCHYASTHETHOUGHTESSENCEHOWEVER,INTHEWESTERNCOUNTRIESTHETHOUGHTISTENDTOBEINDIVIDUALISM,EQUALITYANDOPENNESSTHATISANOTHERAPPLICATIONOFPOLITENESSPRINCIPLE2POLITENESSANDPOLITENESSPRINCIPLEPOLITENESSISAUNIVERSALPHENOMENON,FORITCANBEOBSERVEDINALLLANGUAGESANDCULTURESITPLAYSANIMPORTANTROLEINHUMANCOMMUNICATIONITHELPSESTABLISH,MAINTAINORCONSOLIDATEHARMONIOUSINTERPERSONALRELATIONSHIPSANDFACILITATESOCIALINTERACTIONSPOLITENESSASANOBSERVABLEPHENOMENONISSOMETHINGSUPERFICIALANDAREFLECTIONOFSPECIFICCULTURALVALUESINTHELANGUAGEPOLITENESSPRINCIPLE,ANESSENTIALRESEARCHTOPICINPRAGMATICS,ISGREATLYMEANINGFULINPEOPLESDAILYCOMMUNICATIONTHEPOLITENESSPRINCIPLEISASERIESOFMAXIMS,WHICHGEOFFLEECHHASPROPOSEDASAWAYOFEXPLAININGHOWPOLITENESSOPERATESINCONVERSATIONALEXCHANGESLEECHDEFINESPOLITENESSASFORMSOFBEHAVIOURTHATESTABLISHANDMAINTAINCOMITYTHATISTHEABILITYOFPARTICIPANTSINASOCIALINTERACTIONTOENGAGEININTERACTIONINANATMOSPHEREOFRELATIVEHARMONY21WHATISPOLITENESSWHATISPOLITENESSTHISSOUNDSLIKEASIMPLEQUESTIONINDAILY河北工业大学2012届本科毕业论文3LIFE,PEOPLEOFTENMAKEJUDGMENTSABOUTWHATISPOLITEANDWHATISNOTPOLITEFOREXAMPLE,TOOFFERYOURSEATTOTHEELDERLYONABUSISCONSIDEREDPOLITEBEHAVIOR,ANDTOINTERRUPTWHENSOMEONEISTALKINGISCONSIDEREDIMPOLITETOGREETSOMEONETHEFIRSTTIMEYOUMEETHIMINTHEMORNINGISPOLITEANDTOSTANDUPTOREACHFORTHEDISHYOUWANTATADINNERTABLEISIMPOLITESOPOLITENESSCANFIRSTOFALLBECONCEIVEDASAPHENOMENON,ANOBSERVABLESOCIALPHENOMENONPOLITENESSISBESTEXPRESSEDASTHEPRACTICALAPPLICATIONOFGOODMANNERSORETIQUETTEITISACULTURALLYDEFINEDPHENOMENON,ANDWHATISCONSIDEREDPOLITEINONECULTURECANOFTENBEQUITERUDEORSIMPLYSTRANGEINANOTHERWHILETHEGOALOFPOLITENESSISTOMAKEALLOFTHEPARTIESRELAXEDANDCOMFORTABLEWITHONEANOTHER,THESECULTURALLYDEFINEDSTANDARDSATTIMESMAYBEMANIPULATEDTOINFLICTSHAMEONADESIGNATEDPARTYSOCIOLINGUISTSPENELOPEBROWNANDSTEPHENLEVINSONIDENTIFIEDTWOKINDSOFPOLITENESS,DERIVINGFROMERVINGGOFFMANSCONCEPTOFFACENEGATIVEPOLITENESSMAKINGAREQUESTLESSINFRINGING,SUCHAS“IFYOUDONTMIND”OR“IFITISNTTOOMUCHTROUBLE”RESPECTSAPERSONSRIGHTTOACTFREELYINOTHERWORDS,DEFERENCETHEREISAGREATERUSEOFINDIRECTSPEECHACTSPOSITIVEPOLITENESSSEEKSTOESTABLISHAPOSITIVERELATIONSHIPBETWEENPARTIESRESPECTSAPERSONSNEEDTOBELIKEDANDUNDERSTOODDIRECTSPEECHACTS,SWEARINGANDFLOUTINGGRICESMAXIMSCANBECONSIDEREDASPECTSOFPOSITIVEPOLITENESSBECAUSETHEYSHOWANAWARENESSTHATTHERELATIONSHIPISSTRONGENOUGHTOCOPEWITHWHATWOULDNORMALLYBECONSIDEREDIMPOLITEINTHEPOPULARUNDERSTANDINGOFTHETERMTHEYARTICULATEANAWARENESSOFTHEOTHERPERSONSVALUES,WHICHFULFILSTHEPERSONSDESIRETOBEACCEPTED22THEDEVELOPMENTOFPOLITENESSPRINCIPLE河北工业大学2012届本科毕业论文4IN1967,HPGRICE,AMERICANPHILOSOPHERANDLINGUIST,PROPOSEDTHECOOPERATIVEPRINCIPLEABBREVCPINWILLIAMJAMESLECTUREDELIVEREDATHARVARDUNIVERSITYHETHOUGHTTHATINORDERTOMAKETHECONVERSATIONGOON,WESHOULDOBEYSOMEBASICPRINCIPLES,ESPECIALLY“COOPERATIVEPRINCIPLE”THISNEWTHEORYBRINGSABOUTAGREATDEVELOPMENTINTHECONCEPTOFCONVERSATIONALIMPLICATURE,ANDHASBEENATTACHEDGREATATTENTIONTOINTHELINGUISTICCIRCLESOMECRITICSSETSUCHHIGHVALUEUPONTHENOTIONTHATTHEYREGARDITASABREAKTHROUGHINPRAGMATICSHOWEVER,GEOFFREYNLEECH,THEFAMOUSBRITISHLINGUIST,CONSIDEREDTHATTHECPINITSELFISNOTSUFFICIENTTOEXPLAIN“WHYPEOPLEAREOFTENSOINDIRECTINCONVEYINGWHATTHEYMEAN”THECOOPERATIVEPRINCIPLEALONECANNOTFULLYEXPLAINHOWPEOPLETALKITEXPLAINSHOWCONVERSATIONALIMPLICATUREISGIVENRISETOBUTITDOSENOTTELLUSWHYPEOPLEDONOTSAYDIRECTLYWHATTHEYMEANWHY,FORINSTANCE,DOPEOPLESAY“COULDYOUGIVEMEALIFT”INSTEADOF“GIVEMEALIFT”THEREASONHASTODOWITHANOTHERPRINCIPLEWHICHAPPLIESTOCONVERSATIONINADDITIONTOTHECOOPERATIVEPRINCIPLETHEPOLITENESSPRINCIPLEIN1983,LEECHPROPOSEDPOLITENESSPRINCIPLEABBREVPPSOASTORESCUETHECPFROMSERIOUSTROUBLELEECHBELIEVESTHEMAINREASONTHATWHYPEOPLEVIOLATECOOPERATIVEPRINCIPLEINTENTLYISTHECONSIDERATIONOFPOLITENESS,SOHEDEVELOPASERIESOFMAXIMSTHATWECALLEDPOLITENESSPRINCIPLEINMOSTCASES,THEINDIRECTNESSISMOTIVATEDBYCONSIDERATIONOFPOLITENESSPOLITENESSISUSUALLYREGARDEDBYMOSTPRAGMATISTSASAMEANSORSTRATEGYWHICHISUSEDBYASPEAKERTOACHIEVEVARIOUSPURPOSES,SUCHASSAVINGFACE,ESTABLISHINGANDMAINTAININGHARMONIOUSSOCIALRELATIONSINCONVERSATIONLEECHLOOKSONPOLITENESSASCRUCIALINACCOUNTINGFOR“WHYPEOPLEAREOFTENSOINDIRECTINCONVEYINGWHATTHEYMEAN”HEPUTSFORWARDTHEPPSOASTORESCUETHECP,INTHESENSETHATPOLITENESSCAN河北工业大学2012届本科毕业论文5SATISFACTORILYEXPLAINEXCEPTIONSTOANDAPPARENTDEVIATIONSFROMTHECOTHEREFORE,HISPOLITENESSPRINCIPLEISNOTJUSTANADDITIONTOGRICESCP,BUTANECESSARYCOMPLIMENTNEEDEDFORCASESWHERETHECPFAILSTOOFFERAREASONABLEEXPIATION23THEDEFINITIONOFPOLITENESSPRINCIPLETHEPOLITENESSPRINCIPLEISASERIESOFMAXIMS,WHICHGEOFFLEECHHASPROPOSEDASAWAYOFEXPLAININGHOWPOLITENESSOPERATESINCONVERSATIONALEXCHANGESLEECHDEFINESPOLITENESSASFORMSOFBEHAVIOURTHATESTABLISHANDMAINTAINCOMITYTHATISTHEABILITYOFPARTICIPANTSINASOCIALINTERACTIONTOENGAGEININTERACTIONINANATMOSPHEREOFRELATIVEHARMONYINSTATINGHISMAXIMSLEECHUSESHISOWNTERMSFORTWOKINDSOFILLOCUTIONARYACTSHECALLSREPRESENTATIVES“ASSERTIVES”,ANDCALLSDIRECTIVES“IMPOSITIVES”24THEFEATURESOFPOLITENESSPRINCIPLEASAPRINCIPLEWHICHSHOULDBEFOLLOWEDDURINGTHEPROCESSOFVERBALCOMMUNICATION,POLITENESSPRINCIPLEHASTHREEFEATURES,INCLUDINGGRADATION,CONFLICTANDAPPROP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ISSEEMSTOIMPLYTHATTHESPEAKERWOULDLIKETO河北工业大学2012届本科毕业论文9AGREESPEAKERSMAYEVENSHOWRELUCTANCETOSPEAKATALLWHENTHEYKNOWTHEYWILLBEDISAGREEINGTHEYUSEEXPRESSIONSSUCHASWELLATTHEBEGINNINGOFTHEIRUTTERANCEORTHEY“HUMANDHAW”THEMAXIMOFSYMPATHYHASSUCHAREGULATIVEFORCETHATWEINVARIABLYINTERPRETASACONGRATULATIONANDASACONDOLENCEIMDELIGHTEDTOHEARABOUTYOURCATMOSTLIKELYTHECATHASJUSTWONAPRIZEINTHECATSHOWIMTERRIBLYSORRYTOHEARABOUTYOURCATPROBABLYTHECATHASJUSTDIEDWECANDRAWACONCLUSIONFROMLEECHSPOLITENESSPRINCIPLETHATTHESPEAKERALWAYSGIVESTHELISTENERSBENEFITSAFIRSTPRIORITY,MAKINGTHELISTENERFEELBEINGRESPECTEDANDTHENREACTSWITHFAVORABLEIMPRESSION,TOSMOOTHTHECOMMUNICATIONITISARGUEDTHATWHENTHECOOPERATIVEPRINCIPLEANDPOLITENESSPRINCIPLEAREINCONTRADICTION,ITISGENERALLYTHECOOPERATIVEPRINCIPLEMAXIMSTHATGETSACRIFICEDWHENTHETRUTHCANNOTBETOLDFORPOLITENESSSAKE,AWHITELIEMAYBEOFFEREDINFACTTHEPOLITENESSPRINCIPLEISSOPOWERFULTHATPEOPLEAREOFTENENCOURAGEDTOVIOLATEITSMAXIMSINORDERTOENSUREACOOPERATIVEDISCOURSEIRONYISAMEANSTOSOLVETHECONFLICTBETWEENTHECOOPERATIVEPRINCIPLEANDPOLITENESSPRINCIPLEWHENTHETRUTHISTOOFFENSIVETOBETOLD,ANIRONICUTTERANCEASSUMESAPOLITESURFACEWHILEDELIVERINGANUNPLEASANTTRUEMESSAGEUNDERNEATH32THERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHEMAXIMSLEECHDEFINESPOLITENESSASATYPEOFBEHAVIOURTHATALLOWSTHEPARTICIPANTSTOENGAGEINASOCIALINTERACTIONINANATMOSPHEREOFRELATIVEHARMONYEACHMAXIMISACCOMPANIEDBYASUBMAXIMBETWEENSQUAREBRACKETS,WHICHISOFLESSIMPORTANCETHESESUPPORTTHEIDEATHATNEGATIVEPOLITENESSAVOIDANCEOFDISCORDISMOREIMPORTANTTHANPOSITIVEPOLITENESSSEEKINGCONCORD河北工业大学2012届本科毕业论文10NOTALLOFTHEMAXIMSAREEQUALLYIMPORTANTFORINSTANCE,TACTINFLUENCESWHATWESAYMOREPOWERFULLYTHANDOESGENEROSITY,WHILEAPPROBATIONISMOREIMPORTANTTHANMODESTYEACHMAXIMISACCOMPANIEDBYASUBMAXIM,WHICHISOFLESSIMPORTANCETHEYALLSUPPORTTHEIDEATHATNEGATIVEPOLITENESSAVOIDANCEOFDISCORDISMOREIMPORTANTTHANPOSITIVEPOLITENESSSEEKINGCONCORDSOSPEAKERSMAYADHERETOMORETHANONEMAXIMOFPOLITENESSATTHESAMETIMEOFTENONEMAXIMISONTHEFOREFRONTOFTHEUTTERANCE,WITHASECONDMAXIMBEINGINVOKEDBYIMPLICATIONIFPOLITENESSISNOTCOMMUNICATED,WECANASSUMETHATTHEPOLITENESSATTITUDEISABSENT33FACEANDPOLITENESSSTRATEGIES“FACE”ASIN“LOSEFACE”REFERSTOASPEAKERSSENSEOFSOCIALIDENTITYANYSPEECHACTMAYIMPOSEONTHISSENSE,ANDBETHEREFOREFACETHREATENINGSPEAKERSHAVESTRATEGIESFORLESSENINGTHETHREATPOSITIVEPOLITENESSMEANSBEINGCOMPLIMENTARYANDGRACIOUSTOTHEADDRESSEEBUTIFTHISISOVERDONE,THESPEAKERMAYALIENATETHEOTHERPARTYNEGATIVEPOLITENESSISFOUNDINTHEVARIOUSWAYSOFMITIGATINGANIMPOSITIONNEGATIVEPOLITENESSCANTAKETHEFORMOFHEDGINGER,COULDYOU,ER,PERHAPS,CLOSETHE,UM,WINDOWPESSIMISMIDONTSUPPOSEYOUCOULDCLOSETHEWINDOW,COULDYOUINDICATINGDEFERENCEEXCUSEME,SIR,WOULDYOUMINDIFIASKEDYOUTOCLOSETHEWINDOWAPOLOGIZINGIMTERRIBLYSORRYTODISTURBYOU,BUTCOULDYOUCLOSETHEWINDOWIMPERSONALIZINGTHEMANAGEMENTREQUIRESALLWINDOWSTOBECLOSEDTHECHINESEPOLITENESSPRINCIPLEAMONGTHECHINESESCHOLARSWHOHAVECONTRIBUTEDSIGNIFICANTLYTOTHE河北工业大学2012届本科毕业论文11STUDYOFPOLITENESSSHOULDBEMENTIONEDPROFGUYUEGUOOFBEIJINGFOREIG